摘要
19世纪40年代末至20世纪70年代末，摩门教会实行长达130年之久的黑人牧师禁令终于在民权运动的尾声划上句号。本文以史实为横线、以时间为纵线，纵横交错依次展开，对有关于黑人牧师禁令产生的背景、内容及其影响做一系统、全面的阐述。通过不同历史时期，禁令对黑人信徒的不同影响，阐述摩门教会对黑人教徒的宗教皈依、歧视和整合政策。进而探索黑人教徒是如何调整其黑人文化与教会文化、种族身份认同与教徒身份认同的关系以及摩门教会文化与美国文化的关系。除引言和结论部分，全文共分四章。
第一章，在论述摩门教会经典对黑人歧视态度的基础上，详细阐述教会成立初期，创始人小约瑟夫·史密斯对奴隶制、黑人教徒、黑人牧师的态度与看法。运用统计图表的方式微观了解早期教会奴隶主教徒、黑人教徒、黑人牧师状况，分析形成这种教徒分布状况的原因及其影响。
第二章，系统全面地分析黑人牧师禁令的缘起及其影响。黑人牧师禁令的形成是摩门教会内部因素与外部因素双方共同作用的结果。教会领导人对黑人的偏见、摩门教独特的教义还有黑人教徒本身以及当时的黑人奴隶制和歧视黑人的社会现实等因素合力作用的结果。
第三章，在回顾禁令废除前20年，即20世纪50年代，黑人在美国社会、黑人教徒在摩门教会地位问题的基础上，讨论黑人牧师禁令废除的可行性、迫切性，并实证分析，黑人牧师禁令的废除为教会未来发展及海外传教事业所带来的的巨大变化。
第四章，综合前文，将摩门教会黑人牧师禁令与教会黑人牧师、黑人教徒问题联系起来，探查黑人社会地位与宗教地位的关系，种族权利与宗教权利的统一。在实证分析的基础上，畅想摩门教会未来的发展动态及黑人牧师所面临的问题。
During the period from the end of1840s down to the end of1970s, the Church of JesusChrist of Latter-day Saints abandoned the-130-year priesthood ban which denied worthyblack males offices within the priesthood at the end of the Civil Rights Movement. Thisdissertation sets forth the background, content and influence of black priesthood denialsystematically and comprehensively with time as the horizontal line and historical events asthe vertical line. Through different effects on black believers at the different historical period,this article expounds the conversion, discrimination and integration policy of LDS Church.Furthermore, this article also helps us to explore how black believers adapt their black cultureto Mormon culture. Besides introduction and conclusion, there are four chapters in this article.
Chapter one gives a minute description of Joseph Smith’s, the founder of LDS Church,views on Slavery, black believers and black priests on the basis of Mormon scriptures’prejudices against blacks. This chapter uses statistical diagram as a method ofmicro-understanding Mormon slave owners, black believers and black priests and analyzingthe reasons and effects.
Chapter two elaborates the origins and consequences of Black priesthood denial are theconsequence of internal and external factors of Mormon Church. The LDS Church leaders’discrimination against black people, the peculiar doctrines, the humble origins of blackbelieves, together with Slavery and social reality of racial discrimination against blacks worktogether to form the ban.
Chapter three reviews the social status and church status of blacks in the early1950slong before the black priesthood denial was repealed and discusses the viability and urgencyof abolishment of black priesthood prohibition. Moreover, in this chapter the author make fulluse of empirical analysis to illustrate great changes have taken place in Mormon Church andits overseas missionary after the church lifted the ban.
Chapter four sums up the above, Combines the black priesthood ban with Mormon blackpriests and Mormon black believers to probe the relationship between black social status andblack religious status, and the unification of racial rights with religious rights. Based onempirical analysis, this chapter imagines the development of Mormon Church and theproblems the black priests may be faced.
引文
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④张丹:《摩门精神的形成（1847-1890）》硕士学位论文,厦门大学,2006年
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①“LDS Church Growth, Member Activity, and Covert Retention: Review and Analysis”, fromhttp://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=church_growth_articles&story_id=102013-2-17
①Pierre Bourdieu,“Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field”, Comparative Social Research, Volume13, pp.1-44.
②Michel Foucault,“The Discourse of Language”,“Truth and Power”, from The Archaeology of Knowledge, translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith, Tavistoch Publications,1972, pp.341-345.
①The Books of The Bible, International Bible Society,2007.
②The Book of Mormon Tr. Joseph Smith Jr. Rev. ed., Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,1981.
③The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Rev. ed., Salt Lake City: Churchof Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,1981.
④Joseph Smith, Pearl of Great Price, Heber J. Grant Trustee-In-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-daySaints, Salt Lake City, Utah, U. S. A.,1921.
⑤Hosea Stout Collection,1847-1937Church Archives, L. Tom Perry Special Collection, Harold B. Lee Library BrighamYoung University and Diary of Orson Hyde,16September1832, Church Archives.
⑥Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church Archives,1830-present (JH).
⑦Journal of Discourses,26volumes, Liverpool, Eng.,1854-1886.
①Leonard J. Arrington&Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience---A History of the Latter-day Saints, Urbana andChicago: University of the Illinois Press,1992, p.8.
②Maxine Hanks with Jean Kinney,Williams J. Gordon Melton edited, Mormon Faith in America, Fact on File, Inc.2003p.51.
①Rodney Stark, The Rise of Mormonism edited by Reid L. Neilson, New York: Columbia University Press,2005,pp.140-142.
②Ibid pp.144-145.
③Ibid pp.5-6.
①Book of Abraham,3:22.
