摘要
公元451年高卢战争是民族大迁徙过程中,亚欧大陆北部游牧世界与南部农耕世界之间碰撞的典型一例。它浓缩的不仅是两个民族的碰撞,而且是两种生活方式、两种价值观念的碰撞。这场战争是匈人在逐渐趋于融入罗马社会的转变过程中,最后一次以地中海地区游牧世界霸主身份与罗马帝国所代表的地中海世界农耕社会之间爆发的极端的、剧烈的冲突,是匈人历史上重要的转折点。这场战争不仅是以匈人帝国为代表的游牧世界与以罗马帝国为代表的农耕世界之间碰撞的缩影,而且是民族大迁徙及地中海世界巨变的时代缩影。
本文主要分以下三个部分论述:
第一部分论述了451年高卢战争爆发的原因。匈人维护游牧传统与接受罗马文化的矛盾,是匈人发动451年高卢战争的根本原因;阿提拉的扩张雄心及荷诺丽娅公主的求婚信,为战争的爆发提供了条件,是战争爆发的直接原因。
第二部分论述了451年高卢战争的经过。451年高卢战争是游牧世界与农耕世界在欧洲的矛盾积聚的结果,是两个世界极端的、剧烈的碰撞,同时也是民族大迁徙和地中海世界巨变的时代缩影。匈人在451年高卢战争中的失败,标志着代表亚欧大陆北部草原游牧文化的匈人向地中海世界扩张的结束,同时标志着游牧世界与农耕世界在欧洲极端的、剧烈的碰撞的结束。
第三部分论述了451年高卢战争对匈人的历史影响。451年高卢战争后,匈人帝国瓦解。匈人分为两部分:匈人主体涌入罗马帝国境内,最终融入了罗马社会;匈人余部留在东欧草原,继续坚守游牧民族的传统生活方式。至此,匈人作为一个整体,逐渐退出了地中海世界的历史舞台。匈人逐渐接受罗马文化、融入罗马社会的转变,实则反映出民族大迁徙过程中,与自身文化植根的土壤相脱离的族群,在其他民族文化植根的土壤中,不可避免地走上被其他民族同化的道路。
The Gallic War in the 451 A. D. was a typical example of the violent conflict between the nomads in the northern Eurasia and the farming peoples in the south during the Migration Period in the Eurasia. It concentrated the violent conflict not only between the two nations, but also between the two kinds of lifestyles, between the two kinds of values. This war was the extreme and violent conflict between the Huns, who was in the process that gradually tended to mix into the Roman society, as the leader during the nomads in the Mediterranean region lastly, and the Roman Empire as the representative of the farming peoples in the Mediterranean. It was an important turning point in the history of the Huns. This war was the miniature not only of the violent conflict between the nomads represented by the Hunnic Empire and the farming peoples represented by the Roman Empire, but also of the Period of the migration in the Eurasia and the great transformation of the Mediterranean World.
This paper mainly included three parts:
In the first part, the causes of the Gallic War in the 451 A. D. were discussed. The fundamental cause of this war was the contradiction between that the Huns firmly entrenched their nomadic tradition, and that they would accept the Roman culture. Attila’s ambition and the letter written by Honoria for marriage provided the necessary conditions for this war, and they were the immediate causes of this war.
In the second part, the process of the Gallic War in the 451 A. D. was discussed. This war was the accumulation in the Europe of the contradiction between the nomadic world and the farming world, and it was the extreme and violent conflict between the two worlds. Simultaneously, this war was the miniature of the Period of the migration in the Eurasia and the great transformation of the Mediterranean World. The failure of the Huns in this war, symbolized the end of the expansion to the Mediterranean region of the Huns who represented the nomadic culture in the Eurasian steppe, and it symbolized the end of the extreme and violent conflict in the Europe between the nomadic world and the farming world.
In the third part, the historical influence to the Huns of the Gallic War in the 451 A. D. was discussed. After this war, the Hunnic Empire disintegrated. The Huns were divided into two parts: the main part of the Huns entered into the Roman Empire, and finally tended to mix into the Roman society; the residual parts of the Huns stayed at the steppe in the eastern Europe, and firmly entrenched their nomadic tradition. The Huns, as an integral power, gradually withdrew the historical stage of the Mediterranean World. The conversion that Huns gradually accepted the Roman culture and tended to mix into the Roman society, actually reflected that one nation, which separated from the geographical environment rooting its own culture, was inevitably assimilated by other nations owning to entering into other geographical environment rooting other culture during the Migration Period.
