摘要
野花草地(wildflower meadow)是近年来兴起的一种新型草本花卉景观,由于其景观效果自然和低维护的特点,应用前景广阔。成功营建野花草地的关键在于对场地环境条件的合理评估,而土壤是其中最为重要的环境因子之一。但是,目前在我国,对野花草地营建技术的研究较少,而有关重要的土壤问题的研究更是鲜有报道。因此,本课题进行了不同土壤和不同土壤N、P水平上营建野花草地的试验,初步研究土壤对野花草地生长的影响,以期为野花草地在我国城市中的推广应用提供土壤方面的相关信息和参考。主要研究结果如下：
1)来源于百花山草甸的10种野生花卉和5种常用的商品花卉在种子萌发试验和露地盆播试验中表现良好,被选作混播花卉。以这15种花卉为材料设计了A、B、C共3个不同的混播花卉组合。混播组合在研究中的2类土壤上表现优秀,基本达到了预期的景观效果,而其中,混播组合C的表现最为优秀,因此,可以认为用乡土野花与商品花卉相结合营建野花草地的方法是可行,而不同的花卉种类也会对混播花卉群落的生长状况产生一定的影响；
2)在3种不同土壤上播种混播花卉的试验表明：不同的土壤会对混播花卉群落的生长状况产生较大的影响。混播花卉的出苗率、物种丰富度、物种多样性、物种均匀度、密度、绿期、生物量垂直分布结构等生长状况在采自道路绿地的土壤和采自公园绿地的土壤上的表现显著优于在采自郊区休闲农地上的表现。采自道路绿地的土壤为肥力较低的砂壤土,采自公园绿地的土壤为肥力中等的砂壤土,采自郊区休闲农地的土壤为肥力较高的壤土。因此,可以认为肥力较低或中等且较为疏松的土壤上较适宜营建野花草地；
3)在不同土壤N、P水平上播种混播花卉的试验表明：土壤N、P水平对野花草地的混播花卉的生长状况均有显著影响,而P的影响更加确定和明显。P水平会对混播花卉的群落表现产生较为明显的负效应,混播花卉的物种丰富度、物种多样性、物种均匀度基本都表现为随着P水平的升高而降低。而N水平和混播花卉的群落表现之间基本呈现钟型曲线关系。随着N水平的升高,物种多样性、地上生物量和密度基本都表现为先升高后降低。因此,在营建野花草地的场地评估阶段,土壤N、P水平可以作为判断土壤是否适宜营建野花草地的参考指标,N、P含量过高的土壤都不适宜营建野花草地。
Wildflower meadow is a rising herbaceous flower application form in recent decades, the landscape of wildflower meadow is naturalistic and needs low-maintenance, so it has bright prospects. The key of successful establishment of wildflower meadow is the reasonable assessment of the site environmental conditions, thus soil is one of the most important environmental aspects. But so far, in our country, study on the establishment of wildflower meadow is just a few, and the reports about the impact of soil on the establishment of wildflower meadow is more few. Therefore, the effect on the establishment of wildflower meadow of soil and the N, P lever is preliminarily studied, in order to give reference to the application and establishment of wildflower meadow in our urban cities about the information of soil. The main results are as follows:
1)15species of wildflowers frow Baihuashan Nature Reserve and5species of common commercial flowers perform well in the indoor seed germination and in the experiment of pot sowing in the open field, so the15species are selected as the species for wildflower meadow combination, by using which,3different mix-sowing wildflower meadow combinations are designed. The combinations all perform well in2kinds of soil in this study, and Combination C performs best. It is seemed that using national wildflower and commercial flowers to estaolish wildflower meadow is feasible, and the mixes species of flowers also have effect on the growth conditions of mix-sowing flowers.
2) The experiment of mix-sowing flowers on different soil shows:different soil has significant effect on the growth conditions of wildflower flowers. The growth conditions including germinating rate, specie richness, specie diversity, density, green phase, biomass vertical distribution structure and the quantity of weeds on soil frow road green space and soil frow park green space both perform better than that on soil frow suburban agriculture leisure land. Soil frow road green space is sandy loam of low fertility, and soil frow park green space is sandy loam of medium fertility, soil frow suburban agriculture leisure land is loam of high fertility. Therefore, it is more suitable for establishing wildflower meadow on the relatively loose soil of low and medium fertility.
3) The experiment of mix-sowing flowers on different soil N/P levels shows:different soil N/P levels both have significant effect on the growth conditions of mix-sowing combinations, and P level has greater effect. P lever shows obvious negative correlation of the performance of the combination including specie richness, specie diversity, specie evenness. The correlation of the performance of the combination and N lever is like Bell-shaped curve. Specie diversity, Specie evenness and density all rises first then goes down. Therefore, during the assessment of the site for establishment of wildflower meadow, N/P content can be used as an important referred index. When N and P levels are too high, obviously the soil is not suitable for the establishment of wildflower meadow.
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