②Orson Hyde, Speech of Orson Hyde, Delivered Before the High Priests’ Quorum, in Nauvoo, April27th,1845, fromRichard Abanes, One Nation Under God, New York: Thunder Mouth Press, p.597
③Mark E. Peterson,“Race Problems As They Affect the Church”, Address at the Convention of Teachers of Religion On theCollege Level, delivered at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, August27,1954, on file at BYU Library, SpecialCollections. From www.mormonism.net/mep1954/00.html2013-1-27
①Dale Morgan, The Western Humanities, U.S.A.: University of Utah, Vol.IVNo.1,(winter1949-1950), p.4
②The Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, Approaching Mormon Doctrine (May4,2007) fromhttp://en.fairmormon.org/Fallibility_of_prophets2013-2-20.
③Armand Mauss,“Mormonism and the Negro: Faith, Folklore, and the Civil Rights”, Dialogue: A Journal of MormonThought Vol.2No.4,(winter1969), pp.20-30.
④Armand Mauss,“Casting off the Curse of Cain” from Black and Mormon edited by Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T.Smith, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2004, pp.83-100.
⑤Richard Ostling and Joan Ostling, Mormon America, Harper Collins,1999, pp.103-104
②Oaks H. Dallin, Interview with Associated Press, in Daily Herald, Provo, Utah,5June1988:21(Associated Press:reproduced with commentary in Dallin H. Oaks, Life Lessons Learned: Personal Reflections, Salt Lake City, Utah: DeseretBook, Co.,2011, pp.68-69)
③Armand Mauss,“Mormonism and the Negro: Faith, Folklore, and the Civil Rights”, Dialogue: A Journal of MormonThought Vol.2No.4,(winter1969), pp.20-30
①Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith, Black and Mormon ed. by Urban and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2004, pp.148-163.
②Pierre Bourdieu,“Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field”, Comparative Social Research, Volume13, pp.10-15。
①此处制表参考以下文献：Jack Beller,“Negro Slaves in Utah”, Utah Historical Quarterly2October1929; Kate B. Carter,The Story of the Negro Pioneer (Salt Lake City1965); Ronald G. Coleman,“A History of Blacks in Utah,1825-1910”(Ph.D.Diss., University of Utah,1980), from Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People,Greenwood Press, Westport,1981, p.220.
①Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People, Greenwood Press, Westport,1981,pp.40-228.
①Fawn M. Brodie, No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith, New York: Knof,1994, pp.129-140.
①Ibid, PP.129-394.
②尼腓一书19：17；22：28.
③Mormon Heretic,“The First Black Mormon Leader Pete”from http://www.wheatandtares.org/2012/01/16/the-first-black-mormon-leader-pete/2012-4-6
④Stephen G. Taggart, Mormonism’s Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press,1970, pp.13-26.
①Doctrine and Covenants1835edition section102it was originally published in the Latter-day Saints Messengerand Advocate, Aug.1835from Newell Bringhurst “The Mormons and Slavery-A Closer Look” Pacific Historical Review,Vol.50. No.3(Aug.1981), pp.330-331.
②Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, p.74.
③Doctrine and Covenants104:16-18;98:5.
④Joseph Smith,“Gen. Smith’s Views on the Government and Policy of the U.S.”,from Times and Seasons,5:528-533.
①Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Greenwood Press, Westport1981,pp.222-223.
②Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, p.55;Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel And The Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism” fromwww.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/.../05/Dialogue_V12N02-24.pdf P30-31;Lester E. Bush,“Mormonism’s Negro Doctrine: A Historical Overview”, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought,(Spring1973), Vol.8No.1, pp.11-68.
①Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, p.80.
②Mormon Heretic,“The First Black Mormon Leader Pete”From http://www.wheatandtares.org/2012/01/16/the-first-black-mormon-leader-pete/2012-4-6.
③Mormon Heretic,“The First Black Mormon Leader Pete”
④George A. Smith “Revelations carried by a black angel” Journal of Discourse, Liverpool, England, November15,1865from jod.mrm.org/11/1,2013-1-27
⑤Doctrine and Covenants,43:3-6from Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel and The Changing Status of Blacks WithinMormonism” from www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/.../05/Dialogue_V12N02-24.pdf pp.24-25.
①Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel And The Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism” fromwww.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/.../05/Dialogue_V12N02-24.pdf PP.22-36.
②Council Meeting Minutes,4June1879Bennion Papers由于原始材料在国内难以找到所以只好转引自Excerpts From Minutes of the Council of the Twelve and of the First Presidency June8,1978fromhttp://user.xmission.com/~research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27
③Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel And The Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism” fromwww.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/.../05/Dialogue_V12N02-24.pdf pp.30-36.
①Ibid,pp.30-31.
②Eunice Kenney,“My Testimony of the Latter Day Work” LDS Church Archives from Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah AbelAnd The Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism”, p.24
③Ibid, pp.22-25.
④“Minutes of a special Conference of the Cicinnati branch of the Church held at Elder Pugh’s on the1stday of June,1845”as noted by Times and Seasons, June1,1845, LDS Church Archives,from Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel And TheChanging Status of Blacks Within Mormonism”, pp.26-28
⑤对于虔诚的摩门教徒来说，无法参加圣殿仪式就意味着配称的黑人男性教徒无法在圣殿举行婚礼，圣殿的婚姻是获得灵魂拯救的必要条件，而灵魂拯救被奉为是摩门教徒终身的奋斗目标。
⑥Council Meeting Minutes,4June1879, Bennion papers.
①Minutes of a conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints held in Cincinnati, June25,1843in LDSChurch Archives from Newell G. Bringhurst “Elijah Abel And The Changing Status of Blacks Within Mormonism”,pp.26-28
①Connell O’ Donovan,“The Mormon Priesthood Ban and Elder Q. Walker Lewis: An Example for His More WhiterBrethren to Follow”, John Whitmer Historical Association Journal,2006, pp..47-99.
