摘要
本文选取了国内产业这一贸易救济的基础性概念作为研究的对象，主要通过分析WTO争端解决机构就有关问题的裁决，试图阐明这一概念的内涵以及其对贸易救济调查的启动和损害确定的影响。
论文第一章对研究背景、选题意义和研究方法作了概括性介绍。贸易救济是国际货物贸易法律制度中的一项重要内容。贸易救济类争议是WTO的DSB所受理的最主要的一类争议，中国所遭受的贸易救济摩擦也在逐年增多，因此加强对贸易救济规则的研究有重要的理论和现实意义。“国内产业”是贸易救济中的基础性概念，它是判断贸易救济调查的申请人是否具有合法资格的基准，也是损害确定的对象，值得做专题研究。
论文第二章首先回顾了GATT对国内产业规定的演变历程。肯尼迪回合《反倾销守则》最早对“产业”作出定义，这一定义后来被东京回合的《反补贴守则》所借用。GATT时期涉及“国内产业”定义的3起案件涉及了“国内产业”界定的核心问题：国内产业横向范围的确定和纵向范围的确定。新西兰变电器案明确了国内产业横向范围的确定取决于同类产品的范围；美国葡萄酒案和加拿大牛肉案明确了产业的纵向融合程度不会对国内产业的纵向范围产生影响。
在介绍和分析了GATT时期的规定及有关案件后，第二章继续对WTO有关协定对“国内产业”的规定进行了介绍和分析。WTO贸易救济协定继承了GATT有关守则对“国内产业”的规定并在其基础上进一步完善。从法律性质上来说，“国内产业”条款不仅是一个定义式的条款，也给WTO成员方施加了遵守这一定义的义务，成员方不按照该定义条款的规定行事将构成对该条款的违反。从逻辑关系上来说，“国内产业”的两种定义方式是并列的，成员方可以任选其一。WTO规定了“关联”生产者和自身为进口商的生产者可以作为“国内产业”定义的例外，但没有给成员方调查机构行使该项裁量权设置一定的标准或限制。在多哈回合反倾销规则谈判过程中，成员方对限制该项裁量权的行使提出了一些建议，但没有达成共识。
WTO主要成员方对国内产业的定义与WTO有关协定基本一致，但对关联生产者例外这项自由裁量权的行使并没有形成稳定的可预期的标准，凸显了WTO在这方面形成统一规则的必要性。
论文第三章解析了“国内产业”这一概念的基本要素，并分析了“国内产业”这一概念与贸易救济调查启动的关系。WTO贸易救济协定对“国内产业”的定义包含了“同类产品”、“生产者”和“主要部分”三项要素，协定对“同类产品”的认定赋予了成员方很大自由的裁量权，也没有解释“生产者”和“主要部分”的含义。本文主要结合DSB的裁决进行分析，以期探明“国内产业”这一定义的内涵和外延。
“同类产品”的认定取决于被调查产品的界定以及与国内受影响的产品相同或相似性的认定。由于WTO有关协定对被调查产品的界定没有做出任何规定，在贸易救济的实践中，调查机关对被调查产品的确定存在较大随意性，而WTO对此没有规定有效的规制方法。在个别案件中，调查机构通过对同类产品的特殊界定方式将部分同类产品予以排除，从而影响国内产业的范围，这种做法被专家组认定为违反“国内产业”的定义。
DSB通过美国羊肉案、多米尼加保障措施案、欧盟鲑鱼案和墨西哥橄榄油案明确了几种特殊情况下生产者的认定规则：原材料的生产者一般不属于成品的生产者，仅参与部分生产工序但是将产品直接推向市场的生产者是该最终产品的生产者，不要求生产者在申请发起贸易救济调查和损害调查期间都持续进行生产。在对“生产者”的含义进行解释时，应首先做通常意义上的理解，并参照上下文和贸易救济协定的目的和宗旨进行解释。
“主要部分”是“国内产业”定义中的核心概念。阿根廷禽肉反倾销案的专家组首先对这一概念进行了解释，认为“主要”意味着“重要的、严重的或显著的”，“主要部分”国内生产者的总产量可以低于同类产品国内总产量的50%。这一解释引起部分WTO成员方的焦虑，导致他们在多哈回合反倾销规则谈判过程中提议对“国内产业”定义进行修改，但成员方对此未达成一致。上诉机构通过欧盟紧固件案，对“主要部分”的解释提出了三项指导性意见，这三项意见既考虑了调查机构个案灵活处理的需要，又对调查机构的裁量权做出了适度限制。在欧盟鲑鱼案和欧盟紧固件案中，欧盟都提出了这样一个观点：只要调查机构所界定的国内产业已经包括了国内总产量“主要部分”的生产者，调查机构就可以将某些种类的生产者排除在国内产业的范围外。本文对这种观点进行了反驳。
