摘要
滨海湿地处于海陆交汇地带,受海陆共同作用,是一个特殊的动植物生长区。为适应特定的生长环境,滨海湿地植物可能具有独特的体内代谢途径并产生特殊的化学防御体系以维持生存,同时也为获得高效低毒的药用生物活性成分提供了新的来源。
黄河三角洲滨海湿地位于山东省东营市黄河入海口,北临渤海,东靠莱州湾,是世界上暖温带最完整、最广阔、最年轻及生物多样性最为丰富的典型滨海湿地。湿地中动植物资源丰富,其中,药用植物蒙古鸦葱为民间常用中草药,具有清热解毒、消肿散结、消炎、通乳之功效。主治疔疮痈疽、乳痈、跌打损伤、劳伤、乳腺炎和毒蛇咬伤。柽柳为药典收载传统中药,具有有疏风、解表、透疹、解毒之功效。主治风热感冒、麻疹初起、疹出不透、风湿痹痛和皮肤瘙痒。为了寻找高效低毒生物活性成分,我们对黄河三角洲滨海湿地典型的药用耐盐植物蒙古鸦葱Scorzonera mongolica Maxim.和柽柳Tamarix chinensis Lour.进行了系统的化学成分及抗肿瘤生物活性研究:
(1)采用高温消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱法( ICP - MS)测定了蒙古鸦葱S. mongolica Maxim.和柽柳T. chinensis Lour.中27个无机元素。蒙古鸦葱中Ce、K、Al和Ca含量最高,微量元素Ce、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu含量较高;而柽柳中K、Na、Ca和Mg含量最高,微量元素Fe、Zn、Cr、Mn和Se含量较高。
(2)采用气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS)测定了蒙古鸦葱S. mongolica Maxim.和柽柳T. chinensis Lour.的挥发油成分。鉴定了蒙古鸦葱挥发油中的13个成分,占挥发油总量的93.43%。2种主要成分为三十一烷(34.75%)和何帕-22(29)-烯-3β-醇(21.47%),占挥发油总量的56.22%;检出了柽柳挥发油中的26个成分,占挥发油总量的91.0%。4种主要成分为十六酸甲脂(29.20%)、十八碳二烯酸甲脂(20.88%)、9-十八碳烯酸甲酯(12.31%)和β-维生素E (7.65%),占挥发油总量的70.0%。
(3)采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了蒙古鸦葱S. mongolica Maxim.和柽柳T. chinensis Lour.中氨基酸的组成及含量。蒙古鸦葱S. mongolica Maxim.中总氨基酸含量为5.7318%,必需氨基酸含量为1.8600%,中性氨基酸含量为3.1694%,酸性氨基酸含量为1.5640%,碱性氨基酸含量为0.9984%。其中,半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸、精氨酸和谷氨酸含量分别为0.8839%、0.8800%、0.7883%和0.6840%。柽柳T. chinensis Lour.总氨基酸含量为6.3336%,必需氨基酸含量为2.8494%,中性氨基酸含量为4.2250%,酸性氨基酸含量为1.1990%,碱性氨基酸含量为0.9096%。半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸和亮氨酸含量分别为0.9457%、0.7197%、0.5866%和0.4958%。
(4)以细胞毒活性为导向,采用D101大孔树脂分配色谱、正相硅胶色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱和制备HPLC等色谱分离手段,运用IR、MS、HRMS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR(DEPT)、1H-1HCOSY、HMQC、HMBC、NOESY等结构鉴定技术,自蒙古鸦葱S. mongolica Maxim.中分离鉴定了23个化合物。其中三萜类成分19个:分别3β-十四酰桑二醇(SM-1)、3β-十二酰桑二醇(SM-2)、羽扇豆醇(SM-3)、白桦脂醇(SM-4)、白桦脂酸(SM-5)、乙酰羽扇豆醇(SM-6)、23Z-3β-acetoxyeupha-7, 23-diene-25-ol(SM-7)、Dammar-20-ene-3β-ol, 24-methy- lene- acetate(SM-8)、3β-齐敦果烷乙酸酯(SM-9)、蒲公英甾醇(SM-10)、蒲公英甾醇乙酸酯(SM-11)、伪蒲公英甾醇(SM-12)、伪蒲公英甾醇乙酸酯(SM-13)、3α-香树脂醇乙酸酯(SM-14)、达玛-24-烯-3β-十四酰氧基-20S-醇(SM-15)、丁酰鲸鱼酸乙酸酯(SM-16)、multiflorenyl acetate(SM-21)、3β-十四酰高根二醇(SM-22)和3β-十二酰高根二醇(SM-23);倍半萜类成分1个:脱氢木香内酯(SM-17);甾醇类成分3个:分别是β-谷甾醇(SM-18)、胆甾醇(SM-19)、5α,8α-环二氧-24-甲基胆甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(SM-20)。其中,化合物SM-1、SM-2、SM-22和SM-23为新化合物;SM-4、SM-5、SM-7、SM-8、SM-10、SM-11、SM-12、SM-13、SM-14、SM-15、SM-16、SM-17、SM-20和SM-21首次从该属中分离得到;所有成分均为首次从该种中分离得到。
(5)从柽柳T. chinensis Lour.中分离得到了27个单体化合物。其中,甾醇类成分6个:分别是β-谷甾醇(TC-1)、豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮(TC-2)、麦角甾-4,24(28)-二烯-3–酮(TC-3)、豆甾烷-3,6-二酮(TC-4)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(TC-5)、胆甾醇(TC-6);三萜类成分8个:分别是羽扇豆醇(TC-7)、白桦脂醇(TC-8)、myricadiol(TC-9)、isomyricadiol(TC-10)、isoaleuritolic acid(TC-11)、isoaleuritolic acid 3-p-hydroxy cinnamate(TC-12)、2α-羟基齐墩果酸(TC-13)、24-亚甲基环阿尔廷醇(TC-14);二萜类成分1个:植醇(TC-15);黄酮类成分7个:分别是5-羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基黄酮(TC-16)、山奈酚(TC-17)、山奈酚-4′-甲醚(TC-18)、山奈酚-7-甲醚(TC-19)、山柰酚-4′,7-二甲醚(TC-20)、槲皮素(TC-24)和槲皮素-3',4'-二甲醚(TC-25);酚酸类成分5个:邻苯二甲酰二异丁酯(TC-21),邻苯二甲酰正二丁酯(TC-22)、4-羟基苯甲酸(TC-23)、和和阿魏酸(TC-23)。其中,化合物TC-2、TC-3、TC-4、TC-5、TC-11、TC-13、TC-14、TC-16和TC-27为首次从该属植物中分离得到;化合物TC-7、TC-8、TC-9、TC-10、TC-15、TC-21、TC-22、TC-23和TC-26为首次从柽柳T. chinensis Lour.中分离得到。
(6)采用MTT、SRB法,对分离得到的部分化合物进行了抗肿瘤活性的筛选,化合物SM-4、SM-5、SM-6和SM-7、TC-2、TC-12和TC-13和对人肺癌细胞A-549、TC-15对人肝癌细胞显示有意义的细胞毒活性。
Organisms of coastal wetlands, effected by oceanic and terrestrial environment, likely produce more unique secondary metabolites with various biological activities. At present, a lot of structurally novel and bioactive secondary metabolities, including sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, steroids, ceramides and somon, have been isolated from them. These constituents exhibited potential bioactivities such as antiflammation, antitumor, antifouling and cytotoxic activities. All these will provide more opportunities to find lead compounds.
Yellow River Delta wetland is the youngest, broadest and the most integrated wetland ecosystem in the warm-temperate zone of the world. It posseses the rich and diverse biological resource. Among them, the family Compositae plant Scorzonera mongolica Maxim. and the family Tamaricaceae plant Tamarix chinensis Lour. were used as Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) or folk herbal drug the past time. However, no reports have been found about the chemical research on these plant to date. In order to find bioactive components, we systematically investigated the constituents of S. mongolica Maxim. and T. chinensis Lour. collected from Dongying, Shandong Province of China, including amino acids, organic elements, volatile oils and other organic compounds.
The MeOH extracts of two species showed significant cytotoxic activities against selected tumor lines, mouse leukemia cell (P388), human hepatic carcinoma cell (BEL-7402), human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460), Breast Carcinoma Cell Line (MCF7), human glioma cell line (SF-268) and Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A-549), respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation resulted in 50 components, 4 new ones as well as 46 known ones. Their structures and stereochemistry were determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR (DEPT), extensive 2DNMR (1H-1HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literatures.
(1) The inorganic element of the sample from S. mongolica Maxim. and T. chinensis Lour. were measured by ICP-MS. 27 elements were detected in the two species. The main inorganic elements were Ce, K, Al, Ca and Fe and the main trace elements were Ce, Ga, Mn, Zn and Cu. in S. mongolica Maxim. respectively. While in T. chinensis Lour., the main inorganic elements were K, Na, Ca and Mg, the main trace elements were Ce, Fe, Mn and Zn.
(2) The determination of Volatile oils was finished by GC-MS. The results showed that the plant S. mongolica Maxim. was composition of 13 ones, and 2 main components that Hentriacontane (34.75%) and A? - neogammacer - 22(29) - en - 3β- ol(21.47%) account for 93.43% in total Volatile oils. The Volatile oils of T. chinensis Lour. contains 26 components, among them, 4 ones including Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (29.20%), 11,14-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (20.88%), 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (12.31%) andβ-Tocopherol (7.65%) account for 70.0% in total Volatile oils.
(3) The amino acid analysis was determined on the auto-aminoacid analyzer. 16 kinds of amino (5.7318%) were identified, the main components were Cys(0.8839%), Asp(0.0.88001%) and Arg(0.7883%) in S. mongolica Maxim., respectively. The species T. chinensis Lour. also contained 16 kinds of amino acids(6.3336%), the main components were Glu(0.7197%), Arg(0.5866%) and Cys (0.9457%).