引文
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⑥Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, III [M], p. 408.
⑦Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XXXVI. 187-188.
⑧J. B. Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians [M], New York: The Norton Library, 1967. p.220.
⑨Malcolm Todd, The Early Germans [M], p. 211.
⑩Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation [M], pp. 145-146.
11 Malcolm Todd, The Early Germans [M], p. 212.
①John F. Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome 213-496 [M], p. 330.
②Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XXXVI. 191.
③Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. I [M], translated by Mrs. Gustavus W. Hamilton, New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1967, p. 197.
④Tacitus, Agricola, Germania, Dialogus, Germania 25., The Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University, 1992, p. 169.
①Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XXXVI. 192.
②E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 154.
③Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, III [M], p. 410.
④Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XLI. 217.
⑤Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, III [M], p. 411.
⑥Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 221.
⑦Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XXXVII. 194.
①Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XXXIX. 202-206.
②Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XL. 209.
③Thomas S. Burns, Rome and the Barbarians,100 B.C.-A.D.400 [M], Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, p. 382.
④Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XL. 212.
⑤[法兰克]都尔教会主教格雷戈里:《法兰克人史》[M],寿纪瑜、戚国淦译,北京:商务印书馆,1983年,第57页。
⑥Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XL. 212.
⑦Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XLI. 217.
⑧Christopher I. Beckwith, Empire of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present [M], p. 98.
⑨Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XL. 213.
⑩Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XLI. 214.
11 Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XLI. 216.
①Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 221.
②Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, XLI. 217.
③[法兰克]都尔教会主教格雷戈里:《法兰克人史》[M],第58页。
④Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. I [M], p. 198.
⑤Guy Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 [M], p. 253.
⑥[法]勒内?格鲁塞:《草原帝国》[M],蓝琪译,北京:商务印书馆,2007年,第112页。
⑦Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation [M], p. 150.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 52.
②见J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen著作第九章中“Tribal Names”一节: J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture [M], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1973, pp. 427-441.
③[法]勒内?格鲁塞:《草原帝国》[M],第114页。
①Philip Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun [M], London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2004, p. 277.
②John Man, Attila: The barbarian King Who Challenged Rome [M], New York: Thomas Dunne Books., St. Martin’s Press, 2006, p.276.
③Malcolm Todd, The Early Germans [M], p. 235.
④John Man, Attila: The barbarian King Who Challenged Rome [M], p.276.
⑤Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 222.
⑥John Man, Attila: The barbarian King Who Challenged Rome [M], p.277.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 176.
②(汉)司马迁:《史记》卷110《匈奴列传》,第2879页。
③E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 170.
①[英]亨利·西德博特姆:《古代战争与西方战争文化》[M],第219页。
②[法]勒内?格鲁塞:《蒙古帝国史》[M],第282页。
③李秀清:《日耳曼法研究》[M],北京:商务印书馆,2005年,第11页。
④Leslie Webster & Michelle Brown edited, The Transformation of the Roman World, A.D. 400-900 [M], Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997, p. 46.
⑤[美]爱德华·勒特韦克:《罗马帝国的大战略:从公元一世纪到三世纪》[M],第161页。
⑥J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture [M], p. 159.
⑦[美]麦高文:《中亚古国史》[M],第229页。中译本原文如此,为“匈奴”;笔者认为英文原文应为“Huns”即“匈人”。
①Procopius, History of the Wars, Books I and II, II. i. 13-14, The Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University, 1954, p. 265.
②Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 223.
③E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 173.
④E.A.Thompson. The Huns [M], p. 201.
⑤J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture [M], p. 182.
⑥一说“公元465年或是466年”,参见:John Man, Attila: The barbarian King Who Challenged Rome [M], p.277.
⑦E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 172.
⑧Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 223.
⑨E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], pp. 198-199.
①[美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯:《全球通史——1500年以前的世界》[M],吴象婴、梁赤民译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1999年,第152页。
②E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 188.
③Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus III, XXXI., 2. 3, p. 383.
④E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 188.
⑤E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 188.
⑥J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I. To the Death of Justinian [M], p. 294.
⑦E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 52.
