摘要
高效减水剂已经成为制备高性能混凝土和其他先进水泥基复合材料的重要组分，减水剂与水泥的相容性问题也逐渐成为工程和研究关注的焦点。相容性问题可能导致减水效果差；混凝土拌合物泌水离析、坍落度损失快、凝结异常；混凝土强度发展规律异常等现象。这不仅制约着减水剂的使用，还可能对材料的其他性能产生不可预知的不利影响。现有研究对减水剂与水泥的相容性重视程度较低，微观机理研究较少，无法从理论上指导体系相容性的改善。
本文选取减水剂与水泥相容性机理作为研究课题，通过宏观性能实验、吸附与电化学特性实验、微观结构观察等手段，结合减水剂作用机理、水泥化学相关理论、水化产物微结构、浆体界面化学等，研究胶凝材料中二水石膏含量与碱金属硫酸盐含量两个重要因素对减水剂与水泥相容性各方面指标的影响规律。通过建立模型与理论分析，明确了混凝土拌合物坍落度快速损失、凝结异常、减水剂作用效果差等相容性问题的微观机理。
泌水现象是相容性问题中较为特殊的一种。本研究从自由溶液量入手，结合浆体显微形貌研究结果，建立模型分析了新拌水泥浆体中浆体各种溶液量的变化规律，及其与流动度和泌水现象的关系；并从微观机理层面明确了浆体泌水条件。最后以自由溶液量为指标研究了二水石膏与碱金属硫酸盐对泌水的影响情况，提出了改善浆体泌水的方法。
减水剂对水泥水化产物的影响一直是减水剂研究的热点，而且长期存在较多争议，其变化规律和微观机理对解决相容性问题有重要意义。本研究使用TEM-EDX方法，分析掺减水剂的水泥浆体早期水化产物变化；结合XRD、SEM、ESEM微观实验结果和水化产物模型理论，明确了减水剂不会因为严重影响水化产物而造成相容性问题，为相容性问题的研究与解决提供了重要依据。
本研究的主要贡献在于：明确了二水石膏与碱金属硫酸盐对相容性的影响规律及其微观机理；通过建立浆体溶液模型，揭示了泌水的微观机理；进一步完善了掺有高效减水剂情况下的水泥浆体水化过程与水化产物的相关理论；探讨了系统解决各种相容性问题的理论基础，以指导水泥、高效减水剂、混凝土的生产实践与实际工程中相容性问题的解决。
Superplasticizers have become an important component of highperformance concrete and other advanced cementicious composite materials.Along with its extensive application, the compatibility of cement withsuperplasticizers is becoming an intensive research topic. Incompatibility leadsto some problems of cement paste, such as bad performance of superplasticizers,cement paste bleeding, rapid flow loss, abnormal setting, low strength ofconcrete, etc., which not only restricts the development and application of newsuperplasticizers, but also reduces other properties of advanced cementiciouscomposite materials. However, few existing study focus on the compatibility ofcement with superplasticizers and its mechanisms, which fail to direct theapplication of superplasticizers or improve compatibility.
The compatibility of cement with superplasticizers is chosen as theresearch topic in this thesis. The performance, adsorption, electrochemistryproperties of superplasticizers and the microstructure of cement paste withsuperplasticizers are studied. Combined with the mechanism of superplasticizerfunctions, cementicious chemistry theory, microstructure of hydration productsand surface chemistry theory in cement paste, the influence of gypsum andalkali sulfate content on the evaluation indicators of compatibility of cementwith superplasticizers is clarified. The mechanisms of bad performance ofsuperplasticizers, cement paste rapid flow loss and abnormal setting arediscussed.
Bleeding is commonly considered as a special incompatibility problem. Inthis research, free solution amount of cement paste is measured and themicrostructure of cement paste is observed through microscope. Combined withthe change of cement paste flowability, the model of different kinds of solutionin cement paste is raised, and the mechanism of bleeding is clarified. Finally,the free solution amount is considered as an indicator of compatibility. Theinfluence of gypsum and alkali sulfate content on bleeding is investigated through the measurements of free solution. The methods of improving bleedingproblem are raised from the mechanism level.
The influence of superplasticizers on hydration products is one of the hottopics of the superplasticizer research, which always present obviousdifferences and divergences. However, it is very important to clarify itsmechanism in the research of compatibility. Combined with the results by XRD,SEM and ESEM, TEM methods with its high-accuracy EDX were used toinvestigate the influencing mechanism of superplasticizers on cement hydrationproducts and its secondary effects on the compatibility. The crystallization andmorphology of cement hydration products are not severely influenced bysuperplasticizers. These conclusions provide an important theoretical basis forcompatibility research.
The main contribution of this thesis is as follows: the influencingmechanism of gypsum and alkali sulfate on compatibility is investigated. Themechanism of bleeding is clarified through the model of cement paste solution.The theory of superplasticizer performance and the theory of cement pastehydration with superplasticizers added are complemented and optimized. Theeffects of superplasticizers on cement hydration products are studied. Animportant theoretical basis for the compatibility research is discussed, which isable to direct the production and application of superplasticizers and improvecompatibility of cement with superplasticizers.
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