(4) Guided by cytotoxic activities, 23 Compounds, 3β–teradecanoyloxy-28– hydroxyl–olean–18–ene (SM-1), 3β–dodecanoyl–28–hydroxyl–olean–18–ene (SM-2), lupeol (SM-3), betulin (SM-4), betulinic acid (SM-5), lupeo acetate (SM-6), 23Z–3β–acetoxyeupha–7, 23–diene–25–ol (SM-7), Dammar–20-ene-3β-ol, 24– methylene–acetate (SM-8),β–pulcherryl acetate (SM-9), taraxasterol (SM-10), Taraxasterol acetate (SM-11),ψ–taraxasterol (SM-12),ψ–taraxasteryl acetate (SM-13),α–Amyrin acetate (SM-14), Dammar–24–ene-3, 20–diol (SM-15), 3β–tetradecanoate, butyrospermol acetate (SM-16), Dehydrocostus lactone (SM-17),β-sitosterol (SM-18), cholesterol (SM-19), 5α. 8α-epidioxy-(22E, 24R)-stigmaster- 6, 22- dien-3β-ol (SM-20), multiflorenyl acetate (SM-21), 3β–teradecanoyloxy-28–hydroxyl–olean–12–ene (SM-22) and 3β– dodecanoyl–28–hydroxyl–olean–12–ene (SM-23),were obtained from S. mongolica Maxim. Among them, SM-1, SM-2, SM-22 and SM-23 were new triterpenes; SM-4, SM-5, SM-7, SM-8, SM-10, SM-11, SM-12, SM-13, SM-14, SM-15, SM-16, SM-17, SM-20 and SM-21 were isolated from the genus Scorzonera for the first time. All components were isolated firstly from the species S. mongolica Maxim.
(5) 27 Compounds were obtained from T. chinensis Lour. Based on spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literatures, their sructures were identified asβ–sitosterol (TC-1), stigmast–4–ene-3, 6–dione (TC-2), Ergosta–4, 24(28)–diene–3–one (TC-3), stigmast–4–ene-3, 6-dione (TC-4), sitoste rone (TC-5), cholesterol (TC-6), lupeol (TC-7), betulin (TC-8), myricadiol (TC-9), isomyricadiol (TC-10), isoaleuritolic acid (TC-11), isoaleuritolic acid 3-p-hydroxy cinnamate (TC-12), maslinic acid (TC-13), 24–methylenecycoartanol (TC-14), Phyto (TC-15), 5-hydroxy–7, 4?–dime–thoxyflavone (TC-16), Kaempferol (TC-17), 4′- methylkaempfero (TC-18), 7-methylkaempfero (TC-19), 4′,7–dimethyl– kaempfero (TC-20), diiso–butyl–O–phthalate (TC-21), dibutyl phthalate (TC-22), 4-Hydroxy -benzoic acid (TC-23), Quercetin (TC-24), 3',4'-dimethylquercetin (TC-25), ferulic acid (TC-26) and methyl-P-hydrobenzoate (TC-27). Among them, TC-2, TC-3, TC-4, TC-5, TC-11, TC-13, TC-14, TC-16 and TC-27 were isolated from the genus Tamarix for the first time. TC-7、TC-8, TC-9, TC-10, TC-15, TC-21, TC-22, TC-23 and TC-26 were isolated firstly from T. chinensis Lour.
(6) The anti-tumor activities of 23 compounds were tested by MTT and SRB methods. SM-4、SM-5、SM-6、SM-7、TC-2、TC-12、TC-13and TC-15 showed potential anti-tumor activities.
引文
[1] 毛富玲. 湿地研究概况与趋势[J]. 河北林果研究,2005,20 (2):143-145.
[2] 张晓龙,李培英,李萍,徐兴永.中国滨海湿地研究现状与展望[J].海洋科学进展,2005,23 (1):87-94.
[3] 刘红玉.中国湿地资源特征、现状与生态安全[J]. 资源科学,2005, 27 (3):54-60.
[6] 燕艳. 中国湿地简述[J]. 生物学杂志,2002,19 (6):59-60.
[5] 曲向荣,李培军. 鸭绿江口滨海湿地环境保护及其资源持续利用对策[J]. 环境保护科学,2003,29:42-49.
[6] 李湘萍,汤庚国,王定胜,徐惠强. 江苏湿地植物群落学特征及其分布和演替规律[J]. 南京林业大学学报,1998,22 (1):47-52.
[7] Wang J D., Guo Y W.. Agallochaols A and B, two new diterpenes from the Chinese mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L.[J]. Helv.chim.acta., 2004, 87(11): 2829-2833.
[8] Wang J D., Li Z Y., Guo Y W.. Secoatisane- and isopimarane-type diterpenoids from the chinese mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. [J]. Helv.chim.acta., 200, 88(5): 979-985.
[9] Wang, Ji-Dong; Li, Zhen-Yu; Xiang, Wen-Sheng; Guo, Yue-Wei. Further new secoatisane diterpenoids from the Chinese mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L.[J]. Helv.chim.acta., 2006, 89(7): 1367-1372.
[10] Anjaneyulu A. S. R. and Rao V. L.. Five diterpenoids (agallochins A-E) from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn [J]. Phytochemistry, 2000, 55: 891-901.
[11] Anjianeyulu A. S. R. and Rao V. L. and Sreedhar K.. Agallochins J-L, new isopimarane diterpenoids from Excoecaria agalloha L [J]. Nat. Prod. Res., 2002,17 (1): 27–32.
[12] Anjaneyulu A. S. R. and Rao V. L. and Sreedhar K.. ent-Kaurane and Beyerane Diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65: 382-385
[13] Anjaneyulu A. S. R. and Rao V. L.. Seco diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha L. [J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 62: 585–589
[14]Konishi T., Kiyosawa S., Konoshima T. and Fujiwara Y.. Chemical structures of excoecarins A, B and C: three new labdane-type diterpenes from wood, Exocoecaria agallocha[J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1996, 44(11): 2100-2102.
[15] Konishi T., Konoshima T., Fujiwara Y. and Kiyosawa S.. Excoecarins D, E, and K, from Excoecaria agallocha[J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2000, 63: 344-346.
[16] Konishi T., Konoshima ., Maoka T. and Fujiwara Y.. Novel diterpenes, excoecarins M and N from the resinous wood of Excoecaria agallocha [J]. Tetrahedron Lett., 2000, 41: 3419–3422.
[17] Konishi T., Yamazoe K., Konoshima T., Maoka T., Fujiwara Y. and Miyahara K.. New Bis-secolabdane Diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66, 108-111.
[18] Konishi T., Yamazoe K., Konoshima T. and Fujiwara Y.. Seco-labdane type diterpenes from Excoecaria agallocha [J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 64: 835–840.
[19] Konishi T., Yamazoe K., Kanzato M., Konoshima T., Konoshima T. and Fujiwara Y.. Three Diterpenoids (Excoecarins V1-V3) and a Flavanone Glycoside from the Fresh Stem of Excoecaria agallocha [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2003, 51(10): 1142-1146.
[20] Konoshima T., Konishi T., Takasaki M., Yamazoe K. and Tokuda H.. Anti-tumor-Promoting Activity of the Diterpene from Excoecaria agallocha. II [J]. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2001, 4(12): 1440-1442.
[21] Li H., Huang X. S., Sattler I., Dahse H. M., Fu H Z., Lin W H. and Grabley S.. New Diterpenoids from the Marine Mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2004, 67: 1620-1623.
[22] Wiriyachitra P., Hajiwangoh H., Boonton P., Adolf W., Opferkuch H. J. and Hecker E. Investigations of Medicinal Plants of Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae Occurring and Used in Thailand; II. Cryptic Irritants of the Diterpene Ester Type from Three Excoecaria species[J]. Planta Med., 1985, 51(5): 368-71.
[23] Anjaneyulu A. S. and Rao V. L.. Rhizophorin A, a novel secolabdane diterpenoid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata [J]. Nat Prod Lett., 2001; 15(1):13-9.
[24] Anjaneyulu A. S. R., Anjaneyulu V. and Rao V. L.. Rhizophorin B: A novel beyerane diterpenoid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata [J]. Indian J. Chem. B. Org. Med., 2000, 39(11): 803-807.
[25] Anjaneyulu A. S., Anjaneyulu V. and Rao V. L.. New beyerane and isopimarane diterpenoids from Rhizophora mucronata [J]. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2002, 4 (1): 53–61.
[26] Anjaneyulu A. S. and Rao V. L... Rhizophorin A, a novel secolabdane diterpenoid from the Indian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata [J]. Nat. Prod. Lett., 2001, 15(1): 13-9.
[27] Ganguly S. N. and Sircar S. M.. Gibberellins from mangrove plants [J]. Phytochemistry, 1974, 13(9): 1911-1913
[28] Li H., Huang X S., Sattler I., Dahse H. M., Fu H Z; Grabley S. and Lin W H.Three new pimaren diterpenoids from marine mangrove plant, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza [J]. Pharmazie 2005, 60(9): 705-707.
[29] Kato A. and Numata M.. Brugierol and Isobrugierol, trans and cis-1, 2-dithiolane-1-oxide, from Brugiera conjugata [J]. Tetrohdron Lett., 1972, 13(3): 203-206.
[30] Anjaneyulu A. S. R. and Rao V. L.. Ceriopsins A–D, diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra [J]. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60: 777–782.
[31] Anjaneyulu A. S. R., Rao V. L, Lobkovsky E. and Jon C.. Ceriopsin E, a New Epoxy ent- Kaurene Diterpenoid from Ceriops decandra[J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65: 592-594.