国内产业的概念与申请人的资格息息相关，在多哈反倾销规则的谈判中涉及了与申请人资格有关的两个问题：行业协会代表国内产业提出调查申请的资格问题以及申请的支持率问题。目前为止规则谈判在这两个问题上尚未取得实质性的突破，对此我们要给予持续的关注。
论文第四章分析了国内产业与损害确定之间的关系。由于现行WTO协定的损害确定规则赋予了成员方调查机构较大的自由裁量权以及规则本身的不充分、不严谨，在贸易保护主义的推动下，各国在损害的确定上往往表现出相当大的随意性。在损害确定过程中，调查机构在国内产业问题上的一些做法容易引起争议。
首先，调查机构会根据需要对损害确定的对象范围进行灵活地调整，例如使用国内产业范围之外的信息来证明损害（欧盟床上用品案中欧盟的做法），使用国内产业中的部分生产者的信息来证明损害（墨西哥钢管反倾销案中墨西哥的做法），将国内产业中的特定部分或部门所遭受的损害等同于该产业整体所遭受的损害（墨西哥高果糖玉米糖浆案中墨西哥的做法），或者对国内产业中的特定部分或部门的信息给予了格外的关注（美国热轧钢案中美国的做法）。笔者主张，调查机构不得依据“国内产业”范围之外的国内生产者信息进行损害确定；不得前后不一致地选择使用不同组别生产者的数据来证明损害的存在；在对国内生产者进行抽样时，只能使用被抽样企业的信息进行损害确定，不得选择性地使用被抽样企业和未被抽样企业的信息来证明损害；不得以对“国内产业”中一部分市场的分析来替代对“国内产业”整体的分析。
其次，调查机构在损害确定的过程中往往对“国内产业”中的生产者进行抽样，从而缩小了损害确定的信息来源，影响损害确定结果的客观性。欧盟鲑鱼案的专家组肯定了损害确定中抽样的合法性。在欧盟紧固件案中，中国对调查机关抽样方式的恰当性提出了质疑，即被抽样企业能否充分代表国内产业。该案专家组裁决，被抽样企业在产量上足以代表国内产业即满足了代表性的要求。笔者认为，被抽样企业在产量上的代表性只是衡量抽样恰当性的因素之一，如果申诉方证明调查机构存在将特定种类的生产者从抽样备选对象中剔除的事实，就证明了调查机构的做法会增加调查结果被扭曲的风险，从而违反WTO对损害确定客观性的要求。
论文第五章分析了我国对国内产业问题的规定及实践。我国对国内产业问题的认识经历了一个逐步深入的过程。在入世之前，我国对国内产业的定义与WTO有关协定的定义存在一些差异，表现在如下方面：首先，将国内产业定义为国内生产者全体或者占全部总产量“大部分”的生产者，而非“主要部分”的生产者；其次，没有对“相同或类似产品”的含义做出解释；第三，没有区域产业例外的规定；第四，没有对“关联”生产者进行解释。我国调查机构在入世之前的贸易救济实践存在的最主要问题是没有认清国内产业的界定和申请人的资格两者之间的联系和区别。
在入世之后，我国对国内产业的规定逐渐完善，与WTO规则趋于一致。贸易救济调查的实践对国内产业问题的处理也越来越符合WTO规则。首先，在形式上克服了入世前将国内产业和申请人的资格相混淆的缺陷；其次，坚持以总产量达到同类产品国内总产量50%作为界定国内产业的门槛；第三，灵活、公正地处理关联生产者和进口经营者是否予以排除的问题。
我国在DSB被诉的案件有两起涉及国内产业问题，笔者根据分析认为，商务部的做法确有待改进之处。
This paper focuses on the subject of domestic industry, which is a fundamentalconcept in trade remedy. By analysing the rulings of DSB of WTO regarding thisissue, the author tries to find out the meaning of this concept, and its effect on thecommencement of trade remedy and on the process of injury determination.
