摘要
产业集群是一个有机的组织,各种各样的创业活动是构成产业集群生命的组成细胞。产业集群形成和演化的主要驱动力量就是创业活动,而另一方面,产业集群由于其与生俱来的独特竞争力,从而能降低创业成本,激发更多数量的创业机会,聚集更高质量的创业资源,并推动后来创业者的创业活动深化。
针对产业集群内创业的理论和实证研究都在试图了解产业集群内创业为何会更加成功,以及创业活动在产业集群中发生的几率为何要高于非产业集群。究其原因,尽管在非产业集群,创业环境对创业过程进而对创业绩效也会产生影响,但影响的显著性和持久性相比于产业集群要弱一些,这是因为在产业集群内,创业环境的动态性、复杂性和宽松性特征更加明显,系统的创业机制、高关联性的关系网络、完善的产业化体系等环境要素更加有利于新创企业生存和成长,这些环境特征和要素有助于创业者的能力提升、创业机会的合理利用和创业资源的有效整合,进而有助于提升创业绩效产出水平。另一方面,集群内创业研究通常是把对象锁定在政府扶持建设的经济集聚区和高新技术产业集群内,而对民间自发形成的“草根型”非高新技术产业集群内的创业活动几乎很少涉及,这类产业集群恰恰又是我国产业集群的主体,面广量大的这类产业集群形成了我国经济的基本面。鉴于此,对代表着产业集群构成主体的“草根型”非高新技术产业集群内的创业绩效及其影响因素加以研究就显得更有必要。本文在相关理论和实证研究成果的基础上,结合结构方程模型等实证研究方法,以“环境→过程→绩效”为基本范式,将创业环境特征、创业过程和创业绩效有机地纳入到产业集群背景下的整体架构内,从而研究产业集群内创业绩效及其与直接和间接影响因素之间的关系。在理论上,这有助于创业理论与产业集群理论的交叉融合,从彼此错位的角度观察创业理论与产业集群理论的发展,推动两者的交互研究,为创业理论研究框架的发展提供情境参考；在实践上,这有助于了解创业活动在产业集群中发生的比率远高于孤立区位的原因,剖析产业集群内创业活动机理。
本文首先从产业集群、产业集群内创业、创业绩效及其影响因素这4个方面对国内外相关文献进行了综述和探讨了有待进一步研究的问题,从而阐明了本文研究的理论基础。其次,基于相关理论基础,对产业集群内创业环境、创业过程(包括创业资源、创业者和创业机会)、创业绩效这3个要素进行了内涵界定和合理的维度划分,在此基础上,构建了包括产业集群内创业环境的复杂性、动态性、宽松性,创业过程的机会、资源、创业者,新创企业的生存、成长、员工满意度、顾客满意度共10个潜变量的理论模型,并结合相关理论和实证研究成果,提出了理论模型中潜变量间关系的21条相关研究假设。第三,在遵循规范程序基础上,本文对产业集群内创业环境、创业过程和创业绩效的量表进行了设计,确定了各个维度所应该包含的具体题项数量和内容,并基于江苏省不锈钢产业集群和汽摩配件产业集群内的新创企业为问卷调查对象所获得的两次样本数据,通过第一次样本数据的探索性因子分析,删除了识别效果不够好的题项,确认了量表中的各个潜变量维度,进一步地通过第二次样本数据的验证性因子分析,提炼了量表的具体题项,进行了拟合指数检验和相关系数分析,以及量表的信度与效度检验。最后,对所构建的结构相对复杂的产业集群内创业环境、创业过程与创业绩效之间关系的理论模型进行了适当的分拆处理,并设定了关于产业集群内创业环境、创业过程与创业绩效关系的6个分模型和1个全模型,基于结构方程模型等实证研究方法,利用AMOS、SPSS等统计分析软件,对这7个模型分别用绝对和相对拟合指数进行了模型的评价,并根据模型评价结果适度地进行了模型修正,对修正后的模型,针对所提出的所有假设进行了显著性检验,从而得到了模型假设检验的结果,在此基础上,对假设检验结果进行了详细讨论,分析了得到支持的相关假设的启示,而对未得到支持的相关假设,则结合江苏省汽摩配件产业集群和不锈钢产业集群,揭示了其背后的原因。
本文的创新之处主要表现在：基于产业集群情景嵌入,讨论并证实了创业环境、创业过程与创业绩效之间存在的传导关系；开发了产业集群内创业环境、创业过程和创业绩效量表,并证实了量表的可靠性和有效性；构建了产业集群内创业环境、创业过程与创业绩效之间传导关系的结构方程模型,并对模型进行了评价和修正；提出了产业集群内创业环境、创业过程与创业绩效之间传导关系的研究假设,并得到了假设检验的结果。
Industrial cluster is an organic organization, composed of a variety of entrepreneurial activities as the basic cells of its life. Entrepreneurial activities are the main driving force of clusters'formation and evolution, but on the other hand, industrial clusters, with its unique and inherent competitive advantages, can reduce entrepreneurial costs, stimulate a greater number of entrepreneurial opportunities, gather higher-quality entrepreneurial resources, and promote the deepening of the later entrepreneurs'activities.
