摘要
艾丽丝·沃克是当代美国最著名的黑人女性作家之一,在她三十多年的写作生涯中,她不断挑战西方文化中的基督教上帝中心主义,她所推崇的泛神论体现在她的很多作品中。
本文将以西方文化中的传统基督教为切入点,概述传统基督教的特点,进而提出沃克的泛神论宗教观,并对小说《紫颜色》中的宗教主题进行分析。本文通过分析指出,艾丽丝·沃克由最初的单纯反对基督教发展到以泛神论为出路,最终期望建立和谐共处的大同世界。本文通过对小说《紫颜色》的文本分析指出西丽亚对上帝的认识经历了两次质的飞跃:从最初的盲目追随到极度愤怒,最后在好朋友莎格的帮助与启发下赋予了上帝自然与人性的内涵。同时,论文还对耐蒂及其他美国黑人牧师的非洲之行进行了分析,指出他们带着基督教教义和极大的期望去非洲拯救、开化非洲人,试图扮演救世主的角色,但最后却意识到他们只是帝国主义的帮凶,原先对上帝的无限崇拜被富有人文主义色彩的宗教观所取代。
Alice Walker is one of the most famous contemporary African American female writers. As a writer for over thirty years, she has been frequently rebelling against Christianity and she conveys pantheism in many of her works.
The thesis attempts to study Alice Walker's masterpiece The Color Purple from the perspective of religion. The thesis focuses on the God-centered religion in Western culture, examines the main Christianity doctrines in Western culture and summarizes some embodiments of Christianity in Western literature. By discussing some activities Alice Walker took part in and the influence of these activities on her pantheist's faith, the thesis explores religious belief in Alice Walker's earlier works, and points out that the religious belief of Alice Walker develops from the rebellion against the patriarchal Christianity to the embracement of the pantheistic faith. Furthermore the thesis analyses The Color Purple to make an in-depth exploration of Alice Walker's pantheistic faith. Importance is attached to Celie's growth which is from blind devotion to God to extreme anger toward Him. With the enlightening help of Shug, Celie embraces a more pantheistic outlook by the novel's end. Meanwhile, the thesis analyses the journey African American missionaries Samuel, Corrine, and Nettie take in the novel. They are inspired by Christianity, and travel to the West Africa to convert people to Christianity, hoping to realize the glorious future. However, they finally realize that they are only assistants of imperialism. As a result, their patriarchal Christianity is replaced by the humanist spirituality.
引文
1 Ikenna Dieke."Introduction:Alice Walker,A Woman Walking into Peril".Critical Essays on Alice Walker.Ed.Dieke.Westport:Greenwood Press,1999,p.1.
2 John O' Brien."Alice Walker:An Interview".Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.and K.A.Appiah.New York:Amistad,1993,p.327.
1 John O' Brien."Alice Walker:An Interview".Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.and K.A.Appiah.New York:Amistad,1993,p.335.
2 Thadious Davis."Poetry as Preface to Fiction".Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.and K.A.Appiah.New York:Amistad,1993,p.283.
1 翁德修、都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年,第87页。
1 John O' Brien."Alice Walker:An Interview".Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.and K.A.Appiah.New York:Amistad,1993,p.332.
1 Ikenna Dieke. "Introduction: Alice Walker, A Woman Walking into Peril". Critical Essays on Alice Walker. Ed. Dieke. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 1.
1 John O' Brien. "Alice Walker: An Interview". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993, p. 327.
2 Ibid., p. 335.
1 Thadious Davis. "Poetry as Preface to Fiction". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993, p. 283.
1 翁德修、都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年,第87页。
1 John O' Brien. "Alice Walker: An Interview". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993, p. 332.
1 牟钟鉴,《中国宗教与文化》,成都：巴蜀书社,1988年,第5页。
1 www.bbcco.uk/religion/relipions/christianitv/ March 17,2008
1 The Holy Bible, King James Version, New York: Random House, 1991, p. 1002.
2 Ibid., p. 1067.
3 Ibid., p. 1008.
1 林太、张毛毛,《犹太人与世界文化》,上海：三联出版社,1993年,第115页。
2 Dante Alighieri. "Dante's Letter to Can Grande". Essays on Dante. Ed. Mark Musa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964, p. 40.