②Journal of Discourses, Vol.10, p.110.
①Connell O’ Donovan,“The Mormon Priesthood Ban and Elder Q. Walker Lewis: An Example for His More WhiterBrethren to Follow”, John Whitmer Historical Association Journal,2006, pp.47-99.
①Originally published as “Okonomisches Kapital, Kulturelles Kapital, Soziales Kapital” in Soziale Ungleichheiten (SozialeWelt, Sonderheft2), edited by Reinhard Krechel Goettingen Otto Schartz&Co.1983, translated by Richard Nice pp.183-198
①Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: The History of the Latter-day Saints, Urbanaand Chicago: University of Illinois Press,,1992, pp.82-104.
②History of BYU from http://yfacts.byu.edu/article?id=1372013-1-27.
③Leonard J. Arrington, Brigham Young: American Moses, Alfred A. Knopf. Inc.,1985, pp.1-5.
④Martin Ridge “Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and A Religious Tradition” Reviews in American History, Vol.14, No.1(Mar.,1986), pp.25-33
①Journal of Discourses,7:290,7October1859.
②Journal of Discourses,11:27219August1866.
③Fred C. Collier, The Teachings of President Brigham Young, Vol.31852-1854,Salt Lake City, UT: Collier’s Publishing Co.,1987, p.43.
④Doctrine and Covenant98:45-47;124:50-52.
①Journal of Discourses,2:142-143,3December1854.
②T.B.H. Stenhouse,“Modern Prophet” from Rocky Mountain Saints, New York: D. Appleton&Co.,1873, pp.491-492.
③Journal History,25Dec.1869, citing Wilford Woodruff’s journal from www.blacklds.org/history2013-3-28.
④Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue ina Universal Church, Midvale Utah: Signature Books,1984, PP.91-92.
①Patrick E. Horn “Summary of A Sketch of the Life of Okah Tubbee, called William Chubbee, Son of the Head Chief,Mosholeh Tubbee, Of the Choctaw Nation of Indians” Documenting the American South: North American Slave Narrative
(University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) from http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/tubbee/summary.html2013-3-11.
②Larry G. Murph, Gordon J. Melton, Gary L. Ward, Encyclopedia of African American Religions, New York: GarlandPublishing, pp..471-472.
①Matthias Cowley, Wilford Woodruff Salt Lake City: The Deseret News Press,1909, p.351.
②Fred C. Collier, ed., The Teachings of President Brigham Young Vol.31852-1854, Salt Lake City, UT: Collier’s PublishingCo.,1987, p43.
③Bruce McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft,1958, pp.118-132
④Journal of Discourses,7:290-291,9Dec.1859from http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/utils/qetfile/collection/journal10fDiscourseses3/id/4487/filename/100504171849ep272UaM230J82V11.pdf2013-3-25
①Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, P97
②Newell G. Bringhurst,“The Mormons and Slavery---A Closer Look”, Pacific Historical Review, Vol.50, No.3August,1981, pp.329-338
③“Act in Relation to Service”, Territorial Legislature Records, Series3150, Box1, Folder55, Utah State Archives, SaltLake City from http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/11302013-3-25
①Nathaniel R. Ricks A peculiar place for the peculiar institution: slavery and sovereignty in early territorialUtah, a thesis submitted to Brigham Young University, August2007pp.100-110fromhttp://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/11302013-3-25.
②David M. Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and IslamPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press,2003, P51.
③David B. Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,1966, P99.
①五十委员会是先知史密斯在瑙武建立的教会行政管理机构，西迁至大盆地，杨百翰又重新组建五十委员会.
②犹他历史学家汤姆斯·亚历山大（Thomas Alexander）认为，摩门教徒将多妻制看成是一种理想的婚姻形式。通过多妻制，持有圣职的忠诚信徒与他的妻子、儿女共同营建上帝之国。由于多妻制与上帝之国（锡安之国）的联系，教会领导人普遍认为，如果持有圣职的男性教徒不实行多妻制，他就不应该在犹他领地的政府机构中任职。多妻制被看成是教徒对教会、教会领导人忠信度检验的一种形式。所以，摩门教会以教主为首的大部分教徒都实行多妻制.From Thomas G. Alexander Utah, the Right Place: The Official Centennial History, Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith,Publishier,1996, pp.188-189.
③Frederic A. Culmer,“General John Wilson, Signer of the Deseret Petition”, California Historical Society Quarterly, ⅩⅩⅥ(1947), p.330.
④Nathaniel R. Ricks A peculiar place for the peculiar institution: slavery and sovereignty in early territorial Utahmaster thesis submitted to Brigham Young University August2007pp.90-108
①Martin Ridge “Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and A Religious Tradition” Reviews in American History, Vol.14, No.1(Mar.,1986), p.26
②Newell G.Bringhurst,Saints,Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism,GreenwoodPress, Westport,1981, pp.90-93.
①Newell G. Bringhurst,“The Mormons and Slavery-A Closer Look”, Pacific Historical Review, Vol.50, No.3(August1981),p.336.
①D. Michael Quinn,“LDS Headquarters Culture and the Rest of Mormonism: Past and Present”, fromwww.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue-V34No304_161〔1〕.pdf, pp.136-1642013-1-29
②Minutes of the Council of Twelve,4June1879, Bennion Papers from user.xmission.com/～research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27
③Wilford Woodruff Journal,16January1852, Woodruff Papers, LDS Church Archives from Lester E.Bush,“Mormonism’sNegro Doctrine: An Historical Overview”, Dialogue Vol.8No.1(Spring1973), pp.11-68
④Minutes of the Council of Twelve,4June1879, Bennion Papers from Excerpts From Minutes of the Council of theTwelve and of the First Presidency June8,1978from http://user.xmission.com/~research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27
①Council Meeting Minutes,22Aug1895, Bennion Papers. from Excerpts From Minutes of the Council of the Twelve and ofthe First Presidency June8,1978from http://user.xmission.com/~research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27from Excerpts From Minutes of the Council of the Twelve and of the First Presidency June8,1978fromhttp://user.xmission.com/~research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27
②Council minutes,18Aug.1900, Bennion Papers.