The first chapter describes the background, significance and study method of thispaper. Trade remedial measures are an important part in the legal framework ofinternational trade law. The dispute on trade remedy is one of the most importanttypes of dispute rulings by the DSB of WTO. China has been involved in increasingnumber of disputes regarding trade remedy. Therefore, it is necessary to study themultilateral rules on trade remedy."Domestic industry" is a fundamental concept intrade remedy, which is the benchmark to judge the eligibility of the applicant for traderemedy, and the subject of injury determination. Therefore, this thesis will focus onthe subject of domestic industry.
The second chapter overviews the evolution of definition on domestic industryduring the GATT period. The Anti-dumping Code of Kennedy Round defined the term"industry" for the first time, which was later adopted by the Subsidies Code of TokyoRound. There were three cases involving the definition of "industry" during theperiod of GATT, which dealt with the essence of the definition—the identification of the horizontal and vertical range of an industry. New Zealand-transformer establishesthe rule that the horizontal range of an industry depends on the range of "like product".United States-wine and Canada-beef establishes the rule that the degree of vertical
integration will not affect the vertical range of an industry.Having discussed on the provisions and cases during the GATT period, thesecond chapter continues to analyze the provisions on domestic industry in WTOcovered agreements. The WTO covered agreements follow the provisions regarding"industry" in Anti-dumping Code and Subsidies Code of Tokyo Round and makeimprovements. The term "domestic industry" can be interpreted as referring to thedomestic producers as a whole of the like products or to those of them whosecollective output of the products constitutes a major proportion of the total domesticproduction of those products. This definition not only stipulates the meaning of theterm, but also imposes obligations on Members which can be the basis of a finding ofviolation. The definition offers members with two parallel options. The definitionalprovision stipulates an exception that the term "domestic industry" may be interpretedas referring to the rest of the producers when producers are related to the exporters orimporters or are themselves importers of the allegedly dumped or subsidized product.However, there is no standard with which the investigating authority can exercise thisdiscretion. During the negotiation of anti-dumping rules in Doha Round, some
members propose to limit the discretion, but no consensus comes into being.The developed country members of WTO define domestic industry in a likemanner with the provisions of WTO, but they treat related producers withoutforeseeable standard. Therefore, it is necessary for WTO to make uniform rules on
this subject.The third chapter discusses the three elements in the dentition of "domesticindustry", and the relationship between the definition and the initiation of traderemedy investigation. The definition of "domestic industry" in WTO coveredagreements is vague because there is no explanation of the concepts of "producer"and "a major proportion", and because members have unlimited discretion on theidentification of "like product".Therefore, by analyzing DSB's rulings, this thesis will discuss the meaning of domestic industry and point out the problems inexercising discretion.
The identification of "like product" depends on the definition of the productunder investigation and on the identification of the similarity thereof. Absence of anyprovision on the definition of the product under investigation in WTO coveredagreements, the investigating authorities may define the product under investigationarbitrarily. In exceptional cases, the panel decided that the investigating authorityacted inconsistently with its obligations under the definitional provision of domesticindustry in the Agreement on Safeguards by excluding from the definition of thedirectly competitive domestic product certain like or directly competitive productsand, ultimately, producers of the like or directly competitive product, for the purposeof defining the domestic industry.
