蕤核的形态解剖学及组织化学定位研究
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摘要
蕤核(Prinsepia uniflora Batal.),是蔷薇科(Rosaceae)李亚科(Prunoidea)扁核木属(Prinsepia)多年生落叶小灌木。分布在甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河南、四川、云南和东北等省区。扁核木属植物的化学成分、药理作用、营养保健方面已经做了初步的研究,扁核木属植物作为新的具有生态和经济的双重效益的树种,具有极高的开发利用价值。
     本文对蕤核的营养器官和生殖器官通过石蜡切片等方法进行解剖学研究,并对其结构与环境的关系、主要化学成分的分布等方面进行了分析和探讨。旨在揭示蕤核的生存机制,为蕤核的生殖生物学提供理论基础,并为药用植物学提供科学理论依据。研究结果如下:
     1.蕤核根的初生结构由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成,均为外始式发育,根为三原型;次生生长旺盛,导管数量多、口径大,皮层和木质化薄壁细胞内均存有簇晶。
     2.蕤核幼茎表皮细胞的细胞壁厚,木质部含有较多的导管,初生木质部为内始式发育,维管束在横切面上呈“V”形,茎中髓部发达;老茎有突起的皮孔,次生维管组织呈一个完全闭合的环状。
     3.蕤核叶为异面叶。表皮角质层较厚,气孔主要分布于下表皮。每平方毫米气孔数约为278个。栅栏组织和海绵组织比为1.09。叶肉和叶脉、叶柄薄壁组织细胞中有大量簇晶的分布。
     4.蕤核花具有10枚雄蕊,花药有4个花粉囊,花粉壁表面为清晰的条状纹饰;蕤核果卵球形,果皮由外果皮、中果皮和内果皮组成,中果皮由数层大型薄壁细胞构成,胞间隙发达,果实成熟时,部分细胞解体,附着于种子上面。
     5.蕤核花药四囊型,发育完全的花粉囊壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层4部分组成,绒毡层为腺质绒毡层。成熟的花粉粒为2-细胞型,有3个萌发孔,小孢子母细胞的减数分裂属同时型,小孢子在四分体中的排列为四面体型。
     6.雌蕊子房上位,倒生胚珠,属于厚珠心类型。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直线形排列,其中合点端的大孢子为功能大孢子,蕤核的胚囊发育属于蓼型胚囊。
     7.组织化学定位研究表明,黄酮多分布于叶片的栅栏组织和厚角组织,生物碱含量少,多糖均匀分布于植物组织中,油脂类主要集中茎表皮及皮层,有贮藏功能。
     通过上述研究,对蕤核形态解剖结构指标及适应性综合分析,蕤核为中生性植物,具有较强的抗旱性,在防止水土流失、荒山造林、生态建设中应加以种植;且蕤核具有果实大、丰富的次生代谢物等优良栽培性状,更应多加利用野生植物资源。
Prinsepia uniflora Batal is a perennial deciduous shrub of Prinsepiain Rosaceae. It is mainly distributed in the gansu, shanxi, shanxi,hennan, sichuan, yunnan, northeast of China. It has been primarilystudied on its chemical composition, the pharmacological action, thenutrition health care aspect and the comfiguration of the pollenPrinsepia uniflora Batal was the plant that takes emerging has thecology and the economical dual benefit tree, has the extremely highdevelopment use value. The structure of the roots, stems, leaves,flowers, fruit of Prinsepia uniflora Batal were through paraffin sectionmethod. The relationship between the structure and environment ,the distribution of the main chemical composition were discussed.Designed to reveal the mechanism of Prinsepia uniflora Batal survival,for Prinsepia uniflora Batal reproductive biology to provide atheoretical basis and provide scientific and theoretical basis formedicinal botany. Results showed that:
     1. The primary structure of Prinsepia uniflora Batal root consistsof epidermis , cortex and casculat cylinder are outside the beginningof development . The root is named as triarch . The second growth ofroot is huge . the large number of vessel , large diameter . Cortex andlignification parenchyma cells with crystals.
     2. The youny stem of Prinsepia uniflora Batal cell wall thickness ofthe epidermal cells, contains more vessels in xylem , primary xylemwithin the beginning of development, vascular bundles in transversesection was "V" shaped. The pith of stem was developed. While themature stem has protruding lenticels. Secondary vascular tissue wasa completely closed ring.
     3. The leaves of Prinsepia uniflora Batal was typical bifacial leaf ,the upper epidermis cell with relative thick horny layer , the stomataexisted in lower epidermis, the density of the stomata was 278·mm-2.palisade tissue and spongy tissue thickness ratio of about 1.09 . In theMesophyll and the vein , petiole parenchyma cells with a lot ofcrystals.
     4. Flower of Prinsepia uniflora Batal has 10 stamens , each antherhas 4 pollen sace . The mature pollen grain is of 2-cell, and each has 3germinal aterture. The pollen wall surface of the clear stripdecoration; Fruit of Prinsepia uniflora Batal is ovoid , overwall are composed of outside epidwemis, mesocarp , inside epidermis.Mesocarp consists of several layers of large parenchyma cells ,developed intercellular spaces . Mature fruit , the disintegtation ofsome cells , attached to the seeds above .
     5.The wall of anther consisted of four layers:epidermis,endothecium, middle layers and tapetum from surface to inside, andthe tapetum was secretory type. Cytokinesis during meiosis of themicrospore mother cell was simultaneous type , and tetrads weretetrahedral . Mature pollen grain was 2-cell type with three germpores.
     6.The megaspore mother cells undergo meiotic divisions anddevelop into a linear tetradas of megaspores, and the chalazalmegaspore was the functional one, which develops into a Polygonumtype of embryo sac .
     7. The histochemical localization showed that: the total flavonoidsmainly accumulated in the palisade tissue and collenchymam,alkaloids were poor, polysaccharides were generally distributed inthe Prinsepia uniflora Batal. The lipids mainly accumulated in theepidermis and cortex of stem , with storage function.
     Through the above research ,synthesized analysis the anatomicalstructure of Prinsepia uniflora Batal . It had the antidroughtcharacteristics , for keep soil erosion and ecosystem developments , we should plant ; and Prinsepia uniflora Batal had the big fruit , awealth of secondary metabolites and other good cultivationcharacteristics , should make use of wild plant resources .
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