③Council Meeting Minutes,16Dec.1897, Bennion papers.
④Council Minutes,2Jan.1902, Bennion papers.
⑤Council Minutes,26Aug.1908, Bennion papers.
①Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a
②UInbiidv epr.1sa08l Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, pp.106-108.
③Ibid p.156-.157
④Ibid p.157-158.
⑤约瑟夫·菲尔丁·史密斯是约瑟夫·F·.史密斯的儿子，是海勒姆·史密斯（Hyrum Smith）的孙子，而Hyrum Smith是先知约瑟夫·史密斯的哥哥。由于其显赫的家庭背景和在摩门教会的资深职位，他的思想对教会在20世纪20年代至60年代这40年间产生深远影响。From Newell G. Bringhurst Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The ChangingPlace of Black People Within Mormonism, Greenwood Press, Westport,1981, pp.170-171.
⑥Joseph Fielding Smith, The Way to Perfection, Deseret Book Co,1984, p.43.
①Council Minutes,30Jan.1947, Bennion Papers from Excerpts From Minutes of the Council of the Twelve and of the FirstPresidency June8,1978From http://user.xmission.com/~research/central/chorg2.htm2013-1-27
②“South African Mission Plan”, Dec.1951, pp.45-46, LDS church archives from Lester E. Bush “Mormonism’s NegroDoctrine: An Historical Overview” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought Vol.8No.1(Spring1973) pp.11-68.
③Patrick Q. Mason, The Prohibition of Interracial Marriage in Utah,1888-1963.From http://history.utah.gov/historical_society/membership/documents/Spring%202008%20article.pdf,2011-11-08.
①此表的水平线代表时间跨度，从1830年教会建立直至1978年禁令废除。垂直线代表对禁令产生过深远影响的历任教会总长，时间所代表的点与教会总长所代表的点连成线，就表示禁令的发展与走向。此表的制作主要参考以下书目与资料：
1. Claudia L. Bushman Contemporary Mormonism Latter-day Saints in Modern America, Westport, Praeger Publisher,2006
2.尼腓一书19：17；22：28
3. Council Meeting Minutes,22Aug.1895, Bennion papers
4. Council Meeting Minutes,16Dec.1897, Bennion papers
5. Council Minutes,2Jan.1902, Bennion papers
6.Council Minutes,26Aug.1908, Bennion papers
7. Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984
8. Deseret News Salt Lake City,9June1978.
9. Darron T. Smith “Unpacking Whiteness in Zion: Some Personal Reflections and General Observations” from Black andMormon ed. by Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith Urban and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2004,PP.148-163
10. Council Meeting Minutes,4June1879, Bennion papers
11.“Gen. Smith’s Views on the Government and Policy of the U.S.”from Times and Seasons,5:528-533
12. Newell G. Bringhurst Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism Westport,Greenwood Press,1981, pp.84-86
13. Matthias Cowley, Wilford Woodruff, Salt Lake City, The Deseret News Press,1909, p.351
14. Stephen G. Taggart, Mormonism’s Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press,1970, pp.13-26
15. Doctrine and Covenants1835edition section102
①http://en.fairmormon.org/Mormonism_and_racial_issues/Blacks_and_the_priesthood2013-2-20.
②http://en.fairmormon.org/Mormonism_and_racial_issues/Blacks_and_the_priesthood2013-2-20.
③Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism, GreenwoodPress, Westport,1981, p.228.
①Mary Lucile Bankhead Oral History,11, interviewed by Alan Cherry,1985, LDS Afro-American Oral History Project,Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University from Jessie L. Embry BlackSaints in a White Church---Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994, pp.56-58.
②Margaret Judy Maag,“Discrimination Against the Negro in Utah and Institutional Efforts to Eliminate It”, M.S. thesis,University of Utah,1971, pp.26-28.
③Mark E. Peterson,“Race Problems—As They Affect the Church”, Address at the Convention of Teachers of Religion Onthe College Level, delivered at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, August27,1954, on file at BYU Library, SpecialCollections. From www.mormonism.net/mep1954/00.html2013-1-27
①Church First Presidency Letter to President Ezra T. Benson,23June1942, Bennion Papers.
②Frank S. Loescher, The Protestant Church and the Negro, Philadelphia,1948, PP.28-50
①Noah Feldman,“What is it about Mormonism”, New York Times Magazine, Jan.6,2008, pp.34-38.
②Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: The History of the Latter-day Saints, Urbana andChicago:University of Illinois Press,,1992, pp.169-175.
①Claudia L. Bushman, Contemporary Mormonism Latter-day Saints in Modern America, Praeger Publisher, Westport,2006,p.309.
②Journal of Discourses, Vol.10, P110.
③Patrick Q. Mason,“The Prohibition of Interracial Marriage in Utah,1888-1963”, fromhttp://history.utah.gov/historical-society/membership/documents/spring%202008%20article.pdf2012-5-7.
④Connell O’ Donovan,“I Would Confine Them to Their Own Species”, LDS Historical Rhetoric&Praxis RegardingMarriage Between Whites and Blacks from http://www.connellodonovan.com/black_white_marriage.html2013-4-15.
⑤Jerald and Sandra Tanner, The Changing World of Mormonism, from www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changecontents.htm,p.2912012-3-12.
⑥Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism, GreenwoodPress Westport,1981, pp.229-235.