[32] Anjaneyulu A. S. R., Rao V. L.. Ceriopsins F and G, diterpenoids from Ceriops decandra [J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 62: 1207–1211.
[33] Zhang Y., Deng Z. W., Gao T. X., Peter P. and Lin W. H.. Tagalsins A-H, dolabrane-type diterpenes from the mangrove plant Ceriops tagal [J]. Phytochemistry, 2005, 66(12), 1465-1471.
[34] Bao S. Y., Deng Z. W., Fu H Z., Peter P. and Lin W. H.. Diterpenes and disulfides from the marine mangrove plant Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala [J]. Helv.chim.acta., 2005, 88(10): 2757-2763.
[35] Hasan C.M., Jabbar S. K. A. and Rashid M. A.. Nasimaluns A and B: neo-Clerodane Diterpenoids from Barringtonia racemosa [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2000, 63, 410-411.
[36] Subrahmanyam C., Kumar S. R. and Reddy G. D.. Bioactive diterpenes from the mangrove Avicennia officinalis Linn [J]. Indian J. Chem. B. Org. Med., 2006, 45B(11): 2556-2557. [37 ] Majumdar S. G. and Patra G.. Chemical investigation of some. mangrove species. Part III: Rhizophoraceae, a mangrove family [J]. J. Indian. Chem. Soc., 1976 , (11) : 1241-1242.
[38]Chittawong V. and Miles D. H.. Taraxeryl cis-p-Hydroxycinnamate, a Novel Taraxeryl fromRhizophora apiculata [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 1990, 53(4): 953-955.
[39] Kokpol U., Chavasiri W., Chittawong V. and Miles D. H.. Taraxeryl cis-p-Hydroxycinnamate, a Novel Taraxeryl from Rhizophora apiculata [J]. J. Nat. Prod.,1990, 53 (4): 953-955.
[40] Amitabha G, Suniti M,Ashis K. D.and and Choudhury A.. Pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove [J]. Phytochemistry, 1985 , 24 (8) :1725-1727.
[41] Minocha P. K. and Tiwari K. P.. A triterpenoidal saponin from roots of Acanthus illicifolius [J]. Phytochemistry ,1981 ,20 :135-137.
[42] Yang Y., Deng Z. W., Proksch P. and Lin W H.. Two new 18-en-oleane derivatives from marine mangrove plant, Barringtonia racemosa [J]. Pharmazie, 2006, 61(4): 365-366.
[43] Wu Jun., Li Minyi., Xiao Zh H. and Zhou Y.. Butyrospermol fatty acid esters from the fruit of a Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum [J]. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences, 2006, 61(11): 1447-1449.
[44]Homhual S., Bunyapraphatsara N., Kondratyuk T., Herunsalee A., Chaukul W., Pezzuto J. M., Fong H. H. S. and Zhang H J.. Bioactive Dammarane Triterpenes from the Mangrove Plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2006, 69(3): 421-424.
[45] Miles D. H. and Lho D. S.. Toxicants from Mangrove Plants. 3. Heritol, a Novel Ichthyotoxin from the Mangrove Plant Heritiera littoralis [J]. J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52: 2930-2932.
[46] Miles DH, Lho DS. CA, 106:17290t
[47] Miles DH, AnaNA-Maria L. Y., Itawong V. C. and Cruz A. A. D.. Toxicants from mangrove plant, VI. Heritonin, a new piscicide from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 1989, 52(4): 896-898.
[48] Miles D. H., Chittawong V., Dong-Seok L. H. O. and Payne A. M.. Toxicnats from mangrove plant, VII. Vallapin and vallapian, novel sesquiterpene lactones from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 1991, 54(1): 286-289.
[49]Zhang Y., Lu Y., Mao L., Proksch P. and Lin W. H.. Tagalsins I and J, two novel tetraterpenoids from the mangrove plant, Ceriops tagal [J]. Org. Lett., 2005, 7(14): 3037-3040.
[50] Kanchanapoom T., Kamel M. S., Kasai R., Yamasaki K., Picheansoonthon C. and Hiraga Y.. Lignan glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius [J]. Phytochemistry, 2001, 56: 369-372.
[51] Kanchanapoom T., Kasai R., Picheansoonthon C. and Yamasak K.. Megastigmane, aliphatic alcohol and benzoxazinoid glycosides from Acanthus ebracteatus [J]. Phytochemistry, 2001, 58: 811–817.
[52] Kanchanapoom T., Mohamed S. K., Ryoji K., Picheansoonthon C., Hiragad Y. and Yamasakia K.. Benzoxazinoid glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius [J]. Phytochemistry, 2001, 58: 637–640.
[53] Sharaf M., El-Ansari M. A., Saleh N. A. M.. New flavonoids from Aicennia marina. Fitoterapia, 2000, 71: 274-277.
[54] Ronald W. H. and Francis T. G.. Fatty acids, sterols and hydrocarbons in the leaves from eleven species of mangrove [J]. Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(1): 93-97.
[55] Kanchanapooma T., Kasaia R., Picheansoonthon C.. Megastigmane, aliphatic alcohol and benzoxazinoid glycosides from Acanthus ebracteatus. Phytochemistry, 2001, 58: 811–817.
[56] Masuda T., Iritani K., Yonemori S. et al. Isolation and antioxidant activity of galloyl flavonol glycosides from the seashore plant, Pemphis adidula. Biosci. Biotechem. Biochem., 2001, 65(5): 1302-1309.
[57] Hogg W. R. and Gillan T. F.. Pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols from seven species ofmangrove [J]. Phytochemistry, 1985, 24(8): 1725-1727.
[58] Chang L. C., Gills J. J., Bhat K. P. L., et al. Activity-Guided Isolation of Constituents of Cerbera manghas with Antiproliferative and Antiestrogenic Activities[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett., 2000, 10: 2431-2434.
[59] Feng Y., Li X. M., Duan X. J. and Wang B. G.. A new acylated iridoid glucoside from Avicennia marina [J]. Chin. Chem. Lett., 2006, 17(9): 1201-1204.
[60] Feng Y., Li X. M., Duan X. J. and Wang B. G.. Iridoid glucosides and flavones from the aerial parts of Avicennia marina [J]. Chem. Biodiver., 2006, 3(7): 799-806.
[61] 赵亚,郭跃伟.真红树林植物化学成分及生物活性研究概况[J].中国天然药物,2004,2(3):135-140.
[62] Dayar A , Rusjdi D. W. and Melvyn V. S.. A new. tropane alkaloid from Pellacalyx axillaris[J]. Aust. J. Chem.,1991, 44: 1013-1015.
[63] Tiwari K. P., Minocha P. K., Masood M.. Acanthicifo—line-a new alkaloid from Acanthus ilicifolius[J].Pol. J. Chem.,1980 ,54(4) :857.
[64]Minocha PK,Tiwari KP. Chemical constituents of Acanthus ilicifolius Linn[J].Pol. J. Chem., 1980, 54 (10): 2089.
[65]林鹏,傅琴.中国红树林环境生态及经济利用[M]. 高等教育出版社,1995,54-55.
[66] Vervoort H. C., Richards-Gross S. E., and Fenical W.. Didemnimides A-D: Novel, Predator-Deterrent Alkaloids from the Caribbean Mangrove Ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum [J]. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62: 1486-1490.
[67] Chang L. C., Gills J. J., Bhat K. P. L., Luyengi L., Farnsworth N.R., Pezzuto J.M. and Kinghorn A. D.. Activity-Guided Isolation of Constituents of Cerbera manghas with Antiproliferative and Antiestrogenic Activities[J]. Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett., 2000, 10: 2431-2434.
[68] Kato A. Brugierol and Isobrugierol, trans- and cis-1,2-dithiolane-1-oxide, from Brugiera conjugata [J]. Tetrahedron Lett., 1972 , 13(3): 203-206.
[69] Kato A. Brugine from Bruguiera cylindrica [J]. Phytochemistry,1975 ,14 :1458.
[70] Kato A. A new naturally occurring 1,2-dithiolane from Bruguiera cylindrica [J]. Phytochemistry,1976,15: 220-221.
[71]Cheng, F., Zhou, Y., Wu J. and Zou K...Xyloccensins X1 and X2, two new mexicanolides from the fruit of a chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum [J]. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences, 2006, 61(5): 626-628.
[72] Wu J., Zhang S., Song Yang; X., Zh H., Xiao Q. and Li Q X..Two new mexicanolides from the fruit of the Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum [J]. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chem. Sci., 2005, 60(12): 1291-1294.
[73]Roy A. D., Kumar R., Gupta P., Khaliq T., Narender T., Aggarwal V., Roy R.. Xyloccensin X and Y, two new limonoids from Xylocarpus molluccensis: NMR investigation in mixture [J]. Magn. Reson. Chem., 2006, 44(11): 1054-1057.
[74] Zhou Y., Cheng F., Wu J. and Zou K.. Polyhydroxylated Phragmalins from the Fruit of a Chinese Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2006, 69(7): 1083-1085.
[75] Wu J.,; Zhang S., Li M. Y., Zhou Y. and Xiao Q.. Xylogranatins A-D, new mexicanolides from the fruit of a Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum [J]. Chem Pharm Bull., 2006, 54(11): 1582-1585.
[76]Wu J., Xiao Q., Zhang S., Li X., Xiao Z. H., Ding H. X. and Li Q. X.. Xyloccensins Q-V, six new 8,9,30-phragmalin ortho ester antifeedants from the Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum[J]. Tetrahedron, 2005, 61(35):8382-8389.
[77] Miles D. H., Wdeiros J. M. R. and Chittawon V.. 3'-Formyl-2', 4', 6'-trihydroxy-5'- methyl dihydrochalcone, a Prospective New Agrochemical from Psidium acutangulum[J]. J. Nat. Prod., 1990, 53(6): 1548-1551.