The DSB clarified the following rules on defining producers under certaincircumstances in the cases of US-Lamb, Dominican Republic-Safeguard Measures，EC-Salmon(Norway) and Mexico-Olive Oil: the supplier of input is not the producerof the end-product; the producer who participates in only part of the production butmarkets the end-product is regarded as the producer of the end-product; there is norequirement that an enterprise must actually produce the like product at the time of theapplication for the purpose of initiation and during the period of investigation for thepurpose of the injury investigation in order to constitute a producer. In explaining theterm of "producer", we shall first pay attention to its ordinary meaning, consideringits context and the purpose of the agreements on trade remedy.
"A major proportion" is the critical concept in the definition of "domesticindustry". The panel of Argentina-Poultry Anti-Dumping Duties interpreted theconcept for the first time. The panel decided that "major"meant "important, serious, orsignificant" and "a major proportion" did not necessarily mean50per cent or more ofthe total domestic production. This interpretation caused anxiety among somemembers, and they proposed to amend the definition of "domestic industry" duringthe negotiation of Doha Round. However, no consensus was reached on theamendment. In EC-Fasteners(China), the Appellate Body expressed its opinion of the interpretation of "a major proportion", balancing between the necessity forflexibility and the necessity for proper restraint on the disretion of investigatingauthority. In EC—Salmon (Norway) and EC-Fasteners (China), EU alleged that aslong as "a major proportion" of total domestic production is included in the defined"domestic industry", the investigation authority could exclude certain types ofproducers from it. This point has no legal basis.
The requirement of standing of the applicant for trade remedy is affected by thedefinition of domestic industry. In the negotiation on antidumping rules during theDoha Round, two issues were raised on this issue: the standing of trade association asrepresentative of domestic industry, and the threshold of an application. Althoughthere is no substantial progress on these issues, we need to continue to pay attention.
The forth chapter focuses on the relationship between the definition of domesticindustry and injury determination. Because the WTO covered agreements do not limitthe discretion of the investigation authority in injury determination and the rules oninjury determination are incomplete, members are quite arbitrary in injurydetermination. Some practices on the issue of domestic industry by investigationauthorities in the process of injury determination are readily causing disputes. Firstly,investigation authorities sometimes change the subject of injury determination. Forexample, the authority in EC-Bed Linen used information concerning companies thatare not within the domestic industry to demonstrate injury, the authority in Mexico-Steel Pipes and Tubes used information concerning part of the companies in thedomestic industry to demonstrate injury, the authority in Mexico-Corn Syrup treatedthe injury suffered by part of domestic industry as the injury suffered by the wholeindustry, and the authority in US-Hot-Rolled Steel primarily focus the informationconcerning part of the industry. This author believes that these measures areinconsistent with the obligation of objective examination under WTO agreements.
Secondly, investigation authority sometimes uses sampling in injurydetermination to narrow the information resources so that the objectivity of injurydetermination may be affected. The panel of EC—Salmon (Norway) confirmed thelegitimacy of sampling in injury determination. In EC-Fasteners (China), China challenged the representativeness of the sample. The panel decided that a selectionbased on volume of production could satisfy the requirement of representativeness.This author takes the view that the volume of production is only one of the elementsin considering the representativeness of sample. If the complainant proves the factthat the authority excludes from the sample a particular type of producers, it isobvious that the authority raises the risk of distorting the result so that it violates therequirement of objective examination.
The fifth chapter analyses the provisions and cases on "domestic industry" inChina. Today, China has a more accurate recognition of the issue of domestic industrythan before. Before entering into WTO, China defined the term of domestic industry abit different from WTO: first, China defined the term of domestic industry as referringto the domestic producers as a whole of the like products or to those of them whosecollective output of the products constitutes a "majority" of the total domesticproduction of those products; second, China did not interprete the term of identical orlike product; third, China did not provide the regional exception; forth, China had noexplanation of related producers. In practice, the main problem with the investigationauthority lay in the confusion of the definition of domestic industry and the standingof applicant.