①Mark E Petersen,“Race Problems-As They Affect The Church”, a speech delivered at Brigham Young University, Aug.27,1954from www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changecontents.htm2012-3-12.
②NAACP成立于1909年，是非裔美国人在美国的民权运动组织，其使命就是确保所有人种政治、教育、社会与经济权利的平等，消除种族仇恨及种族歧视。
③“Mormon Church Faces Picketing by the NAACP”, St. Petersburg Times, Saturday, October5,19632-A, fromhttp://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19631005&id=DtAlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4HwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4848,19573162013-4-9.
④Sterling M. McMurrin,“A Note on the1963Civil Rights Statement”, Dialogue Ⅻ:2(Summer1979), pp.60-63.
①上述材料经笔者整理来源于Brian Walton,“AUniversity’s Dilemma: B.Y. U. and Blacks”, Dialogue: A Journal ofMormon Thought,(Spring1971),Vol.6No.1, PP.31-36.
②后世圣徒将音乐看成是其崇拜上帝的重要部分，所以，摩门教先驱一到达盐湖城山谷就组建教会唱诗班，至今已有将近200年的历史了。教会唱诗班曾经是格莱美和艾美音乐大奖得主，同时也是美国重要事件不可或缺的精湛表演者。在美国历史上，有10位总统的就职仪式都能听到教会唱诗班的天籁之音。美国总统罗纳德·李根曾经赞誉教会唱诗班为美国的唱诗班.
③“Singing Saints”, Time,26July1963,66from Dale Pelo, Mormonism in National Periodicals,1961-1970, Master Thesis,Brigham Young University,1973, pp.62-63.
①Wynetta M. Clark, I am a Negro Mormon, Utah: Ogden,1970, p5.
②Alan Gerald Cherry, It’s You and Me, Lord!, Provo, Utah: Trilogy Arts Publication,1970, BYU Today, February,1971.
③William F. Reed,“The other side of The Y”, Sports Illustrated, January26,1970, pp.38-39.
④BYU Today, August1971; Deseret News, March13,1976, P28A from Armand L. Mauss,“The Fading of the Pharaohs’Curse: The Decline and Fall of the Priesthood Ban Against Blacks in the Mormon Church” fromhttp://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/dialogue_V14No_3_12.pdf.
①以上材料经笔者整理源自JessieL.Embry,“SeparatebutEqual?BlackBranches,GenesisGroups,orIntegratedWards?”fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V23No_13.pdf2013-4-21
①“LDS Church First Presidency Statement Affirming the Right of the Priesthood to Black Mormon Males, June8,1978”, Deseret News, Salt Lake City,9June1978.
①Jessie L. Embry, Black Saints in a White Church Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994,pp.30-50.
②Harold B. Lee,“Growth of Church,” Conference Reports,6April,1973(Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christof Latter-day Saints,1973), p.7.
③Lowell C.“Ben” Bennion and Lawrence A. Young “The Uncertain Dynamics of LDS Expansion,1950-2020” fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/DialogueV29No114.pdf2012-3-1.
①以上材料经笔者整理源自JessieL.Embry,“SeparatebutEqual?BlackBranches,GenesisGroups,orIntegratedWards?”fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V23No_13.pdf2013-4-21pp.17-35.
①以上材料经笔者整理源于Armand L. Mauss,“Casting off the‘Curse of Cain’: The Extent and Limits of Progress Since1978” paper from Black and Mormon ed. by Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith University of Illinois Press, Urbanand Chicago,2004, pp.84-98.
①Gregory Prince, David O. Mckay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism, Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press,2005,pp.5-8.
②Llewelyn R. McKay, Home Memories of President David O. McKay, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book,1956, pp.226-231.
③“Minutes of a Special Meeting by President David O. McKay,17January,1954”, in DOMOJ,19January1954fromGregory Prince, David O. Mckay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism, Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press,2005,p.158
①Gregory A. Prince “David O. McKay and Blacks: Building the Foundation for the1978Revelation” fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Dialogue_V35N01_157.pdf2013-4-21p.147.
②Ibid, pp.148-153.
①Armand L. Mauss “Mormonism and the Negro: Faith, Folklore, and Civil Rights” fromwww.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V02N04_21.pdf2012-3-1.
②Gregory Prince, David O. Mckay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism, The University of Utah Press,2005pp.5-8.
③“Policy Statement of Presidency”, Church News, on January10,1970
①Gregory A. Prince “David O. McKay and Blacks: Building the Foundation for the1978Revelation” fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Dialogue_V35N01_157.pdf2013-4-21p.153.
②Jessie L. Embry, Black Saints in a White Church Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994,p.39.
①James B. Allan “On Becoming A Universal Church: Some Historical Perspective” fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/dialogue V25No115.pdf2012-3-1.
②Lynn T. Smith, Brazil: People and Institutions, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1963, pp.68-126
③Marvin Harris, Pattern of Race in the Americas, New York: W. W. Norton and Company,1964, pp.54-64.
④Mark L. Grover “Religious Accommodation in the Land of Racial Democracy: Mormon Priesthood and Black Brazilians”Mormon History Association Annual Meeting,8May1983, Omaha Nebraska, p.30.
①Farrell Ray Mason, History of the South African Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints:1853-1970,M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University,1960, pp.42-46.
②Mark L. Grover “Religious Accommodation in the Land of Racial Democracy: Mormon Priesthood and Black Brazilians”Mormon History Association Annual Meeting,8May1983, Omaha Nebraska, pp.31-34.
③Deseret News,1975Church Almanac, A-7;1980Church Almanac, p.296fromhttp://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/dailogue_V14N03_12.pdf2012-3-14.
④Jan Shipps,“The Mormons: Looking forward and outward”, Christian CenturyXCV:26(August16-23,1978), pp.761-766.
