摘要
近几年来随着RFID和基于ZigBee协议的无线个域网(WPAN)的飞速发展，人们对RFID使用的便利性以及zigBee组网的灵活性要求越来越高。本文首先分析研究了这两种技术的特点、标准协议及实现的关键环节，从理论基础到建模仿真，给出了实际电路的设计方案和相关软件流程、算法。然后结合UHF频段RFID和2.45GHz ZigBee无线个域网在使用中互补性强、技术冲突小等特点，提出把二者进行融合研究的新观点、新方法及混合型无线传感识别网络(Hybrid Wireless Sensor Identification Networks)的实现方案。通过实验证明了二者结合的可行性，从而把RFID技术由单纯节点方式的信息采集推广到在无线个域网络中自组网、协同操作的应用，为最终实现“物联网”提供了一条简单、可行的途径。目前，这两种技术的融合在国内外尚未见到有关应用方面的报道。
本论文的重点分别在第二章RFID系统设计、第三章ZigBee模块设计及第四章双方接口软硬件的设计这三部分，主要开展了以下工作：
1．对UHF频段RFID读写器协议进行了深入研究，自主设计了基于μC+FPGA结构的基带信息处理模块及相关控制软件流程。针对实现读写器的关键技术，进一步设计了一种结构简单、成本较低、抗干扰性能强的零中频读写器拓扑结构，对各级使用的关键器件进行了选型。设计、仿真了一种矩形结构的UHF RFID贴片天线。
2．分析、比较了RFID技术中的Aloha和二进制树防碰撞算法及它们各自的优劣，设计了RFID系统PC机后端应用程序控制流程和用户界面。
3．基于对ZigBee技术、无线传感网络技术、IEEE 802.15.4协议和ZigBee Alliance标准的深入研究，对ZigBee中一些关键技术，如CSMA／CA算法及系统的低功耗性能进行了讨论、分析。
4．采用Atmel公司的AT86RF230 ZigBee收发芯片设计了高性能、低功耗的ZigBee硬件模块，包括PCB板图制作，天线馈线阻抗控制，2.45GHz天线的比较、仿真，对最终模块的射频参数进行了测试、修正。设计了基于任务调度队列的网络协议栈构架和具体的软件流程及测试用的WPAN网络监听器。
5．基于上述研究成果分析了RFID与WPAN融合的可行性，提出并实现了一种具有开放性、通用性的软硬件接口解决方案，并通过具体实验进行了分析和验证，最后展望了两种技术融合的发展前景。
Recent years, with the quick development of RFID and WPAN based on ZigBee specification, there are more requirements for the convenience of RFID and the flexibility of WPAN.
At first, after studied and analyzed characters, specifications and key points of two technologies, the paper brings forward the system topology, schematics and relevant algorithms. All these are created based on the theories and model simulations.
Secondly, there are little conflictions and more complements between UHF RFID and 2.45 GHz ZigBee. So the paper puts out a new point of view, a new solution and a new concept of HWSIN (Hybrid Wireless Sensor Identification Networks).
In the end, some experiments are carried out to validate the functions of the whole system. As a result, the application of RFID expands from one single point to cooperative work in a WPAN. This also provides a simple and feasible bridge to realize the EPC world in the future. And there are no relevant application reports about fusion of two technologies till today.
Chapter 3, 4 and 5 are emphases of the dissertation. The main contributions of the dissertation are:
1. The paper studies the UHF RFID specification and system architecture thoroughly. The μc+FPGA base band module and a RFID reader architecture of zero-IF topology have been designed independently. A rectangle antenna is simulated.
2. Aloha and binary-tree anti-collision algorithms are analyzed. End device controlling program and user interface on PC have been developed.
3. The specifications of IEEE 802.15.4, WSN and ZigBee Alliance have been studied. Key technologies, such as CSMA/CA and low power consumption, are discussed and simulated in the thesis.
4. The ZigBee hardware module and 2.45GHz antenna are designed. The RF parameters of the final board are tested and revised. The IEEE 802.15.4 software stack is developed and interconnecting function is optimized.
5. The feasibility of fusion of RFID and ZigBee is analyzed. One kind of open and common interface, including hardware and software, is designed.
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