摘要
创新社会网络是企业以获取创新所需知识为目的而构建的特定社会网络。文献回顾表明,创新社会网络是企业把握创新机会、提升创新绩效的重要途径。但另一方面,创业背景下进行的创新社会网络研究仍然十分有限,而且已有研究大多关注创新社会网络的结构与关系,未能对其实质特征做出清晰的定义,因此对于何种网络结构及关系才能真正促进创业企业的创新,各个研究出现了很大的分歧。不仅如此,已有研究对于创新社会网络提升创新绩效的作用机制也未做出令人信服的解释。
本研究把创新社会网络看成企业创新的中观环境,用“创新社会网络沃度”一词来表示这种环境有利于企业创新的程度,在创业、组织学习及社会网络等领域相关理论研究的基础上,以电子制造、机械制造、软件服务与生物制药等四个行业的创业企业为样本,深入探讨创新社会网络沃度的结构维度及其对创新绩效的作用机制。同时,本研究还以参与者-结构互动理论为指导,在以往网络能力研究的基础上,探讨了创业企业网络动态能力的结构维度及其对创新社会网络沃度的影响。
研究一采用半结构化深度访谈的方法,对17家分属不同创业阶段、不同规模及不同行业的创业企业创始者或负责技术研发的高管人员进行现场访谈,了解企业创新社会网络活动及其推动创新发展的关键事件。通过对访谈材料的分析与编码,提炼出了网络动态能力与创新社会网络沃度的关键要素。其中,网络动态能力包括关系技能、知悉伙伴、协作安排与内部沟通四个要素,创新社会网络沃度包括网络构形、信任关系与知识储备三个要素。
研究二进一步验证了网络动态能力与创新社会网络沃度的概念特质与结构维度。结合相关文献与访谈研究结果,首先编制了网络动态能力与创新社会网络沃度测量问卷,然后分别以138家样本企业与183家样本企业数据进行了探索性因子分析与验证性因子分析,结果表明网络动态能力的四维度结构模型以及创新社会网络沃度的三维度结构模型与数据拟合良好,并且两个构思均表现出了良好的聚合效度与辨别效度。同时,对创新社会网络沃度与创新绩效关系的结构方程建模也表明创新社会网络沃度具有较好的效标效度。
研究三提出和验证了创业企业网络动态能力对创新社会网络的影响模型。利用研究二提出的网络动态能力与创新社会网络沃度测量量表,收集到了183份有效问卷。统计分析结果支持了参与者-结构互动主义的观点,即创业企业的创新社会网络沃度从初创期到成熟期呈现有规律的上升趋势,而企业自身的网络动态能力在这一过程中起到了重要作用。其中,网络动态能力的关系技能与知悉伙伴维度对创新社会网络沃度的网络构形、信任关系与知识储备三个维度均有显著的正向影响,内部沟通维度对创新社会网络沃度的网络构形维度有显著正向影响,协作安排维度对创新社会网络沃度的信任关系维度有显著正向影响。
研究四提出和验证了创业企业创新社会网络沃度影响创新绩效的作用机制模型。研究以多个地区的183家创业企业为样本,运用层级回归分析技术,检验了知识获取、创新导向与吸收能力在创新社会网络沃度与创新绩效之间的中介与调节作用。结果表明,创新社会网络沃度通过两条路径影响企业的创新绩效。一是直接路径,即创新社会网络沃度直接作用于创新绩效;二是间接路径,即在两者的关系中,企业的知识获取起到了部分或完全中介作用,在这一过程中,吸收能力会强化网络构形维度及知识储备维度与知识获取的关系。此外,企业的创新导向还与创新社会网络的信任关系维度及知识储备维度产生交互作用,共同影响企业的产品创新性与创新速度。这些结果说明,创业企业要充分利用创新社会网络优势,不仅要关注网络本身的建设,也要关注自身能力及企业创新文化建设。
论文的最后一章总结了本研究的主要结论,探讨了本研究的理论进展与现实意义,指出了本研究存在的局限和有待进一步解决的理论问题。
Social network of innovation(hereafter SNI) is a special kind of social network built with the purpose of acquiring the knowledge that is indispensable for innovation. A review of the literature indicates that SNI is an important pathway both to the identification of innovation opportunity and to the improvement of innovation performance.However,research on entrepreneurial firms in this field is still far from sufficient and the majority of previous researches focused on either the structural or the relational side of SNI,neglecting its substantial nature.For this reason,extant researches are inconclusive on the exact effects of SNI structure and relationships,let alone offering a persuasive explanation of the mechanism behind its effects.
This paper considers SNI the meso-environment for innovation,and adopts the term "innovation network munificence"(hereafter INM) to describe the degree that such environment promotes innovation.Based on the theoretical researches in the field of entrepreneurship,organizational learning and social network,we set out to explore the dimensionality of INM construct and the process mechanism behind its obvious effects on entrepreneurial firms' innovation performance.Meanwhile,under the guidance of actor-structure interactionism,we explored the dimensionality of dynamic network capability(hereafter DNC) construct and their effects on INM.
In the first study,semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 entrepreneurs and CTOs from entrepreneurial firms of different stage,size and industry.The interviews informed us of the firms' networking activities and the key events that spurred their innovations.Subsequent content analysis and coding of the original narration revealed four key components for DNC and three key components for INM.DNC consists of relational skill,knowledge of partner,coordination arrangement and internal communication while INM includes network configuration, mutual trust and knowledge storage.
The second study made further efforts to verify the conceptual characteristics and structural dimensions of DNC and INM.Based on the literatures and interviews, questionnaires of DNC and INM were first developed and delivered to qualified entrepreneurial firms.The first and the second round of sampling resulted in 138 and 183 valid responses respectively.Explorative and confirmative factor analysis indicate that the four-dimension structural model of DNC and three-dimension structural model of INM are most stable,and both constructs demonstrate acceptable convergent and discriminant validity.Meanwhile,the results of SEM analysis of the relationship between INM and innovation performance indicate that INM has reasonable criteria-related validity.
A conceptual model of DNC on INM was proposed and verified in the third study. With the measurement tools validated in the second study,we collected 183 valid questionnaires.Results of statistical analysis demonstrate strong support for the perspectives of actor-structure interactionists.An entrepreneurial firm's INM improves steadily as it evolves from startup to maturity,and its DNC plays a crucial role in this process.To be specific,relational skills and knowledge of partners have significant effect on all three dimensions of INM while internal communication and coordination arrangements have significant effect on network configuration and mutual trust respectively.
The fourth study proposed and verified the mechanism behind INM's effect on innovation performance.Using data collected from 183 entrepreneurial firms,we tested both the mediating effect of knowledge acquisition and the moderating effect of innovation orientation on the relationship between INM and innovation performance. Besides that,we,also tested the mediating effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between INM and knowledge acquisition.Results indicate that besides its direct impact,INM also has an indirect effect on innovation performance,in which knowledge acquisition functions as either a partial or a full mediator.And in this sense, the absorptive capacity of the firm strengthens the positive relationship between its INM and knowledge acquisition.Furthermore,its innovation orientation interacts with the mutual trust and knowledge storage dimension of INM,leading to a more significant positive relationship between INM on one side,and product innovativeness and innovation speed on the other side.These results indicate that entrepreneurial firms shall be concerned with not only the maintenance of SNI,but also the cultivation of capability and the nurture of a culture of innovation.
The major conclusions were summarized in the last chapter.The Theoretical progresses and practical implications of this study were discussed,as well as its limitations and the directions for future research.
引文
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