摘要
在地下厂房水电站布置中，由于工程地质或厂房布置等方面的原因，有时厂房的上下游都有比较长的引水道，为了减小水击压力，改善机组运行条件，在厂房的上下游均需要设置调压室，这就成为上下游双调压室引水发电系统。
在上下游双调压室引水发电系统中，引水发电系统布置复杂，机组丢弃负荷或增加负荷时，上下游调压室同时发生水位波动现象，数学模型边界条件增多，特别是调压室采用组合型式的结构使得建立上下游双调压室引水发电系统的水力过渡过程计算数学模型较单调压室引水发电系统大为复杂，计算工况的选择也必须同时考虑上游调压室与下游调压室，组合工况增多，部分内容超出规范指导的范围，特别是水电站负荷发生微小波动时，上下游引水系统相互影响，引水发电系统小波动整体稳定性成为设计部门最为关心的问题之一。对上下游双调压室引水发电系统过渡过程进行计算研究，不仅可以为电站的设计提供科学依据，而且对电站的安全运行具有重要的指导意义。
本文结合锦屏二级水电站的实际工程布置和工程资料，应用有压流水力瞬变基本理论，建立了上下游双调压室引水发电系统整体数学模型，编制了相应的计算程序，确定了各种计算工况，对上下游双调压室引水发电系统水力过渡过程进行了计算研究。对各种计算工况下上下游调压室涌波水位、蜗壳末端压力、机组转速等变化过程进行了计算分析，确定了锦屏二级水电站上下游调压室的基本尺寸，给出了上下游调压室的最高最低涌波水位和机组调节保证计算
的成果，并对上下游双调压室系统小波动稳定性进行了理论分析，找出了上下
游双调压室系统与单调压室系统稳定面积之间的关系，并用数学模型对锦屏二
级水电站引水发电系统的小波动稳定性进行了计算研究。
In the design of water power plant to set up upstream and downstream surge tank in hydro power waterway is needed for the reason of layout or geology. In order to reduce water-hammer pressure and to guarantee a good regulating characteristics of the generation units, two surge chambers are needed at upstream and downstream of the powerhouse and this forms a new water power diversion system of the power plant.
It is more complex of the hydraulic circuit with double surge chambers at upstream and downstream than that with single tank. Two surge chambers influenced each other when the units decrease or increase load. Hydraulic transients mathematical model is difficult to established of this diversion system especially with combined surge chambers. The selection of items of calculation is important and some beyond standard specifications. Two surge chambers must be concerned in every case of possible operation. In fact, calculation was limited to most severe cases. To detect the maximal and minimal water level of the two surge chambers when load rejection happens, combined operation cases should be considered. Stability of the whole system with double surge chambers, when a little variation of the load occur, become one of the hottest issues for the design of this type of power plant. Investigations of this kind of power station will not only supply the scientific reliability for the design, but also be very important to the safety of the power station.
A real project of Jinping II with double surge chambers is applied in this paper based on the characteristic method and the transient results are proved satisfactory. Mathematical model and some details are discussed widely. Programs can take into account every pipe, every type of turbine, and the combination of different types of surge chambers. The variation process of water fluctuation in the two surge chambers, the pressure of the spiral case, the over speed of units by load rejection are calculated and analyzed. Particular, sudden decrease or increase of the load is simulated. Dimensions of the two surge chambers are determined by optimizing the parameter of the system. Results of typical water levels of two surge chambers and the guaranteed calculation for regulation of Jinping II power station are given. Analyzed the stability of such system theoretically. Obtained the relative relationship of the section area of chambers of such system with double surge chambers and that of the system with only one surge chamber. The stability of Jinping II power station is verified satisfactory by the calculation of this program.
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