[78] Miles D. H., Tunsuwan K., Chittawong V., Hedin P. A., Kokpol U., Ni C. Z., and Clardy J.. Agrochemical activity and isolation of N-(4'- bromophenyl) -2,2- diphenylacetanilide from the thai plant Arundo Donax [J]. J. Nat. Prod.,1993, 56(9): 1590-1593.
[79] Erickson K., Beutler J. A., Cardelline J. H., Mcmahon J. B., Newman D. J. and Boyd M. R. A Novel Phorbol Ester from Excoecaria agallocha [J]. J. Nat. Prod., I995, 58(5): 769-772.
[80] Patil, A. D., Freyer, A. J., Eggleston, D. S., et al. The inophyllums, novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase isolated from the Malaysian tree, Calophyllum inophyllum Linn [J]. J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36: 4132-4138
[81]Xu M. J., Deng Z. W., Li M., Li J., Fu H. Z.. Proksch P. and Lin W. H.. Chemical Constituents from the Mangrove Plant, Aegiceras corniculatum [J]. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67: 762-766.
[82] Han L., Huang X. S., Sattler I., Oellmann U.. New aromatic compound from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza [J]. Planta. Med., 2005, 71: 160-161.
[83] 贾睿,郭跃伟,侯惠欣.中国红树林植物白骨壤化学成分的研究[J]. 中国天然药物,2004,2(1):16-19.
[84] Premanathan M., Kathiresan K., and Nakashimai H.. Mangrove Halophytes: A source of antiviral substances [J]. South Pacific Study, 1999, 19(1-2): 49-57.
[85] Premnathan M., Chandra K., Bajpai S. K. and Kathiresan K.. A survey of some Indian marine plants for antiviral activity [J]. Botanica. Marina., 1992, 35: 321-324.
[86] Premanathan M., Arakaki R., Izumi H.. Antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, against human immunodeficiency virus [J]. Antiviral Res., 1999, 44: 113–122.
[87]Nakano M. A.. Anti-viral agent prepared by basic and acidic extraction of mangrove; effective against retrovirus such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with no side-effects on human and animals[p]. Janan JP, 214 232, 1995.
[88]Elanchezhiyan M., Rajarajan M., Rajendran P., Subramanian S. and Thyagarajan S. P.. Antiviral properties of the seed extract of an Indian medicinal plant, Pongamia pinnata, Linn., against herpes simplex viruses: In vitro studies on Vero cells [J]. J. Med. Microbiol., 1993, 38(4): 262-264.
[89] Kokpol U., Chitawonv G.. Chemical constitudents of the roots of Acanthus illicifolzus. J. Nat. Prod., 1986, 49(2): 355-356.
[90]Loder, J. W., and Russell, G. B.. Tumour inhibitory plants. The alkaloids of Bruguiera saxangula and Bruguiera exaristata (Rhizophoraceae) [J]. Australia J. Chem., 1969, 22: 1271-1275.
[91] Babu B. H., Shylesh B. S., Padikkala J.. Tumour reducing and anticarcinogenic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius in mice [J]. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 79: 27–33.
[92] Thomas T. J., Panikkar B., Subramoniam A., et al. Antitumour property and toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb seed extract in mice [J]. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 82: 223-227.
[93] Deraniyagala S. A., Ratnasooriya W. D. and Goonasekara C. L.. Antinociceptive effect and toxicological study of the aqueous bark extract of Barringtonia racemosa on rats [J]. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 86: 21–26.
[94] Khan S., Jabbar A., Hasan C. M. and Rashid M. A.. Antibacterial activity of Barringtonia racemosa [J]. Fitoterapia., 2001, 72: 162-164.
[95] Babu B. H., Shylesh B. S., Padikkala J.. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius [J]. Fitoterapia, 2001, 72: 272-277.
[96] Agbonon A., Eklu-Gadegbeku K., Aklikokou K., Essien K., Akpagana K. and Gbeassor M.. The effect of Mangifera indica stem bark and Pluchea ovalis roots on tracheal smooth muscle in vitro [J]. Fitoterapia, 2002, 73: 619–622.
[97] 贾文泽,田家怡,潘怀剑. 黄河三角洲生物多样性保护与可持续利用的研究[J]. 环境科学研究,2002,15(4):35-39.
[98]徐海珍,陈奇. 湿地自然保护区与生物多样性[J]. 环境导报,1999,5:42-43.
[99]田家怡.黄河三角洲湿地生物多样性与可持续利用[J].滨州学院学报,2005,21(3):38-44.
[100]田家怡,贾文泽,窦洪云. 黄河三角洲湿地生物多样性 [M]. 青岛:青岛出版社,1999.
[101]赵魁义,正萱凤,易富科. 中国湿地植物初录 [A]. 中国湿地研究[C].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1995,307-357.
[102]李思忠. 中国淡水鱼类的分布[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1981.
[103]郭永盛. 山东植物志·自然地理志[M]. 济南:山东人民出版社,1996,372-467.
[104]王子清,孙丽华,易富科. 中国湿地陆栖动物初录[A]. 中国湿地研究[C].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1995,358-385.
[105]中国野生动物保护协会。中国鸟类图鉴[M]. 郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1995.
[106]李政海,王海梅,刘书润,宋国宝,高吉喜.黄河三角洲生物多样性分析[J].生态环境 2006, 15(3): 577-582.
[107]邵秋玲,解小丁,李法曾.黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区植物区系研究[J]. 西北植物学报, 2002, 22 (4) : 947-951.
[108] 张峰.山东盐生植物资源状况及开发建议[J].山东林业科技,2004,(2):11-12.
[109]江苏新医学院编.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1997.
[110]陈汉斌.山东植物志[M].青岛:青岛出版社,1997.
[111]赵可夫,李法曾,樊守金,冯立田.中国的盐生植物[J].植物通报,1998,15(4):12-16.
[112]中华人民共和国商业部土产废品局、中科院植物研究所主编.中国经济植物志(上、下册) . 北京:科学出版社,1961.
[113]全国中草药汇编编写组. 全国中草药汇编. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 1988.
[114]张鹏云. 中国植物志. 50 卷第 2 分册. 北京:科学出版社,1990,149 - 158.
[115]刘媖心. 中国沙漠植物志. 第 2 卷. 北京:科学出版社,1985,367 - 376.
[1] 贺士元. 河北植物志第三卷[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,1991,191-198.
[2] 吴玉虎. 青海植物名录[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1996,313-321.
[3] 李书心. 辽宁植物志(下册)[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1992,609-621.
[4] 同以良. 黑龙江植物志(第九卷)[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1998,302-307.
[5] 马德滋、刘惠兰. 宁夏植物志(第二卷)[M]. 银川:宁夏人民出版社,1988,231-233.
[6] 林有润. 菊科植物的系统分类与区系地理的初步探讨[J].植物研究,1993,13(2):1 51-601.
[7]Gubanov I. A.. The conspectus of flora outer Mongolia(Vascular plants) [J]. Moskew: 1996,106.
[8]Malyschev L. I. And Peschkova G. A.. Central sibirian flora novosibisk: Aedibsl [J]. Nauka Divisid Sibirica. 1979. 2 893-894.
[9]Tulin T. G. and Heywood V. U.. European flora [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1976. 4: 317-322.
[10] Jisaburo O.. Japan flora[M]. Tokyo: Imperial University Press. 1956,785—789.
[11]中国科学院植物研究所.中国高等植物图鉴 4[M].北京:科学出版社,1975.
[12]马毓泉. 内蒙古植物志 6 [M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1982.
[13]傅坤俊. 黄土高原植物志[M].陕西:中国林业出版社,1989,149-481.
[14]刘瑛心. 中国沙漠植物志(第三卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1992,421-431.
[15]邢福,王正文.科尔沁草地有毒植物及保障家畜安全的对策[J].草业学报,2000,9(3):66-73.
[16] 王国宏. 草原植物群落物群多样性研究[J].草业学报,2001,10(1):1-12.
[17]石铸. 中国菊科鸦葱属植物分类研究[J].植物分类学报,1987,25(1),41-49.
[18]贺学礼. 新疆鸦葱属(Scorzonera L.)分类学研究[J].八一农学院学报,1989,12(4):75-82.
[19] 贺学礼. 中国鸦葱属(Scorzonera L.)植物分类学研究[J]. 河北大学学报,2004,24(1): 65-73.
[20] 刘桂香,赵一之. 蒙古高原鸦葱属植物区系地理分析[J]. 草业学报,2002, 11(12):37-44.
[21] 刘桂香,赵一之. 蒙古高原鸦葱属植物分类和地理分布研究[J]. 中国草地,2001,23(2):12-18.
[22] 吴征镒. 中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J]. 云南植物研究。增刊 IV,1991,1l7-129.
[23] A.A.尤那托夫. 蒙古人民共和国放牧地刈地饲用植物[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1958.
[24] 朱有昌. 东北药用植物[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1989,1208-1210.
[25] 马毓泉.内蒙古植物志(第二版第四卷)[M]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1993,792-810.
[26] 孙海群.青海天然草地主要菊科牧草的地理分布及饲用特性[J]. 草业科学,1996,13(6):9-12.
[27] 国家中药管理局《中华本草》编委会. 中华本草[M]. 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999, 939.
[28] 刘桂香,赵一之,刘丽华,刘殿卿. 蒙古高原鸦葱属植物区系地理分析[J]. 草业学报,2002,11(2):37-44.
[29] 内蒙古植物志编辑委员会. 内蒙古植物志(第二版)[M]. 内蒙古:内蒙古人民出版社,1998.
[30] 刘媖心. 中国沙漠植物志[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1985-1990.
[31] 中国科学院新疆综合考察队-中国科学院植物研究所. 新疆植被及其利用[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1978.
[32] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志[M]. 北京:科学出版社,80(1): 21.