1 刘建军,《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005版,第2页。
1 Alice Walker. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983, p. 144.
1 Alice Walker. In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983, p. 144.
2 Ibid., p. 125.
1 Stokely Carmichael. & Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Vintage, 1976, p. 44.
1 Claudia Tate. ed. Black Women Writers at Work. New York: Continuum Publishing, 1983, p. 57.
2 bell hooks. Feminist Theory: from Margin to Center. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000, pp. 3-4.
1 Combahee River Collective. "Black Feminist Statement". The Black Feminist Reader. Ed. Joy James and T. Denean Sharpley- Whiting. Maiden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 2000, p. 264.
1 Alice Walker. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens: Womanist Prose. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983, p. 72.
2 Ibid., p. 72.
1 Eva Lenox Birch. "Autobiography: The Art of Self-Definition". Black Women's Writing. Ed.Gina Wisker. London: Macmillan, 1993, p. 140.
2 Alice Walker. The Third Life of Grange Copeland. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970, p. 247.
3 Sylvan Barnet. & Morton Berman. & William Burto. An Introduction to Literature: Instructor s Manual. New York: Harper Collins, 1989, p. 69.
1 Alice Walker. Good Night, Wille Lee, I'll See You in the Morning. New York: The Dial Press, 1979, p. 23.
2 John O' Brien. "Alice Walker: An Interview". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993, p. 332.
3 Robert James Butler. "Alice Walker's Vision of the South in The Third Life of Grange Copeland" African American Review 2, 1993, p. 195.
4 David Bradley. "Novelist Alice Walker Telling the Black Woman's Story." The New York Times Magazine, January 8,1984, p. 29.
1 John O' Brien. "Alice Walker: An Interview". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993, p. 341.
2 Claudia Tate. ed. Black Women Writers at Work. New York: Continuum Publishing, 1983, pp. 178-179.
3 Alice Walker. Living by the Word. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 96.
4 Alice Walker. Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism. New York: Ballantine Group, 1997, p. 9.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 117.
2 Ibid., p. 1.
3 Ibid., p. 3.
4 Ibid., pp. 8-9.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 23.
2 Ibid., p. 23.
3 Ibid., p. 81.
4 Ibid., p. 201.
5 Ibid., p. 201.
6 Ibid., pp. 43-44.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 199.
2 Judy Elsley. '"Nothing Can.Be Sole or Whole that Has Not Been Rent': Fragmentation in the Quilt and The Color Purple." Weber Studies: An Interdisciplinary Humanities Journal 9, 1992, p. 73.
3 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 37.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 118.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 183.
2 Ibid., pp. 199-200.
3 Ibid., p. 203.
4 Ibid., pp. 202-203.
1 Trudy Bloser Bush. "Transforming Vision: Alice Walker and Zora Neal Hurston." Christian Century 105, 1988, p. 1039.
2 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 213.
3 Ibid, p. 213.
4 Ibid., p. 213.
5 Ibid., p. 213.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 223.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 137.
2 Ibid., p. 140.
3 Ibid, p. 143.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 160.
2 Ibid., p. 282.
3 Ibid., p. 282.
4 Ibid., p. 175.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 233.
2 Lauren Berlant. "Race, Gender, and Nation in The Color Purple" Critical Inquiry 14,1988, p. 848.
3 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, pp. 241-242.
1 Alice Walker. The Color Purple. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982, p. 264.
1. Alighieri, Dante. "Dante's Letter to Can Grande". Essays on Dante. Ed. Mark Musa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.
2. Barnet, Sylvan. & Berman, Morton. & Burto, William. An Introduction to Literature: Instructor's Manual. New York: Harper Collins, 1989.
3. Berlant, Lauren. "Race, Gender, and Nation in The Color Purple." Critical Inquiry 14, 1988.
4. Birch, Eva Lenox. "Autobiography: The Art of Self-Definition". Black Women's Writing. Ed. Gina Wisker. London: Macmillan, 1993.