①Maxine Hanks and William Kinney Williams, Mormon Faith in American, Facts on File, Inc.,2003, PP.90-91
②Theodore H. White, The Making of the President,1968, Reissue: Perennial,2010, p.37.
③Whitey Sawyer,“120,000Stage Peaceful Walk Against Bias”,Argus-Press, Owosso Michigan: Associated Press, p.1.
①“Delbert L. Stapley Letter to Governor George W. Romney”, The Boston Globe, January23,1964, fromhttp://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=delbert%20stapley%20and%20governer%20george%20romney&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww%2eboston%2ecom%2fnews%2fdaily%2f24%2fdelbert_stapley%2epdf&ei=go2ZUpmYMKXqiAeru4CwCA&usg=AFQjCNGYQJ8wElq48owP6JiZPJC-j4InxQ&bvm=bv.57155469,d.aGc&cad=rjt2013-1-27
②Dennis L. Lythgoe “The Changing Image of Mormonism” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol.3No.4(Winter1968), p.48.
③Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp “The LDS difference: A Mormon President?”, The Christian Century: Aug.21,2007, p.21.
④Dennis L. Lythgoe “The Changing Image of Mormonism” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol.3No.4(Winter1968) pp.47-48.
①Ernest L. Wilkinson Diary,1May1968, in Ernest L. Wilkinson Personal Papers, UA1000, box102, folder5, L. Tom PerrySpecial Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. From John Ben Haws “The MormonImage in the American Mind: Shaping Public Perception of Latter-day Saints,1968-2008” a dissertation submitted toDepart of History University of Utah, August2010. p.145
①以上材料经笔者整理源自John Ben Haws “The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Shaping Public Perception ofLatter-day Saints,1968-2008” a dissertation submitted to Depart of History University of Utah, August2010. pp.112-168.
①https://www.lds.org/manual/duties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b/priesthood-and-church-government/lesson-3-honoring-the-priesthood?lang=eng2013-5-15.
②Doctrine and Covenant50:26-27.
③亚伦是摩西的哥哥，他协助摩西率领以色列人出埃及，在旷野建立会幕后，亚伦被立为祭司.
④Doctrine and Covenant64：29.
①有关摩门教会中牧师的主要职责与权力的内容，经笔者整理参见耶稣基督后世圣徒教会内部学习课程《圣职的职责与祝福》，耶稣基督后世圣徒教会台北发行中心，1997年，pp.1-75.
②麦基洗德是撒冷王，又是至高神的祭司，他“无父、无母、无族谱、无生之始、无命之终，是与神的儿子（耶稣）相似.”
③长老在摩门教会中有两种意思。任何麦基洗德圣职持有人都叫做长老，例如传教士、教会领袖、总会当局人员等都称作长老。此外，长老一词也指麦基洗德圣职中的一项特殊职位.
④有关摩门教会中牧师的主要职责与权力的内容，经笔者整理参见耶稣基督后世圣徒教会内部学习课程《圣职的职责与祝福》，耶稣基督后世圣徒教会台北发行中心，1997年，pp.1-75.
①http://www.zwbk.org/MyLemmaShow.aspx?lid=1214202012-5-25.
②平信徒就是基督教中没有圣职的人，又称之为教友。一般定义为“教会中未被授予圣职的成员”。圣职人员与平信徒的的分别在天主教和东正教会最为明显，圣公会次之。自宗教改革以来，新教教派对此不大重视。Fromhttp://baike.baidu.cn/view/8538758.htm2013-5-1.
③Armand L. Mauss,“The Mormon Struggle With Assimilation and Identity: Trends and Developments Since Midcentury”,Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol.27No.1pp.143-144.
①Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press,1992, pp.292-293.O. Kendall White, Jr. and Daryl White,“Integrating Religious and Racial Identities: An Analysis of LDS African AmericanExplanations of the Priesthood Ban”, Review of Religious Research, Vol.36,No.3(March1995), pp.295-311.
①此处结论的得出参见摩门教会官方网站：http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/leadership-and-organization/2012-6-21
②《圣职的职责与祝福》，耶稣基督后世圣徒教会台北发行中心，1997年， pp.83-251.
①U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation Diverse and Dynamic February2008, The Pew Forumon Religious&Public Life, pp.40-43.
②Michael O. Emerson and George Yancey,“African Americans in Interracial Congregations an Analysis of Demographics,Social Networks, and Social Attitudes”, Review of Religious Research, Vol.49, No.3(March,2008), pp.301-302.
①Renold G. Coleman,“Black in Utah History: An Unkown Legacy”, fromhttp://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_peoples_of_utah/blacksinutahhistory.html2013-4-5.
②Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont, Chicago,1970, pp.383-427.
①Kate B. Carter, The Negro Pioneer, Salt Lake City,1965, pp.9-13.
②Ronald G. Coleman,“African Americas in Utah”, from www.uen.org/utah-history-encyclopedia/a/African-Americans. html2013-7-20.
③Renold G. Coleman,“Blacks in Utah History: An Unkown Legacy”, fromhttp://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_peoples_of_utah/blacksinutahhistory.html2013-4-5.
①Ronald G. Coleman,“African American Community and Politics,1890-1910”, fromhttp://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/africanamericancommunityandpolitics1890-1910.html/index.html2013-7-26.
②Ibid2013-7-26.
③Dion M. Harris,“Proud Past, Uncertain Future For the Trinity AME Church” fromhttp://www.deseretnews.com/article/490349/PROUD-PAST-UNCERTAIN-FUTURE-FOR-THE-TRINITY-AME-CHURCH.html?pg=all2013-4-25.