[33] 傅坤俊. 黄土高原植物志[M]. 陕西:中国林业出版社,1989 ,5:479.
[34] 刘慎鄂. 东北植物检索表[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1959.
[35] 傅沛云. 东北植物检索表[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1995.
[36] 安徽植物志协作组. 安徽植物志(4 卷)[M]. 合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1991.
[37] 中国科学院植物研究所编辑. 江苏南部种子植物手册[M]. 北京:科学出版社 1959.
[38] 陈汉斌,郑亦津,李法曾. 山东植物志[M]. 青岛:青岛出版社,1989.
[39] 国家中药管理局《中华本草》编委会. 中华本草[M]. 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999, 940.
[40] Zidorn C., Ellmerer-Muller E. P. and Stuppner H.. Sesquiterpenoids from Scorzonera hispanica L. [J]. Austria. Pharmazie, 2000, 55(7):550-551.
[41] Li J., Wu Q. X., Shi Y. P. and Zhu Y.. A new sesquiterpene lactone from scorzonera austriaca [J]. Chin. Chem. Lett., 2004, 15(11): 1309-1310.
[42] Menichini F., Statti G. and Monache D. F.. Flavonoid glycosides from Scorzonera columnae.Italy[J] .Fitoterapia (1994), 65(6), 555-6.
[43] Oksuz, S., Gorem, N., Ulubelen A.. Terpenoids from Scorzonera tomentosa [J]. Fitoterapia, 1990, 61(1): 92-3.
[44] Tolstikhina V. V., Bryanskii O. V., Syrchina A. I. and Semenov A. A.. Chemical composition of Scorzonera hispanica tissue cultures [J]. Him. Prir. Soedin., 1988, 24(5): 763-4.
[45] Zidorn C., Ellmerer E. P. and Sturm S.. Tyrolobibenzyls E and F from Scorzonera humilis and distribution of caffeic acid derivatives, lignans and tyrolobibenzyls in European taxa of the subtribe Scorzonerinae (Lactuceae, Asteraceae) [J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 63: 61–67.
[46] Zidorn, Christian; Spitaler, Renate; Ellmerer-Muller, Ernst-P.; Structure of tyrolobibenzyl D and biological activity of tyrolobibenzyls from Scorzonera humilis [J]. J. Biosci., 2002, 57(7/8): 614-619.
[47] Christian Z. and Ellmerer-Muller E. P.. Tyrolobibenzyls novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis [J]. Helv. Chim. Acta., 2000, 83(11): 2920-2925.
[48] Paraschos S., Magiatis P. and Kalpoutzakis E.. Three New Dihydroiso- coumarins from the Greek Endemic Species Scorzonera cretica [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 1585-1587
[49] Bryanskii O. V., Tolstikhina, V. V. and Semenov, A. A.. Syringaresinol glycoside from a tissue culture of Scorzonera hispanica [J]. Him. Prir. Soedin., (1992),(5),591-592.
[50] Tolstikhina V. V., Semenov A. A. and Ushakov, I. A.. Minor furofuranoid lignans from cultivated cells of Scorzonera hispanica L [J]. Russia. Rastitel'nye Resursy, 1999, 35(1): 87-90.
[51]Khobrakova V. B., Nikolaev S. M. and Tolstikhina V. V.. Immunomodulating properties of lignan glucoside from cultivated cells of Scorzonera Hispanica L [J]. Pharm. Chem. J. (Translation of Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal), 2003, 37(7): 345-346.
[52] 李佩珍,胡慧娟,吴文庆. 鸦葱对肠炎的影响[J]. 中国药科大学学报,1992,23 (6):357- 360.
[53] 内蒙古自治区革命委员会卫生局主编. 内蒙古中草药[M]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1972.
[54] 中国科学院冰川冻土沙漠研究所. 中国沙漠地区药用植物[M]. 兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1973.
[55] 田宝俊,许红,马艳峰. 鸦葱白汁外敷治疗带状疱疹 28 例[J]. 中国民间疗法,2004,12(4):21.
[56] 李玉景,绍明贤,赵成春. 鸦葱治疗妊娠恶阻 88 例[J]. 中国民间疗法,1997, 4:13.
[57] 吉林省中医中药研究所,长白山自然保护区管理局,东北师范大学生物系编著. 长白山植物药志[M]. 长春:吉林人民出版社,1982.
[58] Khong P. W. and Lewis K. G.. New chemical constituents of Planchonia careya. II. Bark constituents soluble in light petroleum [J]. Australian J. Chem., 1979, 32(7): 1621-6.
[59] Gonzalez A. G.., Fraga B. M., Pedro G., Hernandez M. G.. and Ravelo A. G.. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of olean-18-ene derivatives [J]. Phytochemitry, 1981, 20(8),1919-1921.
[60] Gregoire J. and Nyembo L.. Triterpenoids from Agauria salicifolia. Phytochemistry, 1977, 16(10): 1609-1610.
[61] SHASHI B.M. and ASISH P. K.. 13CNMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids - a compilation and some salient features. Phytochemistry ,1994 ;37(6) :1517
[62] 徐一新,陈海生,周靖,刘文庸. 白背叶根化学成分研究[J]. 解放军药学学报,1999,15(5):7-10.
[63] 王恒山,达朝山,粟武,王锐.中亚紫菀木化学成分的研究[J]. 兰州大学学报( 自然科学版),2002,36(1):88-91.
[64] Wenkert E., Baddeley G. V. and Burfitt I. R.. Carbon-13 nuclear magnet ic resonance spectroscopy of naturally occurring substances L Ⅶ Triterpenes related to lupane and hopane [J]. Org. Magn. Reson., 1978, 11(7): 337-343.
[65] Kitajima J., Kimizuka K. and Tanaka Y.. New sterols and triterpenoids of Ficus pumila fruit [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46(9): 1408-1411.
[66] Luo X. D., Wu S. H., Ma Y. B. and Wu D. G.. Tirucallane triterpenoids from Dysoxylum hainanense [J]. Phytochemistry, 2000, 54 (8): 801-805.
[67] 王跃虎,张仲凯,何红平,高锁,孔宁川,丁铭,郝小江.白粉藤的木脂素和三萜成分 [J]. 云南植物研究,2006,28(4): 433-437.
[68] 吴立军,尹双,王素贤,田燕,李铣,陈莉,金书杰,宋桂芬.女贞子化学成分的研究(Ⅲ)[J].中国药物化学,1996,6(2):117-120.
[69] 胡旺云,罗士德. 连翘中三个乙酰化三萜的分离与鉴定[J].中草药,1991,22(4):147-150.
[70] Ukiya M., Akihisa T., Yasukawa K., Kasahara Y., Kimura Y., Koike K., Nikaido T. and Takido M.. Constituents of Compositae Plants. 2. Triterpene Diols, Triols, and Their 3-O-FattyAcid Esters from Edible Chrysanthemum Flower Extract and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 3187-3197
[71] 吴丰,孙胜国,陈若芸.光叶桑化学成分研究[J]. 中国中药杂志,2003,28(2):141-143.
[72] 李硕,胡立宏,楼凤昌. 云木香化学成分研究[J]. 中国天然药物,2004,2(1):62-64.
[73] 尹宏权,齐秀兰,华会明,裴月湖. 云木香化学成分研究[J]. 中国药物化学杂志,2005,15(4):217-220.
[74] 杨辉,谢金伦,孙汉董.云木香化学成分研究 Ⅰ [J].云南植物研究,1997,19 (1): 85-91.
[75]高锦明,董泽军,刘吉开.蓝黄红菇的化学成分[J].云南植物研究,2000,22(1):85-89.
[76] 马伟光,李兴从,王德祖,杨崇仁. 松橄榄中的麦角街醇类过氧化物[J]. 云南植物研究,1994,16 (2): 196-200.
[77] 刘勇,李冲,张承忠. 粘毛鼠尾草化学成分研究[J]. 中药材,2002,11(25):792-793.
[78] 徐希科,胡疆,柳润辉,张川,周耘,张卫东. 无花果根化学成分研究[J].药学服务与研究,2005,5(2):138-140.
[79] Tinto W F., Blair L C., Alli A and and Rüedi P.. Lupane Triterpenoids of Salacia cordata[J]. J Nat. Prod., 1992, 55(3): 385 – 388.
[80] 郑尚珍,杨红澎,孟军才,马雪梅,沈序维. 微孔草种子化学成分的研究[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,39(2):54-57.
[81] Sholichin M, Yamasaki K, Kasai R. and Tanaka O.. 13C-NMR of lupane-type triterpenes, lupeol, betulin and betulinic acid [J]. Chem. Pharm .Bull., 1989, 28(3): 1006-1008
[82] 刘建祥,吴淑君,魏孝义,杨仁洲.叶鲜卑花的化学成分研究[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报,1999,7(3):248-251.
[83]Ikuta A. and hokawa H. Triterpenoids of Paeonia japonica callus tissue [J]. Phytochemistry,1988, 27(9):2813—2815.
[84] Kamiya K., Yoshioka K. and Saiki Y..Triterpenoids and flavonoids from Paeonia lactiflora [J]. Phytochemistry, 1 997, 44(1): 1 41 -144.
[85] 吴少华,马云保,罗晓东 ,郝小江,吴大刚. 丹皮的化学成分研究[J]. 中草药, 2002, 33(8): 679-680.
[86] 陈铁寓,龙盛京.红树植物秋茄茎皮的化学成分[J].华西药学杂志, 2006, 21(2) :129-131.
[87] Mata R., Macías M. L., Rojas I. S., Lotina-Hennsen B., Toscano R. A. and Anaya A. L.. Phytotoxic compounds from Esenbeckia yaxhoob, In honour of Professor G. H. Neil Towers 75thbirthday[J]. Phytochemistry, 1998, 49(2): 441-449
[88] 张秀云,李伯刚,周敏,袁小,张国林. 刺茶美登木的化学成分研究[J]. 应用与环境生物学报,2006,12 (2): 163-169.