The theoretical and empirical studies on entrepreneurial activities of industrial clusters have been trying to find out the reasons why entrepreneurial activities seem to be even more successful, and the reasons why entrepreneurial activities occur more in industrial clusters than in non-industry clusters. Despite the non-industrial clusters, entrepreneurial environment on the entrepreneurial process and thus also have an impact on entrepreneurial performance, but significant and persistent of the impact are weaker compared to the industrial cluster, because within the industrial cluster, the dynamics, complexity, and relaxed of entrepreneurial environment are more obvious, features of the system's entrepreneurial mechanism, the high correlation's network and the perfect industrial system and other elements of entrepreneurial environment are more conducive to the survival and growth of new enterprises, which contribute to the capacity increase, the rational use of entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial resources integration, and thus help to improve the entrepreneurial performance level. A systematic study of entrepreneurial performance and its factors becomes very significant. Therefore, based on the relevant literature and theoretical results, and combined with structure equation model and other empirical research methods, this research holds "environment→process→performance" as its basic paradigm, and integrates the characteristics of entrepreneurial environment, process and performance within the context of the overall framework of the organic industrial clusters to study the entrepreneurial performance in industrial clusters and the relationships between performance and its direct and indirect affecting factors. In theory, this research is helpful for the cross-integration of entrepreneurial theories and the theories of industrial clusters by observing the developments of entrepreneurial theories and the theories of industrial clusters from a angle of dislocation, so as to promote the interactive studies between entrepreneurial theories and the theories of industrial clusters; in this way, the research can provide situational references for the formation and development of the framework of entrepreneurial theories. In practice, the research can help people understand the role of entrepreneurial activities in the formation and development of industrial clusters, and the reasons why the rate of entrepreneurial activities' occurrence in clusters is much higher than that in isolated locations; therefore it can further help analyze the mechanism of entrepreneurial activities in industrial clusters.
The research has firstly reviewed the related literature from the following four aspects:domestic and international industrial clusters, entrepreneurial activities within industrial clusters, entrepreneurial performance and its influencing factors and has discussed the issues for further researches, which are the theoretical basis of this research. Secondly, based on relevant theories, the research has defined the meanings of the following three important components, that is, entrepreneurial environment, processes (including entrepreneurial resources, entrepreneurs, and opportunities), and performance within the industrial clusters, and also has divided them into reasonable dimensions. On this basis, a theoretical model has been constructed, which is composed of the following ten latent variables:the complexity, dynamics, and relaxed nature of entrepreneurial environment, the opportunities, resources, and entrepreneurs of entrepreneurial processes, the survival, growth, employees'satisfaction, customers' satisfaction of entrepreneurial business within industrial clusters. Besides, combined with related theories and research findings, a correlation research assumptions on the relationships between the above latent variables has been put forward, and the assumptions is composed of 21 assumptions. Thirdly, following standard procedures, an appraisal scale concerning entrepreneurial environment, processes, and performance within industrial clusters has been designed; the number and the content of the specific items which should be included in various dimensions have been fixed. Based on data from the two samples, with pioneering enterprises from stainless steel industrial clusters and automobile &motorcycle parts industrial clusters in Jiangsu Province as the object of the questionnaire, through exploratory factor analysis of first sample data, those terms which are not effective for identification have been deleted to further confirm the dimensions of the latent variables in the scale; through confirmatory factor analysis of the secondary sample data, the specific items of the scale have been further refined, and then the fit index test and correlation coefficient analysis have been held, as well as the reliability and validity of the scale. Finally, the relatively complex theoretical models of the constructed structure were under a spin-off process; meanwhile, six sub-models and a whole model have been established, concerning entrepreneurial environment, processes, and performance within industrial clusters. Based on structural equation models and other empirical research methods, with the aid of AMOS, SPSS,etc., statistical analysis software, those seven models went through an absolute and relative fit index evaluation process and then the models would be revised appropriately according to the results of the evaluation. Then, the refined models went through a significance test in terms of all the assumptions made above, so that the testing results of the assumptions were obtained. On this basis, the testing results of assumptions were discussed in detail. The enlightenments of those assumptions supported by testing results have been analyzed, while for those assumptions which were not supported by testing results, the underlying reasons have been revealed by analyzing stainless steel industrial clusters and automobile & motorcycle parts industrial clusters.
The innovation of this research mainly displays in:studying entrepreneurial performance within the contest of industrial clusters and the relationships between entrepreneurial performance and its affecting factors; combined with semi-structured interviews and other methods, drawing up models concerning entrepreneurial environment, process and performance within the context of industrial clusters under the full consideration of "China's situation" embedded in the industrial clusters; with the factors affecting entrepreneurial performance as the main clue, studying the influences of entrepreneurial environment on entrepreneurial process, as well as its conductive effects on entrepreneurial performance from the perspective of industrial clusters; based on the two sample datas collected from stainless steel industrial clusters and automobile &motorcycle parts industrial clusters in Jiangsu Province, applying the structural equation model to the research of conductive effects between entrepreneurship environment, process, and performance within the context of industrial clusters.
引文
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