①Wade C. Roof and William McKinney, American Mainline Religion: Its Changing Shape and Future, New Jersey: RutgersUniversity Press,1987, p.90
②Mathew Brown,“Revival: Calvary Baptist Church celebrates120years of worship and reaching out” fromhttp://www.deseretnews.com/article/865566485/Revival-Calvary-Baptist-Church-celebrates-120-years-of-worship-and-reaching-out.html?pg=all2013-7-25
③C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H.Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Exerience, Durham and London:Duke University Press,1990, p.159.
①Jessie L. Embry, Black Saints in a White Church: Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994,PP.105-107.
②Thirteen Articles of LDS church from http://mission.net/taiwan/taichung/page.php?pg_id=14122013-5-28.
③Jerald and Sanda Tanner, Mormons and Negroes, Salt Lake City, Utah, Modern Microfilm co.,1970, PP.12-16.
④Lester E. Bush Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in aUniversal Church, Signature Books: Midvale Utah,1984, pp.178-179.
①Jessie L. Embry, Black Saints in a White Church: Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994,p191.
②Spencer W. Kimball“Marriage and Divorce”, in1976Devotional Speeches of the Year Provo: Brigham Young UniversityPress,1977, p.144.
①Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith, Black and Mormon, University of Illinois Press Urbana and Chicago,2004, pp.50-54.
①Jack Beller,“Negro Slaves in Utah”, Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol.2, No.4.1929, pp.124-126
①Letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury by Dr. Colenso, Bishop of Natal, Millennnial Star,28September1861from NewellG. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Greenwood Press, Westport1981, p.203
②以上论点经笔者整理源自：Armand Mauss,“The Fading of the Pgaraohs’Curse: The Decline and Fall of the PriesthoodBan Against Blacks in the Mormon Cjurch”, Dialogue vol.14, No.3, Autumn1981, pp.10-24; Newell G. Bringhurst,“TheImage of Blacks Within Mormonism as Presented in the Church News(1978-1988)”, American Periodicals, Vol.2, Fall1992, pp.113-123.
①William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia, Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress,1957, pp.252-253.
①Jessie L. Embry, Black Saints in a White Church: Contemporary African-American Mormons, Signature Books Inc.,1994,pp.224-230.
②Ibid P228.
③John A. Adams, Jr., The Black Pulpit Revolution in the United Methodist Church and Other Denominations,Chicago: Strugglers’ Community Press,1985, p.1.
①Newell G.Bringhurst,“The Image of Blacks Within Mormonism as Presented in the Church News(1978-1988)”, AmericanPeriodicals, Vol.2(Fall1992), pp.113-123.
①曲艳丽：《美国摩门教会对黑人信徒及其成为牧师问题的态度论析》，《东北师大学报》，2012年第五期，第243-245.
①在拉美国家针对摩门教会的暴力袭击事件主要有，1989年5月，玻利维亚的两名摩门教会传教士被杀，7月智力的摩门教会教徒被当成人质，同时，玻利维亚的圣克鲁兹教堂遭炸弹袭击，这些均为反对美国的恐怖主义分子所为。本材料源自Jame B. Allen,“On Becoming a Universal Church: Some Historical Perspectives”, pp.28-29
②Armand Mauss,“Mormonism in the Twenty-first Century: Marketing for Miracles”, p.242fromhttp://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/DialogueV29N01242.pdf2012-3-1.
①Ibid p.243
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[24] Ricks, Nathaniel R.,“Peculiar Place for the Peculiar Institution: Slavery and Sovereignty in EarlyTerritorial Utah”, master thesis, Brigham Young University,2007.
[25] Rickette, Jeremy R.,“Imaging the Saints: Representations of Mormonism in American Culture”, Ph.D.diss., University of New Mexico,2011.
[26] Wendell, Thomas Simpson,“Mormon’s Study “Abroad”:Latter-day Saints in American HigherEducation1870-1940”, Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia,2005.
[1]“Are Negroes Children of Adam?”, Millennial Star65(3December1903):776-778.
[2]“Aunt Jane James, Joseph Smith, The Prophet”, Young Women’s Journal16(December1905):551-553.
[3] Badger, Ralph A.,“A Victory Over Prejudice”, Millennial Star70(17November1907):60-61.
[4] Barbour, Miller W.,“Breaking the Barriers: Anti-Negro Prejudice Lessens in Western Hotels”, Frontier,November1954,5.
[5] Bennett, Wallace R.,“The Negro in Utah”, Utah Law Review3(spring1953):340-348.
[6] Bennion, Lowell L.,“Religion and Social Responsibility ‘Human Rights’”, Instructor100(October1965):391.
[7] Broadbent, Cecil,“The Negro and Our Heavenly Father’s Plan”, Mitarbeiter,7January1966,1-4.
[8] Brown, Victor, Jr.,“Minorities:ALatter-day Saint Definition”, New Era2(September1972):20-21.
[9]“Booker T. Washington’s Views of the Mormons”, The Improvement Era16(June1913):807-808.
[10] Buckmiller, Golden A.,“President Kimball Inspires Members to Improve Their Lives”, Church News,19December1981,6.
[11] Cannon, George Q.,“Emancipation of the Slaves…The Prophet Joseph’s Plan-Result of Its Rejection”LDS Millennial Star25(14February1863):97-101.
[12] Cannon, George Q.,“Theories on the Origin of Man”, Juvenile Instructor3(15August1868):124-125.
[13] Cannon, George Q.,“From Caucasian to Negro”, Juvenile instructor3(15September1868):141-142.
[14] Cannon, George Q.,“Man and Varieties”, Juvenile instructor3(1October1868):145-146.
[15] Cannon, George Q.,“Mixed Races-Effects of Climate”, Juvenile instructor3(1November1868):174-175.
[16]“Citizenship Denied to Negroes in Missouri”, Evening and Morning Star2(July1833):218.