[89] Wang H., Zhang X. F. and Pan L.. Chemical constituents from Euphorbia wallichii [J]. 2003, 15(6): 483-486.
[90] Reynolds W. F, Mclean S.and Poplawski J..Total assignment of 13C and 1H spectra of three isomeric triterpenol derivatives by 2DNM R: An investigation of the potential utility of 1H chemical shifts in structural investigations of complex natural products[J]. Tetrahedron, 1986,42(13): 3419-3428.
[91] 柳军玺,魏小宁,鲁润华,师彦平. 藏药窄叶小苦荬的化学成分研究[J]. 中草药,2006, 37(3):338-340.
[92] 苏艳芳,张贞霞,时丽敏,熊天剑. 砂蓝刺头地上部分化学成分研究[J]. 西北药学杂志,2003,18(3):106-108.
[93] 张庆英,王学英,营海平,程铁明,赵玉英. 飞廉化学成分研究[J]. 中国中药杂志,26(12):837-839.
[94] Patra A., Mukhopadhyay A. K. and Mitra A. K.. Carbon-13 resonance assignments of some friedelanes and taraxasteranes [J ] . Org. Magn. Reson., 1981,17 (3) : 166-168.
[95]顾玉诚,屠呦呦. 小蓟化学成分研究[J ].中国中药杂志,1992,17(9):547-549
[96] 杨念云,钱士辉,段金廒,田丽娟. 野马追地上部分的化学成分研究 (Ⅰ)[J]. 中国药科大学学报,2003,34 (3):220-221.
[95] Reynolds W. F., Mclean S. and Poplawski J.. Total assignment of 13C and 1H spectra of three isomeric triterpenol derivatives by 2DNMR: An investigation of the potential utility of 1H chemical shifts in structural investigations of complex natural products [J]. Tetrahedron, 1986, 42(13): 3419-3428.
[96] 马春辉,黄田芳,戚华溢,李伯刚,张国林. 马莲鞍的化学成分研究[J]. 应用与环境生物学报,2005,11 (3):265-270.
[97] 高磊,闫占军,周刚.内蒙银背风毛菊的研究[J]. 中国民族医药杂,2005,3(2):27-28.
[98] 王邠,李教社,赵玉英,胡长风. 密蒙花三萜等成分的研究[J].北京医科大学学报,1996,28(6):472-473.
[99] 王湛昌,林文翰,张亮亮,林鹏. 福建浮宫红海榄( Rhizophor a s t ylos a)次生代谢产物研究[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(6): 873-876.
[100]国家医药管理局中草药情报中心站编.植物药有效成分手册[M]. 人民卫生出版社,1986,968.
[101] 杨晋,漆淑华,张偲，李庆欣.网状软柳珊瑚化学成分研究[J].中药材第,2006,29(6):555-557.
[102] 陈德昌.碳谱及其在中草药化学中的应用[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991:2571.
[103] 谭桂山,陈立章,徐康平,郑其昌,徐智,黄朝辉,束俭辉,邓涛. 垫状卷柏的化学成分研究[J].有机化学,2004,24(9):1082-1085.
[104] Chakravarty A. K., Binayak D. and Sibabrata M.. Peracid oxidation products of swertanone, the novel triterpene of Swertia chirata [J]. Tetrahedron, 1991, 47(12-13):2337-2350.
[105] Cane D. E.. Biosynthetic pathways: biosynthesis meets bioinformatics [J]. Science, 2000, 287(5454): 818-819.
[106] Lange B. M., Rujan T., Martin W. and Croteau R.. Isoprenoid biosynthesis: the evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes [J]. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(13):172-177.
[107] 曹莹,谷克仁,孟冬,茹湘波. 植物甾醇提取方法研究进展[J]. 粮油食品科技,2006,14(5):25-28.
[108] 杨振强,谢文磊,李海涛,郭威. 植物甾醇的开发与应用研究进展[J]. 粮油加工与食品机械,2006,1:5-9.
[109] Newman J. D., Chappell J.. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants: carbon partitioning within the cytoplasmic pathway[J]. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 1999, 34: 95.
[110] Rohmer M., Knani M., Simonin P., Sutter B. and H Sahm.. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria: a novel pathway for the early steps leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Biochem. J., 1993, 295: 517-524.
[111] Rohmer M.. The discovery of a mevalonate-independent pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria, algae and higher plants [J]. Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16: 565.
[112] Schwender J., Zeidler J., Gr?ner R., Müller C., Focke M., Braun S., Lichtenthaler F. W. and Lichtenthaler H. K.. Incorporation of 1-deoxyD-xylulose into isoprene and phytol by higher plants and algae[J].FEBS Lett, 1997, 414(1): 129-134.
[113] Eisenreich W., Schwarz M., Cartayrade A., Arigoni D., Zenk M. H. and Bacher A.. Thedeoxyxylulose phosphate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants and microorganismos[J]. Chem. Biol., 1998, 5(9): R221-233
[114] Lichtenthaler H. K.. The 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosyn- thesis in plants [J]. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 1999, 50: 47-65.
[115] Rarnos-Valdivia A. C., van der H. R., Verpoorte R.. Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase: a core enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis.A review of its biochemistry and function[J]. Nat. Prod. Rep.,1997,14: 591-604
[116] Guo Q S. Medicinal Plant Cultivation(药用植物种植)[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004.
[117] Gershenzon J. Changes in the levels of plant seeondarymetabolites under water and nutrient stress[J]. Recent Adv. Photochem.,1984, 18:273-320.
[118] Josepp J. L. Effects of carbon dioxide,water supply,and seasonally on terpene content and emission by Rosmarinu8 officials[J]. J. Chem. Eco., 1997, 23:979-993.
[119]Wink M. Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in hiotechnology[M]. Shefield:Shefield Academic Press, 1999, 1-14.
[120] Shelton A L. Variable chemical defenses in plants and their efects on herbivore behavior[J]. Evol. Ecol. Res.,2000, 2: 231-249.
[121] Kong C H, Xu T, Hu F, et a1. Allelopathy under environmental stress and its induced mechanism [J]. Acta. Eco.l. Sin.,2000,20(5): 849-854.
[122] Herms D A,Mattson W J.The dilemma of plants:to grow or to defend [J]. Quart Rev Biol, 1 992, 67: 283-335.
[123] Rosenthal G A. Janzen D H. Variable Plants and Herbivores Natural and Managed Systems [M ]. New York: Academic Press,1 979.
[1] Linnaeus C. V.. Species plantarum[M]. 1 753, 87, 3-271.
[2] Bunge A.. von Tentamen generis Tamaricum species [M]. Accuratius definiendi Dorpat . 1852.
[3]Gorschkova S. G.. Novyie Vidi Roda Tamarix L[J]. Sov. Bot.,1936 ,4 :117-118
[4] Gorschkova S. G.. Conspectus Specierum Generis Tamarix L. in USSR Grescentium [J]. Notul . Syst . inst . Cryptog. Horti Bot . petropol., 1937, 7 :75-98
[5] Gorschkova S. G.. Tamaricaceae [M], in : Flora URSS(ed. V. L. Komarov), XV [M], Moscow - Leningrad, 1949, 290～327.
[6] Niedenzu F.. Tamaricaceae [M], in : Pflanzenfamilien (ed. Engler ; Ist ed. ), Vol III, Part6 [M], Berlin 1895, 296.
[7] Niedenzu F.. Tamaricaceae [M], in : Pflanzenfamilien (ed. Engler ; 2nd ed. ), Vol II. 1925, 282-289.
[8] Rusanov F. N.. Sredniyeaziatskie Tamariksi ( Tamarisks of Central Asia)[M]. Tashkent. 1949.
[9] Baum B. R., Bassett I. J.. Pollen mophology of Tamarix and its relationship to the taxonomy of the genus [J ]. Pollen et Spores, 1971, 8 (3) : 495-522.
[10] Baum B.R.. The genus Tamarix (M) Jerusalem Academic Press, Jerusalem. 1978.
[11] Qaiser M. Studies in the seed morphology of the family Tamaricaceae from pakistan[M ]. Bot. J. L inn. Soc., London: Academic P ress, 1978, 94 (4) : 469-484.
[12] 张道远,潘伯荣,尹林克. 柽柳科柽柳属的植物地理研究[J]. 云南植物研究,2003,67(4):415-427.
[13] 张鹏云,刘铭庭. 中国怪柳属植物研究简史[J]. 干早区研究,1988,5(3):20-26.
[14] 张鹏云,张耀甲. 中国植物志[M].科学出版社,北京. 1979.
[15] 张学忠,贾恢先. 中国西北之怪柳[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1963,89-104.
[16] 刘媖心. 中国沙漠植物志[M]. 科学出版社,北京. 1985.
[17] 陈汉斌,郑亦津,李法曾. 山东植物志[M].青岛出版社,青岛. 1997.
[18] 程争鸣,潘惠霞,尹林克.怪柳属和水柏枝属植物化学分类的研究[J].西北植物学报,2000,20:275- 282.
[19]《东营市林业志》编纂委员会. 东营市林业志[M]. 2003,中华书局,北京.
[20] 杨维康. 新疆柽柳属植物生境多样性研究[J]. 新疆环境保护,1997,19 (1):27-31.
[21] 陈嵘著.中国树木分类学(修订版).北京:中国图书发行公司,1953.
[22] 任宪威主编.树木学(北方本)[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.
[23] 郑万钧.《中国树木志》(1~ 4)[M].北京:中国林业出版社 1985-2004.
[24] 国家药典委员会编.中华人民共和国药典 2005 年版一部[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
[25] 国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草[M].上海科学技术出版社. 1999.5:484-486.