After entering into WTO, China has modified the provisions on domestic industry.Chinese investigating authority treats the issue of domestic industry consistently withits obligation under WTO. First, it distinguishes the issue of domestic industry fromthe standing of the applicant; second, it insists on50percent or more of the totalproduction of like product as the threshold of domestic industry; third, it excludes therelated producers and producers as importers flexibly and with justification.
China has been the respondent in two cases involving the issue of domesticindustry. The author believes that the Ministry of Commerce could made someimprovements.
引文
1赵维田：《垂范与指导作用——WTO体制中事实上的“先例”原则》，载《国际贸易》2003年第9期，第39页。
1Terence P. Steward, The GATT Uruguay Round: a Negotiating History (1986‐1992),Volume II: Commentary,Kluwer Law and Taxation Publisher, P1428‐1429.
1Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para2.4、2.6.
2United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para3.13.
1United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para3.14.
1参见GATT Anti‐Dumping Checklist: comments by governments on Items I‐V and IX‐XIII, TN.64/NTB/W/12/Add.1‐9,13July1966.
2Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para3.9‐3.11.
1Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para3.12‐3.15.
2United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para3.10.
1Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para3.7.
1Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para5.8.
1Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para5.12.
2Certain Table Wine from France and Italy, USITC Pub.1502(March,1984),转引自N. David Palmeter, InjuryDeterminations in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases‐a Commentary on US practice,(1987)21Jounal ofWorld Trade, Issue2, P132.
3United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para4.4.
1Communication from the United States, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/1,16March1987; Communication from theUnited States, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/1,14December1987.
2Communication from Australia, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/15,30November1987.
3Communication from Canada, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/25,28June1989.
4本文第三章第三节对该案进行了详细分析。
5Argentina‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, Para7.338.
6European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.88.
7同6, para7.117‐118.
1United States‐Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/R, para.7.146、7.158.
2United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R,para.240(d).
3European Communities–Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea,WT/DS299/R, para8.1.
5European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,para6.174.
1China‐Anti‐Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States(DS427)‐‐Second Written Submission of the United States(Public Version), November2,2012, para141.
1宫桓刚：《反倾销中“国内产业”的界定》，《进出口经理人》2008年第6期，第48‐49页。
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.195.
1Council Regulation(EC) No261/2008of17March2008imposing a definitive anti‐dumping duty on imports ofcertain compressors originating in the People’s Republic of China.
2彭文革、徐文芳：《倾销与反倾销法论》，武汉大学出版社1997年版，第4页。
1Proposal of the Definition of Domestic Industry: Exclusion Standards, TN/RL/GEN/62,16September2005.
2Draft Consolidated Chair Texts of the AD and SCM Agreements, TN/RL/W/213,30November2007.
1Drafting Proposals on Issues relating to the Definition and Determination of “Domestic Industry”(Article4.1)and the Standing Requirement (Article5.4) of the Anti‐dumping Agreement, TN/RL/W/230,17April2008, paras10‐15.
2Communication from the Chairman, TN/RL/W/254,21April2011.
3王荣康：《WTO框架下的反倾销启动程序研究》，西南政法大学2002年，第54页。
119U.S.C.§1677(4)(B)(1988).
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1马忠法：《美国对中国反倾销案例研究：轻工业含家电、电子及纺织品类产品案例》，复旦大学出版社2009年版，第34‐35页。
2Inv. No.731‐TA‐26(Final), USITC Pub.1088(Aug.1980) at8.转引自N. David PALMTER, Injury Determinations inAntidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases‐A Commentary on U.S. Practice, Journal of World Trade Law,P134‐135.
3德林著，毛悦等译：《美国贸易保护商务指南：反倾销、反补贴和保障措施法规、实践与程序》，社会科学文献出版社2007年版，第246‐247页。
1Senator Report No249,96th Cong.,1st Sess.,1979, P83.
4Council Regulation (EC) No1225/2009of30November2009on protection against dumped imports fromcountries not members of the European Community.
1邓德雄著：《欧盟反倾销的法律与实践》，社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第147页。
3Commission Regulation (EEC) No.920/93of15April1993imposing a provisional anti‐dumping duty on importsof certain magnetic disks(3,5mirodisks) originating in Japan, Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China,1993OJL095, recital40.