5. Bois, W. E. Du. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Blue Heron Press, 1953.
6. Bradley, David. "Novelist Alice Walker Telling the Black Woman's Story." The New York Times Magazine, January 8,1984.
7. Bush, Trudy Bloser. "Transforming Vision: Alice Walker and Zora Neal Hurston." Christian Century 105,1988.
8. Butler, Robert James. "Alice Walker's Vision of the South in The Third Life of Grange Copeland." African American Review 2, 1993.
9. Carmichael, Stokely. & Hamilton, Charles V. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Vintage, 1976.
10. Carmody, Denise Lardner. & Carmody, John Tully. Christianity: An Introduction. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1983.
11. Combahee River Collective. "Black Feminist Statement". The Black Feminist Reader. Ed. Joy James and T. Denean Sharpley- Whiting. Maiden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
12. Davis, Thadious. "Poetry as Preface to Fiction". Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A.Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993.
13. Dieke, Ikenna. "Introduction: Alice Walker, A Woman Walking into Peril". Critical Essays on Alice Walker. Ed. Dieke. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999.
14.Elsley,Judy."'Nothing Can Be Sole or Whole that Has Not Been Rent':Fragmentation in the Quilt and The Color Purple." Weber Studies:An Interdisciplinary Humanities Journal 9,1992.
15.hooks,bell.Feminist Theory:from Margin to Center.Cambridge,MA:South End Press,2000.
16.Howard,Lillie P..Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston:The Common Bond,Westport:Greenwood Press,1993.
17.Norris,Christopher.Deconstruction and the Interests of Theory.Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1989.
18.O' Brien,John."Alice Walker:An Interview".Alice Walker:Critical Perspectives Past and Present.Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.and K.A.Appiah.New York:Amistad,1993.
19.Showalter,Elaine.A Literature of Their Own:British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004.
20.Tate,Claudia.ed.Black Women Writers at Work.New York:Continuum Publishing,1983.
21.The Holy Bible,King James Version.New York:Random House,1991.
22.Walker,Alice.Anything We Love Can Be Saved:A Writer's Activism.New York:Ballantine Group,1997.
23.------."Everyday Use".In Love and Trouble.New York:Harcourt Brace Javanovich,1973.
24.------.Good Night,Wille Lee,I'll See You in the Morning.New York:The Dial Press,1979.
25.------.In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens:Womanist Prose.San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1983.
26.------.Living by the Word.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1988.
27.------.The Color Purple.San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1982.
28.------.The Third Life of Grange Copeland.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1970.
29.Winchell,Donna Haisty.Alice Walker.New York:Twayne,1992.
30.www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/March 17,2008
31.[美]阿尔伯特·甘霖,《基督教与西方文化》,格林译,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
32.侯维瑞主编,《英国文学通史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999年。
33.[美]贝尔·胡克斯,《女性主义理论:从边缘到中心》,晓征,平林译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2001年。
34.梁工主编,《圣经与欧美作家作品》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2000年。
35.林太、张毛毛编译,《犹太人与世界文化》,上海:三联出版社,1993年。
36.刘国枝,“上帝的性别与肤色--爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》的宗教意识解析”,《四川外语学院学报》,1998年第4期。
37.刘建军,《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年
38.罗婷,《女性主义文学批评在西方与中国》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年。
39.牟钟鉴,《中国宗教与文化》,成都:巴蜀书社,1988年。
40.水彩琴,“妇女主义理论概述”,《甘肃行政学院学报》 2004年第4期。
41.[美]阿尔文·施密特,《基督教对文明的影响》,汪晓丹译,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年。
42.孙薇、程锡麟,“解读艾丽斯·沃克的‘妇女主义'--从《他们的眼睛望着上帝》和《紫色》看黑人女性文学传统”,《当代外国文学》,2004年第2期。
43.唐红梅,《种族、性别与身份认同:美国黑人女作家艾丽丝·沃克、托尼·莫里森小说创作研究》,北京:民族出版社,2006年。
44.翁德修、都岚岚,《美国黑人女性文学》,长春:吉林大学出版社,2000年
45.[美]艾丽斯·沃克,《紫颜色》,陶洁译,北京:外国文学出版社,1986年。
46.伍红军,“父权二元世界的解构--《紫色》的女性主义解读”,《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第4期。
47.杨莉馨,《西方女性主义文论研究》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2002年。
48.张冰岩,《女权主义文论》,济南:山东教育出版社,1998年。