[17] Durham, Homer G.,“Some American History and the Civil Rights Act of1964”, Improvement Era67(August1964):630-687.
[18]“First Presidency Statement on Blacks”,15December1969, Church News,10January1970,12.
[19]“First Presidency Councils Against Racial Prejudice, Religious Intolerance, Terrorism and Crime”,Ensign12(March1982):78.
[20] Hanna, David and Steve Ostler,“No Respecter of Persons”, Ensign11(August1981):18-21.
[21] Hart, John L.,“LDS Blacks in Same Ward, Just Different Hospitals”, Church News4October1980,5.
[22] Hemming, Jan,“Black Author Discovers Mormon Way”, Church News,19May1979.
[23] Hyde, Orson,“Slavery Among the Saints”, LDS Millennial Star13(15February1851):63.
[24] Hyde, Orson,“Negroes-Cain descendants to eventually receive blessings”, LDS Millennial Star14(14December1851):418.
[25] Lamb, John,“My Responsibility”, Improvement Era69(January1966):36-37.
[26] Maxwell, Neal A.,“The Church Now Can Be Universal With Priesthood Revelation of1978”, ChurchNews,5January1980,5.
[27] Newell, Linda K., and Valeen Tippetts Avery,“Jane Manning James: Black Saint,1847Pioneer”,Ensign9(August1979):26-29.
[28] Pratt, Orson,“The Pre-existence of Man”, Seer1(April1853):54-56.
[29] Smith, Joseph, Jr.,“The Prophet’s Views on Abolition”,“LDS Church’s Position on Negroes inMissouri”,“Church’s Stand on Slavery and Abolition”,“The Prophet’s Views of the Negro Race”,“Two Negroes Were Tried for Attempting to Marry White Women”,“Petition to Eliminate Slavery”,History of the Church,7vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Press,1978.
[30] Smith, Joseph Fielding,“The Negro and the Priesthood”, Liahona, The Elders’ Journal5(18April1908):164-167.
[31] Widtsoe, John A.,“Were the Negroes Neutral in Heaven?”,“Evidences and Reconciliation”, TheImprovement Era44(June1944):385.
[1][英]阿雷恩·鲍尔德温等著：《文化研究导论》，陶东风等译，北京：高等教育出版社，2004年.
[2][美]保罗·蒂利希著：《基督教思想史》，尹大贻译，北京：东方出版社，2008.
[3][美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷：《美国人民主历程》，中国对外翻译出版公司译，香港：美国驻华大使馆新闻文化处，1987年.
[4][美]迪克斯坦著：《伊甸园之门：六十年代美国文化》，方晓光译，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1985.
[5][美]杜蒙德著：《现代美国1896-1946》，宋岳亭译，北京：商务印书馆，1984
[6][美]E.泰尔斯基，[美]M.泰尔斯基著，《美国的文化与传统概览》，陈维雅译，北京：旅游教育出版社，1989.
[7][英]吉尔伯特著：《美国历史地图》，王玉菡译，北京：中国青年出版社，2009
[8][美]刘易斯著：《文化驱动世界》，李家真译，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007.
[9][美]莫里森等著：《美利坚共和国的成长》，南开大学历史系美国史研究室译，天津：天津人民出版社，1991.
[10][美]乔安妮·格兰特著：《美国黑人斗争史》，郭瀛等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1987.
[11][美]乔恩·谢泼德，哈文·沃思合著：《美国社会问题》，乔寿宁，刘云霞合译，太原：山西人民出版社，1987.
[12][美]斯坦利·J·巴伦著：《大众传播概论：媒介认知与文化》，刘鸿英译，北京：中国人民出版社，2005.
[13][美]W·Z·福斯特著：《美国历史中的黑人》，余家煌译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1960.
[14][美]西格尔著：《多难的旅程：四十年代至八十年代初美国政治生活史》，刘绪贻等译，北京：商务印书馆，1990.
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[2]陈浩，曾琦云编著：《宗教文化导论》，杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006.
[3]陈志杰著：《顺应与抗争：奴隶制下的美国黑人文化》，北京：中国科学出版社，2010.
[4]丁汉儒编著：《中国宗教理论和政策纲要》，兰州：兰州大学出版社，2006.
[5]董小川：《美国文化概论》，北京：人民出版社，2006年.
[6]董小川：《儒家文化与基督教新教文化》，北京：商务印书馆，1999年.
[7]董小川：《现代欧美国家宗教多元化的历史与现实》，上海：上海三联书店，2008年.
[8]董小川主编：《世界文化史》，北京：高等教育出版社，2002年.
[9]高春常：《文化的断裂：美国黑人问题与南方重建》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000年.
[10]顾兴斌：《二战后美国黑人的社会地位研究》，南昌：江西人民出版社，2003年.
[11]蒋栋元：《走进神秘殿堂-摩门教》，北京：光明日报出版社，2011年.
[12]刘鸿武：《黑非洲文化研究》，上海：华东师范大学出版社，1997年.
[13]毛华鹤：《印象美利坚AND欧罗巴》，北京：石油工业出版社，2009年.
[14]王晓朝，李磊主编：《宗教学导论》，北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2006年.
[15]王崇尧：《宗教与文化：基督宗教与现代伦理》，台湾：台湾复文兴业股份有限公司，1993年.
[16]谢英兰：《美国黑人文化》，北京：中国妇女出版社，2003年.
[17]熊坤鑫主编：《宗教理论与宗教对策》，北京：中央民族大学出版社，2008年.
[18]游斌：《希伯来圣经的文本、历史与思想世界》，北京：宗教文化出版社，2007.
[19]赵林：《西方文化概论》，北京：高度教育出版社，2008.
[20]卓新平：《全球化的宗教与当代中国》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2008.