1邓德雄著：《欧盟反倾销的法律与实践》，社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第149‐150页。
2Europe's trade defense instruments in a changing global economy, A Green Paper for public consultation,COM(2006)763final, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_131477.pdf.
3Council Regulation imposing a definitive anti‐dumping duty on imports of certain iron or steel fastenersoriginating in the People's Republic of China,5121/1/09REV1, recitals115‐118.
5Commission Regulation (EC) No618/2000of22March2000imposing a provisional countervailing duty onimports of stainless steel fasteners originating in Malaysia and the Philippines, recital130.
1邓德雄著：《欧盟反倾销的法律与实践》，社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第151页。
2Council Regulation(EC) No261/2008of17March2008imposing a definitive anti‐dumping duty on imports ofcertain compressors originating in the People’s Republic of China.
1Korea—Anti‐Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia, WT/DS312/R, para7.221.
2《关于原产于欧盟的进口X射线安全检查设备反倾销案最终调查结论》，商务部公告2011年第1号，第17‐18页。
3China‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on X‐Ray Security Inspection Equipment from the European Union,WT/DS425/R,26February2013, para7.16.
1Second Contriubution to Discussion of the Negotiating Group on Rules on Anti‐dumping Measures, TN/RL/W/10,228June2002.
P2roposal on Product under Consideration‐Communication from Brazil, Chile, Israel, Korea, Singapore,Switzerland, Thailand, TN/RL/GEN/50,1July2005.
1张亮：《多哈回合反倾销谈判中的同类产品认定问题探讨》，《世界贸易组织动态与研究》，2007年第7期，P2。
2United States‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand andAustralia, WT/DS177‐178/AB/R, para87.
3Dominican Republic‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric,WT/DS415‐418/R, Para7.172.
1Dominican Republic‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric,WT/DS415‐418/R, Para7.194‐195.
2United States‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand andAustralia, WT/DS177‐178/AB/R, para84.
1徐长玉主编：《微观经济学》，西北大学出版社2008年版，第65页。
3Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para3.12.
4United States‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand andAustralia, WT/DS177‐178/R, para7.49.
2United States‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and
4United States‐Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para4.5.
2Argentina‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/DS121/AB/R, para94.
1United States‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand andAustralia, WT/DS177‐178/AB/R, para90.
3European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.108‐110.
4Dominican Republic‐Safeguard Measures on Imports of Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric,WT/DS415‐418/R, Para7.199.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.84.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.91‐7.92.
1栾信杰：《“国内工业”——美国反倾销法中的“灰色区域”》，载《外国经济与管理》1996年第2期，第32页。
2Christian Tietje&Bernhard Kluttig, the Definition of Community Industry in EU Anti‐dumping Law, Global Tradeand Customs Journal,2008(3), p91.
1Mexico‐Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the European Communities, WT/DS341/R, para7.181‐182.
1Japan‐Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS11/AB/R, Part D.
2赵维田：《WTO解释条约的习惯规则》，湖南科学技术出版社2006年版，第7页。
3Canada‐Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC, SCM/85, para5.2.
4United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products, SCM/71‐39S/436, para4.2.
1Mexico‐Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the European Communities, WT/DS341/R, para7.202.
1黄涧秋：《论保障措施调查中的国内产业》，《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2005年第9期，第25页。
1Argentina‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, Para7.329.
3英文原文为：“unusually important, serious or significant”。
4Argentina‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, Para7.331.
2Argentina‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, Para7.343.
4European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.186.
3European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.192.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/AB/R, para419.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para.7.212.
2Proposal on the Definition of Domestic Industry Article4.1of the Anti‐Dumping Agreement, TN/RL/GEN/27,2December2004.
1Argentina‐Definitive Anti‐Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R, Para7.331.
2宋和平主编：《多哈回合反倾销和反补贴规则谈判研究》，法律出版社2011年版，第159页。
3李立：《浅析多哈回合中国内产业的定义》，《经济视角》2011年第11期，第114页。
4Communication from the chairman, TN/RL/W/254,21April2011.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.94‐95.