⑧Judith M. Bennett & C. Warren Hollister, Medieval Europe: A Short History [M], New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006, p. 9.
①[英]莱斯莉·阿德金斯、罗伊·阿德金斯:《探寻古罗马文明》[M],张楠等译,北京:商务印书馆,2008年,第658页。
②Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I [M], London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1997, p. 52.
③[德]特奥多尔?蒙森:《罗马史》(第三卷)[M],李稼年译,北京:商务印书馆,2007年,第360页。
④Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I [M], p. 48.
⑤(汉)司马迁:《史记》卷110《匈奴列传》,第2899页。
⑥(汉)司马迁:《史记》卷110《匈奴列传》,第2879页。
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 170.
②E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], p. 176.
③Procopius, History of the Wars, Books I and II, I. iii. 1-4, pp. 13-15.
④[法]勒内?格鲁塞:《草原帝国》[M],第114页。
⑤Ferdinand Sghevill, A History of the Balkans: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day [M], New York: Dorset Press, 1991, p. 92.
⑥Procopius, History of the Wars, Books I and II, I. x. 7, p. 79.
⑦John Man, Attila: The barbarian King Who Challenged Rome [M], p. 277.
①[美]麦高文:《中亚古国史》[M],第229页。中译本原文如此,为“匈奴”;笔者认为英文原文应为“Huns”即“匈人”。
②Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs.“Barbarian”and Nomad [M], p. 223.
③J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture [M], p. 168.
④Procopius, History of the Wars, Books I and II, I. xxi. 15, p. 199.
⑤[法]勒内?格鲁塞:《草原帝国》[M],第114页。
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], First edition published as A History of Attila and the Huns by Oxford University Press, 1948, revised and with an afterword by Peter Heather, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. & Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996, p. 4.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], First edition published as A History of Attila and the Huns by Oxford University Press, 1948, revised and with an afterword by Peter Heather, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. & Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996, p. 5.
①J. B. Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians [M], New York: The Norton Library, 1967, p. 48.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], First edition published as A History of Attila and the Huns by Oxford University Press, 1948, revised and with an afterword by Peter Heather, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. & Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996, p. 70.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], First edition published as A History of Attila and the Huns by Oxford University Press, 1948, revised and with an afterword by Peter Heather, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. & Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996, p. 65.
①E.A.Thompson, The Huns [M], First edition published as A History of Attila and the Huns by Oxford University Press, 1948, revised and with an afterword by Peter Heather, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. & Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996, p. 180.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 47.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 46.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 125.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 126.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 128.
①Hermann Schreiber, Die Hunnen: Attila probt den Weltuntergang [M], München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 1978, p. 271.
①Herwig Wolfram, ?sterreichische Geschichte, 378-907 [M], Wien: Verlag Carl Ueberreuter, 2003, p. 34.
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[1] [法兰克]都尔教会主教格雷戈里.法兰克人史[M] .寿纪瑜、戚国淦译.北京:商务印书馆,1983.
[2] [法]斐迪南?罗特.古代世界的终结[M] .王春侠、曹明玉译.上海:上海三联书店,2008.
[3] [法]孟德斯鸠.罗马盛衰原因论[M] .婉玲译.北京:商务印书馆,1995.
[4] [法]勒内?格鲁塞.草原帝国[M] .蓝琪译.北京:商务印书馆,2007.
[5] [英]汤因比.历史研究[M] .上册. [英]索麦维尔节录,曹未凤译.上海:上海人民出版社,1986.
[6] [英]西德博特姆.古代战争与西方战争文化[M] .晏绍祥译.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2007.
[7] [美]亨利·欧内斯特·西格里斯特.疾病的文化史[M] .秦传安译.北京:中央编译出版社,2009.
[8] [美]麦高文.中亚古国史[M] .章巽译.北京:中华书局,2004.
[9] [美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯.全球通史——1500年以前的世界[M] .吴象婴、梁赤民译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1999.
[10] [德]特奥多尔?蒙森.罗马史[M] .李稼年译.北京:商务印书馆,2007. 3、中文著作
[1]朱学渊.中国北方诸族的源流[C] .北京:中华书局,2002.
[2]余太山.塞种史研究[M] .北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.
[3]林幹.中国古代北方民族通论[M] .呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2007.
[4]林幹.匈奴史[M] .呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2007.
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