摘要
本文在对分级机工况条件与工作原理进行分析的前提下,选择高铬铸铁代替原使用的灰铸铁作为分级机叶片材料,并通过试验研究了高铬铸铁叶片的成份、组织和性能。主要内容有:对分级机叶片进行受力和失效分析;确定高铬铸铁的成分、熔炼、铸造及热处理工艺,浇注试样;探讨了不同热处理工艺下,试样基体组织和碳化物的变化及其对试样力学性能和耐磨性的影响;通过金相观察、X射线衍射分析、能谱分析、洛氏硬度实验、冲击韧性实验、耐磨性实验、磨损试样的磨损面观察和冲击断口观察研究试样组织与性能之间的关系;确定最佳热处理工艺,制取叶片,并投入工艺性实验。
高铬铸铁叶片最终确定成分为:碳3.0%、铬14.0%、硅1.3%、锰1.3%、钒0.1%、硫,磷＜0.05%。在本实验温度范围内,850℃正火+回火态试样具有最佳综合力学性能。实验结果表明:高铬铸铁叶片成分中加入的钒对组织有很好的细化作用;叶片材料在铸态下基体组织中就出现了大面积分布的屈氏体,正火后基体组织向更多的屈氏体分布发展,同时基体中残余奥氏体量增多,试样硬度降低,冲击韧性提高,断裂类型由脆性断裂变为准解离+韧窝混合断裂;回火后残余奥氏体量减少,残余奥氏体量在21.67%时,合金材料耐磨性最佳。
此外,本文将在叶片底部出现的粒状珠光体组织与叶片顶部、中部出现的层片状珠光体组织进行比较,并对前者形成原因及其对性能的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:基体宏观偏析是粒状珠光体形成的主要原因;粒状珠光体的硬度和冲击韧性均优于层片状珠光体,但耐磨性较差;在本实验温度范围内,随着正火温度提高,珠光体球化更完全。900℃正火试样珠光体球化完全,但耐磨性较差,850℃正火试样拥有最佳耐磨性。
On the premise of analyzing the working condition and the working principle of the classifier blade, high chromium white cast iron were chosen for the material of classifier blade instead of gray cast iron. The microstructure and properties of the classifier blade were also researched by experiment. In the paper, stress analyzing and failure analysis of the classifier blade were carried, the composition and the process of smelting, casting and heat-treatment of high chromium cast iron were decided. The changes of matrix microstructure and carbide of high chromium cast iron and the effect on performance were studied with different heat treatment process. By means of microstructure observation, X-ray Difractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), rock well hardness test, impact-toughness test, abrasive wear test and observation of the wear surface and the as-cast morphology of impact fracture, mechanical properties and wear resistance were researched. The optimal heat treatment process was determined, preparate blade,then put it into manufacturability experiment.
The chemical composition selected ultimately of the high alloy white cast iron blade: chromium 14.0%,carbon3.0%,vanadium0.1%,silicon1.3%,manganese1.3%,sulphur andphosphorus<0.05%. In the experimental temperature range, the sample after normalized at 850℃and tempering have best overall mechanical properties. The experimental results indicate that: Vanadium in the high chromium white cast iron blade is beneficial to refining microstructures; large distribution of the troostite in matrix structure of area appeared in the material of blade at as-cast. With normalized temperature increasing, troostite quantity and residual austenite both increasd, the strength decreased and the toughness improved. The fractographic features transferred brittle fracture to quasi-cleavage fracture and dimple fracture mixed features; After tempering, the amount of retained austenite decreased. Alloy has best wear resistance, when the amount of retained austenite is 21.67%.
Moreover, the structure of the granular pearlite appeared at the bottom and lamellar pearlite on the top or middle of the blade were compared, and the forming reason of the former and the influence on the properties were also studied. The results show that the main cause of pearlite spheroidization is the macro-segregation of the matrix.. Both hardness and impact toughness of the granular pearlite are better than the lamellar pearlite's, but the lamellar wear resistance of pearlite is weaker. In the experimental temperature range, as normalized temperature rising, pearlite spheroidization process more absolutely. Sample at 900℃normalized whose wear resistance is weaker have spheroidized absolutely, and the sample at 850℃normalized have best wear resistance.
引文
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