3European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.185.
2European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.112.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.105.
1United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, para193.
2European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/AB/R, para414.
3Identification of Additional Issues under the Anti‐dumping and Subsidies Agreements, TN/RL/W/98,6May2003.
1Anti‐dumping Actions in the Area of Textiles and Clothing: Developing Members’ Experiences and Concerns,TN/RL/W/48/Rev.1*,5February2003, P2‐3.
1《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于欧盟的进口马铃薯淀粉反补贴调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2011年第54号，第1页。
2European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,para6.202.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,Para6.209.
3Proposals on Issues Relating to the Initiation and Completion of Investigations, TN/RL/GEN/23,20October2004,P3‐4.
4Working document from the chairman, TN/RL/W/232,28May2008, Page A‐34.
1Drafting Proposals on Issues relating to the Definition and Determination of “Domestic Industry”(Article4.1)and the Standing Requirement (Article5.4) of the Anti‐dumping Agreement, TN/RL/W/230,17April2008, paras19‐23.
1Proposals on Issues Relating to the Initiation and Completion of Investigations, TN/RL/GEN/23,20October2004,P2‐3.
2Further Submission on Issues Relating to the Initiation and Completion of Investigations, TN/RL/GEN/69,13October2005.
4Working document from the chairman, TN/RL/W/232,28May2008, Page A‐33.
1高永富、张玉卿主编：《国际反倾销法》，复旦大学出版社2001年7月第1版，第31‐32页。
1李文玺:《世贸组织/关贸总协定反倾销法》，中国政法大学出版社2006年版，第193页。
2Christian A. Conrad, Dumping and Anti‐dumping Measures from a Competition and Allocation Perspective,Journal of World Trade, Vol.36(2002), P69.
1Mexico‐Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the European Communities, WT/DS341/R, para7.287.
2Mexico‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Beef and Rice, WT/DS295/AB/R,29November2005, para.180.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.187.
2European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,para6.177‐178.
1Mexico‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Steel Pipes and Tubes from Guatemala, WT/DS331/R, para7.301.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,para6.170.
1Mexico‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Steel Pipes and Tubes from Guatemala, WT/DS331/R, para7.296‐7.297.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton‐Type Bed Linen from India, WT/DS141/R,para6.180‐181.
1Mexico‐Anti‐dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, WT/DS132/R,para7.149‐152.
1Mexico‐Anti‐dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, WT/DS132/R,para7.143‐144.
1United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/R, para7.200‐202.
3Antidumping Duty Order; Certain Hot‐Rolled Flat‐Rolled Carbon‐Quality Steel Products From Japan,64Fed. Reg.34778,34780(29June1999), para12、18.
1United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/R,para7.170‐174.
1United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, para204‐209.
1United States‐Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Hot‐Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WT/DS184/AB/R, para208.
2Mexico‐Anti‐dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, WT/DS132/R,para7.159.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.188.
1European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.130.
2European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, footnote507.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.237.
2European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, footnote309.
1European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/R, para7.239.
2European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.188.
2European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/AB/R, para414.
1高维新著：《中国贸易救济的理论与实务》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2010年版，第55页。
1李春顶：《中国对外反倾销措施的产业救济效果研究(1997～2007)》，载《南方经济》2011年第5期，第14‐15页。
2本文第三章第三节第一部分对国内产业定义中“主要部分”的含义进行了详细论述。
1Tian Yu, The10Major Problems With the Anti‐Dumping Instrument in the People's Republic of China, Journal ofWorld Trade39(1),2005, P100.
2王传丽著：《补贴与反补贴措施协定条文释义》，湖南科技出版社2006年版，第141页。
1China‐Anti‐Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States
(DS427)‐‐First Written Submission of the United States(Public Version), June27,2012, para271.
2China‐Anti‐Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the UnitedStates(DS427)‐‐First Written Submission of the United States(Public Version), June27,2012, para272.
3China‐Anti‐Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States
(DS427)‐‐Second Written Submission of the United States(Public Version), November2,2012, para141.
4European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/AB/R, para419.