[26] Sunil K. S. and Virinder S P.. Novel constituents of Tamarix Species [J]. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 1998, 57: 873-890.
[27] Bahl C. P., Parthasarathy M. R. and Seshadri T. R.. Chemical components of Tamarix diocica[J]. Indian J. Chem., 1967, 5(4): 171-2.
[28] 张秀尧,凌罗庆,毛泉明. 西河柳化学成分的研究[J]. 中草药,1989,20(8): 4-5.
[29] Lebreton P. and Bouchez M. P.. Recherches chimiotaxinomiques surles plantes vasculaires-V. Distribution des composés polyphénoliques chez les parietals[J]. Phytochemistry, 1967, 6(12): 1601-1608.
[30] 张秀尧,凌罗庆,毛泉明. 西河柳化学成分的研究(II) [J]. 中草药,1991,22(7):299-230.
[31] Tomás-Barberán F. A., Iniesta-Sanmartín E. and Ferreres F.. Trans-coniferyl alcohol 4-O- sulphate and flavonoid sulphates from some Tamarix species [J]. Phytochemistry, 29(9): 3050-3051.
[32] Nawwar M. A. M., Sherbeiny A. E. A., and Ansari M. A.. Plant constituents of Tamarix aphylla flowers (Tamaricaceae) [J]. Experientia, 1975, 31(10): 1118.
[33] El Sissi H. I., Nawwar M. A. M. and Saleh N. A. M.. Plant constituents of Tamarix nilotica leaves (Tamaricaceae) [J]. Experientia, 1973, 29(9): 1064-5.
[34] Nawwar M A M, Souleman A M A, Buddrus J. and Linscheid M.. Flavonoids of the flowers of Tamarix nilotica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(10): 2347-2349.
[35] Mohamed A. El Ansari, Mahmoud A. M. Nawwar, Alei El Dein, A. El Sherbeiny and Hassan I. El Sissi.. A sulphated kaempferol 7, 4′-dimethyl ether and a quercetin isoferulylglucuronide from the flowers of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1976, 15(1): 231-232.
[36]El-Mousallamy A. M. D. and Ahmed S. A.. Constitutive flavonoids of the flowers of Tamarix tetragyna [J]. Nat. Prod. Sci., 2000, 6(2), 91-95.
[37] Souleman A. M. A.. Sulfated flavonols of the flowers of Tamarix amplexicaulis[J]. Nat Prod Sci, 1998, 4(4): 215-220.
[38] Sultanova N. A., Abilov Z. A. and Omurkamzinova V. B.. Flavonoids of the aerial part of Tamarix hispida [J]. Chem. Nat. Comp., 2002, 38(1): 98-99.
[39] Ishak M. S., Sissi H. I. and Nawwar M. A.. Tannins and polyphenolics of the galls of Tamarix aphylla I [J]. Planta medica, 1972, 21(3): 246-53.
[40] Ishak M. S., Sissi H. I. and Nawwar M. A.. Tannins and polyphenolics of the galls of Tamarix aphylla II [J]. Planta medica, 1972, 21(4): 374-81.
[41] Chakrabarty G, Gupta S. R and Seshadri T R. Polyphenols of Tamarix troupii and Tamarix aphylla [J]. Indian J. Chem., 1965, 3(4): 171-174.
[42] 姜岩清,左春旭.柽柳化学成分的研究[J].药学学报,1988, 23(10):749-755.
[43] Virinder S. P., Kirpal S. B., Sunil K. S., Tsauri S., Padmawinata K., Soejarto D. D. and Kinghorn A. D.. Highly oxygenated bioactive flavones from Tamarix [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(2): 507-511.
[44] Nabiel A. M. S., El-Sissi H. I. and Nawwar M. A. M.. A rhamnetin glucuronide trisulphate from the leaves of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1975, 14(1): 312-313.
[45] Umbetova A. K., Esirkegenova S. Z. and Chaudri I. M.. Flavonoids of plants from the genus Tamarix [J]. Chem. Nat. Comp. (Translation of Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii), 2004, 40(3): 297-298.
[46] Khan N. A., Kamil M. and Ilyas M.. Constituents of Tamarix dioica Roxb. (Tamariscineae) [J]. Indian J. Chem., Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1979, 18B (4): 390.
[47] El-Mousallami A. M. D., Hussein S. A. M., Mahmoud A. M. and Nawwar/Amani M. D.. Polyphenolic metabolites of the flowers of Tamarix tetragyna [J]. Nat. Prod. Sci., 2000, 6(4): 193-198.
[48] Parmar V. S., Taneja P., Singh S., Jain R., Sharma S. K., Boll P. M. and M?ller J.. Novel 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones from Tamarix dioica [J]. Indian. J. Chem., Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1994, 33B (3): 305-308.
[49] Nawwar M. A. M. and Souleman A. M. A.. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10-Pentahydroxy-dibenzo [b, d] pyran- 6-one from Tamarix nilotica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(12): 2966-2967.
[50] Nawwar M. A. M., Buddrus J. and Bauer H.. Dimeric phenolic constituents from the roots of Tamarix nilotica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1982, 21(7): 1755-1758.
[51] Sultanova N. A., Abilov Z. A. and Shul'ts E. E.. Biologically active compounds from Tamarix hispida II [J]. Chem. Nat. Comp., 2004, 40(2): 192-193.
[52] Israili A. H., Sharma R. C. and Kidwai A. R.. Chemical examination of Tamarix gallica [J]. Indian J. Chem., 1965, 3(1): 48.
[53] Nawwar M. A. M., Souleman A. M. A., Buddrus J., Bauer H. and Linscheid M.. Polyphenolic constituents of the flowers of Tamarix nilotica: the structure of nilocitin, a new digalloylglucose [J]. Tetrahedron Lett., 1984, 25(1): 49-52.
[54] Nawwar M. A. and Hussein S. A. M.. Gall polyphenolics of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(4): 1035-7.
[55] Nawwar M. A. M., Hussein S. A. M., Buddrus J.. Tamarixellagic acid, an ellagitannin from the galls of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 35(5), 1349-54.
[56] Yoshida T., Ahmed A F., Memon M. U. and Okuda T.. Tannins of tamaricaceous plants. II. New monomeric and dimeric hydrolyzable tannins from Reaumuria hirtella and Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Chem. Pharma. Bull., 1991, 39(11): 2849-2854.
[57] Yoshida T., Ahmed A. H. F., Memon M. U. and and Okuda T.. Dimeric hydrolysable tannins from Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33(1): 197-202.
[58] Ahmed A. F., Memon M. U., Yoshida T. and Okuda T.. Tannins of tamaricaceous plants. VI. Four new trimeric hydrolyzable tannins from Reaumuria hirtella and Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Chem. Pharma. Bull., 1994, 42(2): 254-264.
[59] Nawwar M. A. M. and Hussein S. A. M.. Gall polyphenolics of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(4), 1035-1037.
[60] Ahmed M. A. S., Heba H. B., El-Mousallamy A M D, Mohamed S. A. M. and Nawwar A. M. M.. Phenolics from the bark of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(11): 3763-3766.
[61] Barakat H. H., Nawwar M. A. M., Buddrus J. and Linscheid M.. Niloticol, a phenolic glyceride and two phenolic aldehydes from the roots of Tamarix nilotica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(6): 1837-1838.
[62] Barakat H. H. and Nada S. A.. Chemical and biological investigations of the constitutive phenolics of two Egyptian folk-medicinal plants; a novel phenolic from the galls of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Nat. Prod. Sci., 1996, 2(2): 96-101.
[63] Sharma N. K., Tyagi O. D. and Parmar V. S.. Phytochemical investigations on Tamarix troupii
[51] Sultanova N. A., Abilov Z. A. and Shul'ts E. E.. Biologically active compounds from Tamarix hispida II [J]. Chem. Nat. Comp., 2004, 40(2): 192-193.
[52] Israili A. H., Sharma R. C. and Kidwai A. R.. Chemical examination of Tamarix gallica [J]. Indian J. Chem., 1965, 3(1): 48.
[53] Nawwar M. A. M., Souleman A. M. A., Buddrus J., Bauer H. and Linscheid M.. Polyphenolic constituents of the flowers of Tamarix nilotica: the structure of nilocitin, a new digalloylglucose [J]. Tetrahedron Lett., 1984, 25(1): 49-52.
[54] Nawwar M. A. and Hussein S. A. M.. Gall polyphenolics of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(4): 1035-7.
[55] Nawwar M. A. M., Hussein S. A. M., Buddrus J.. Tamarixellagic acid, an ellagitannin from the galls of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 35(5), 1349-54.
[56] Yoshida T., Ahmed A F., Memon M. U. and Okuda T.. Tannins of tamaricaceous plants. II. New monomeric and dimeric hydrolyzable tannins from Reaumuria hirtella and Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Chem. Pharma. Bull., 1991, 39(11): 2849-2854.
[57] Yoshida T., Ahmed A. H. F., Memon M. U. and and Okuda T.. Dimeric hydrolysable tannins from Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33(1): 197-202.
[58] Ahmed A. F., Memon M. U., Yoshida T. and Okuda T.. Tannins of tamaricaceous plants. VI. Four new trimeric hydrolyzable tannins from Reaumuria hirtella and Tamarix pakistanica [J]. Chem. Pharma. Bull., 1994, 42(2): 254-264.
[59] Nawwar M. A. M. and Hussein S. A. M.. Gall polyphenolics of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(4), 1035-1037.
[60] Ahmed M. A. S., Heba H. B., El-Mousallamy A M D, Mohamed S. A. M. and Nawwar A. M. M.. Phenolics from the bark of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(11): 3763-3766.
[61] Barakat H. H., Nawwar M. A. M., Buddrus J. and Linscheid M.. Niloticol, a phenolic glyceride and two phenolic aldehydes from the roots of Tamarix nilotica [J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(6): 1837-1838.
[62] Barakat H. H. and Nada S. A.. Chemical and biological investigations of the constitutive phenolics of two Egyptian folk-medicinal plants; a novel phenolic from the galls of Tamarix aphylla [J]. Nat. Prod. Sci., 1996, 2(2): 96-101.
[63] Sharma N. K., Tyagi O. D. and Parmar V. S.. Phytochemical investigations on Tamarix troupii
[78] Sultanova N., Makhmoor T. and Abilov Z. A.. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tamarix ramosissima [J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2001, 78(2-3): 201–205.
[79] Sultanova N., Makhmoor T. and Yasin A.. Isotamarixen-A New Antioxidant and Prolyl Endopeptidase-Inhibiting Triterpenoid from Tamarix hispida [J]. Planta Med, 2004, 70(1): 65-67.
[80] Klocke J. A., Wagenent B. V. and Balandrin M. F.. The ellagitannin geraniin and its hydrolysis products isolated as insect growth inhibitors from semi-arid land plants [J]. Phytochemistry, 1986, 25 (1): 85-91.
[81] 杨岚, 赵玉英, 屠呦呦. 荚果蕨贯众化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2003,28(3):278-279.
[82] Wei K, Li W, Koike K, Pei Y. P., Chen Y J. and Nikaido T.. Complete 1H and 13C-NMR assignments of two phytosterols from roots of Piper nigrum [J].. Magn. Reson. Chem., 2004, 42: 355–359.
[83] Tinto W. F., Blair L. C., Alli A., Reynolds W. F. and McLean S. Lupane Triterpenoids of Salacia cordata [J]. J. Nat. Prod., 1992, 55(3): 395 – 398.
[84] Reynolds W. F., Mclean S., Poplawski J., Enriquez R. G., Escobar L. I. and Leon I.. Total assignment of 13C and 1H spectra of three isomeric triterpenol derivatives by 2D NMR: an investigation of the potential utility of 1H chemical shifts in structural investigations of complex natural products [J]. Tetrabedron, 1986,42(13):3419-3428.
[85] Sholichin M., Yamasaki K., Kasai R. and Tanaka O.. 13C-NMR of lupane-type triterpenes, lupeol, betulin and betulinic acid [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1989, 28(3): 1006-1008.
[86] 王建华,黄文哲,张增辉,于昌贵,杨培全,肖蓉. 桦树皮镇咳祛痰有效成分的研究[J]. 中国药学杂志,1994,29(5):268-271.
[87] Sakurai N, Yaguchi Y and Inoue T. Triterpenoids from Myrica rubra [J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(1): 217 219.
[88]龚运淮,丁立生. 天然产物核磁共振 13C-NMR 碳谱解析[M]. 云南科技出版社,2006,321.
[89] Shashi B. M. and Asish P. K..13C-NMR spectra of pentacyclo triterpenoids - a complication and some salient features[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(6): 1517-1575.
[90] Buddrus J., Mawwar M. A. M. and Lamber J.. A triterpene from the bark of Tamaris Aphylla [J]. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(11): 4031-4032.
[91] 邹峥嵘,易杨华,姚新生,杜力军,周大铮,张淑瑜. 海地瓜化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2004,2(6):348-350.
[92] 浮光苗,余伯阳,朱丹妮. 月腺大戟化学成分的研究 [J]. 中国药科大学学报, 2003, 34 (4): 377-379.
[93]Pascual Teresa J, Uroves J G, Marcos I S, Basabe P., Cuadrado M. J. S. and Moro R. F.. Triterpenes from Euphorbia broteri [J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(6): 1767-1776
[94]方进波,段宏泉,张彦文. 空心莲子草的化学成分研究[J]. 中国中药杂志,2006,31(13):1072-1075.
[95] 袁涛,华会明,裴月湖.三棱的化学成分研究(Ⅰ) [J].中草药,2005,36(11):1607-1670.
[96] Sims J. J. and Pettus J. A.. Isolation of free cis and trans-phytol from the red alga Gracilaria andersoniana [J]. Phytochemistry , 1976, 15(6): 1076-1077.
[97] 杨炳友唐玲 肖洪彬 太成梅李国玉 匡海学. 洋金花化学成分的研究(Ⅲ)[J]. 中国中医药科技,2006,13(4):253-254。
[98] 张淑瑜,易杨华,汤海峰,许强芝,邹峥嵘,李玲. 太平洋侧花海葵中的化学成分(Ⅰ) [J].第二军医大学学报,2002,23(3):252.
[99]国家医药管理局中草药情报中心站编. 植物药有效成分手册[M]. 人民卫生出版社,1986,968.
[100] Nishizawa M., Takahashi N., Shimozawa K., Aoyama T., Jinbow K., Noguchi Y., Horita K., Bando H. and Yamagishi T.. Cytotoxic constituents in the holdfast of cultivated Laminaria japonica [J]. Fish. Sci., 2003, 69: 639–643
[101] Li G Q, Deng Z W, Guan H S, van Ofwegen L., Proksch P., Lin W. H.. Steroids from the soft coral Dendronephthya sp. [J]. Steroids, 2005, 70 (1): 13–18.
[102] 赵明,段金廒,黄文哲,周荣汉,车镇涛. 贺兰山黄芪中的甾类和蒽醌类成分[J].中国药科大学学报,2003,3(34):216-219.
[103] Kontiza I., Abatis D., Malakate K., Vagias C. and Roussis V.. 3-Keto steroids from the marine organisms Dendrophyllia cornigera and Cymodocea nodosa [J]. Steroids, 2006, 71(2): 177–181
[104] 宣伟东,陈海生,袁志仙,朱平. 中药胆木的化学成分[J]. 中国天然药物,2005,3(3):181-183.
[105]彭学东,肖定军,邓松之,马伟杰,吴厚铭. 南海海绵 Cinachyrella australiansis 化学成
分研究(Ⅱ)[J]. 中国海洋药物,2004,23(6):5-7.
[106] 邹峥嵘,易杨华,姚新生,杜力军,周大铮,张淑瑜. 海地瓜化学成分研究[J].中国药学杂志,2004,2(6):348-350.
[107] 陈德昌. 碳谱及其在中草药化学中的应用[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社,1991, 2571.
[108] 谭桂山,陈立章,徐康平,郑其昌,徐智,黄朝辉,束俭辉,邓涛. 垫状卷柏的化学成分研 [J].有机化学,2004,24(9):1082-1085.
[109] 刘勇,李冲,张承忠. 粘毛鼠尾草化学成分研究[J]. 中药材,2002,11(25 ):792-793.
[110] 徐希科,胡疆,柳润辉,张川,周耘,张卫东. 无花果根化学成分研究[J]. 药学服务与研究,2005,5(2):138-140.
[111] Kang S. S. and Woo W. S.. Synthesis of epialeuritolic acid [J]. Arch. Pharm. Res., 1986, 9(3): 53-6.
[112] 高慧媛,吴立军卜,黑柳正典. 光皮木瓜的化学成分[J]. 中国天然药物,2003,1(2):82-84.
[113] Kojima H. and Ogtlra H.. Configurational studies on hydroxy grbups at C-2,3 an 23 or 24 of olerrlene and ursene-type triterpenes by NMR spectroscopy [J]. Phytochemistry,1989,28:1703- 1710。
[114] 李航,李鹏,朱龙社,谢梅,吴装红. 竹叶椒的化学成分研究 [J]. 中国药房,2006,17(13):1035-1037.
[115] 邱桂华,左文健,王金辉,李铣. 杜香化学成分的研究 [J]. 2006,8(6):18-21.
[116] Pandey M B, Singh J P, Singh U, Pandey V B. Constituents of Rhamnus nipalensis. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2006, 83(4): 389-390.
[117] 肖晶,王刚力,林瑞超. 野马追化学成分的研究 [J]. 中草药, 35(8):855-856.
[118] 丁智慧,张学镅,刘吉开,丁靖垲,古昆. 飞机草中的化学成分[J]. 天然产物研究与开发,13(5):22-24.
[119] 张国刚,黎琼红,叶英子博,张洪霞,东雅杰. 桑白皮黄酮化学成分的研究[J]. 中国药物化学杂志,2005,115(12):108-113.
[120] 沈健,张虎翼,徐波,潘竟先. 高良姜中的抗氧化有效成分[J]. 天然产物研究与开发, 1998,10(2):33-36.
[121]黄雪峰,罗俊,张勇,孔令义. 石刁柏的化学成分 [J]. 中国天然药物, 2006, 4(3):181-184.
[122] 赵勇,李庆春,赵焱,陈业高. 野拔子的化学成分研究[J]. 中国中药杂志,2004,29(12):1144-1146.
[123] 沈光明,王宣. 细穗玄参的脂溶性化学成分[J]. 西北植物学报,2004,24 (7): 1295-1297. [124 ]石瑛,田黎,王婧,裴月湖. 海洋放线菌 Micromonos pora sp . 与细菌 Oceanos pi ri l l um sp .发酵液中化学成分的研究[J]. 中国海洋药物杂志,2006,25(1):6-10.
[125] 戴畅,刘屏,刘超,王波,陈若芸. 藓类植物回心草化学成分研究Ⅱ[J]. 中国中药杂志,2006,31(13):1080-1082.
[126] Parr A. J. and Bolwell G. P.. Phenols in the plant and in man.The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of thediet by modifying the phenols content of profile [J]. J. Sci. Food. Agri., 2000, 80(7): 985-1012.
[127]Brenda W. S.. Flavonoid Biosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Biotechnology [J]. Plant Physiol., 2001, 126: 485-493.
[128] 徐任生,叶阳,赵维民. 天然产物化学[M]. 科学出版社,2004,651.