2China‐Anti‐dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the United States(DS440)‐‐Requestfor the Establishment of a Panel by the United States, WT/DS440/2,18September2012.
1China‐Anti‐dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the United States (DS440)‐‐FirstWritten Submission of the United States of America, March12,2013, P34‐35.
2China‐Anti‐dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the United States (DS440)‐‐FirstWritten Submission of the United States of America, March12,2013, para120‐121.
3European Communities‐Definitive Anti‐dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China,WT/DS397/AB/R, para419.
4European Communities‐Anti‐dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway, WT/DS337/R, para7.112.
1、彭文革、徐文芳：《倾销与反倾销法论》，武汉大学出版社1997年版。
2、王荣康：《WTO框架下的反倾销启动程序研究》，西南政法大学2002年。
3、德林著，毛悦等译：《美国贸易保护商务指南：反倾销、反补贴和保障措施法规、实践与程序》，社会科学文献出版社2007年版。
4、马忠法著：《美国对中国反倾销案例研究：轻工业含家电、电子及纺织品类产品案例》，复旦大学出版社2009年版。
5、邓德雄著：《欧盟反倾销的法律与实践》，社会科学文献出版社2004年版。
6、赵维田：《WTO解释条约的习惯规则》，湖南科学技术出版社2006年版。
7、李文玺:《世贸组织/关贸总协定反倾销法》，中国政法大学出版社2006年版。
8、高维新著：《中国贸易救济的理论与实务》，对外经济贸易大学出版社2010年版。
9、王传丽著：《补贴与反补贴措施协定条文释义》，湖南科技出版社2006年版。
10、张亮著：《反倾销法损害确定问题研究》，法律出版社2006年版。
11、陈玉祥著：《美国反倾销自由裁量权制度研究》，武汉大学出版社2011年版。
12、王军等著：《WTO保障措施成案研究：1995-2005年》，北京大学出版社2008年版。
13、肖又贤著：《WTO保障措施制度理论与争端解决实践研究》，法律出版社2004年版。
14、单一著：《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》，法律出版社2009年版。
15、王振华著：《欧盟对华反倾销研究——理论框架与实证分析》，辽宁大学出版社2007年版。
1、赵玉林主编：《产业经济学（第2版）》，武汉理工大学出版社2009年。
2、徐长玉主编：《微观经济学》，西北大学出版社2008年版。
3、宋和平主编：《多哈回合反倾销和反补贴规则谈判研究》，法律出版社2011年版。
4、高永富、张玉卿主编：《国际反倾销法》，复旦大学出版社2001年7月第1版。
5、朱榄叶编著：《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析(2003-2006)》，法律出版社2008年版。
1、《2001年12月及全年进出口简况》，载《中国海关杂志》2002年第1期。
2、赵维田：《垂范与指导作用——WTO体制中事实上的“先例”原则》，载《国际贸易》2003年第9期。
3、宫桓刚：《反倾销中“国内产业”的界定》，载《进出口经理人》2008年第6期。
4、张亮：《多哈回合反倾销谈判中的同类产品认定问题探讨》，载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2007年第7期。
5、黄涧秋：《论保障措施调查中的国内产业》，载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2005年第9期。
6、李立：《浅析多哈回合中国内产业的定义》，载《经济视角》2011年第11期。
7、李春顶：《中国对外反倾销措施的产业救济效果研究(1997～2007)》，载《南方经济》2011年第5期。
8、石其宝、李袆：《中国反倾销损害客体界定方法缺陷研究》，载《法治论丛》2008年第4期。
9、张婷：《关于反倾销制度中“国内产业”范围的界定》，载《贵州民族学院学报》2004年第1期。
10、季忠祥：《反倾销法中“国内产业”界定分析》，载《合作经济与科技》2007年2月号下。
11、苟大凯：《WTO争端解决机构对“立法沉默”之含义推定》，载《国际贸易》2011年第10期。
12、陈志雄：《反倾销法中“同类产品”认定的国际比较》，载《工程机械》2004年第11期。
13、张亮：《多哈回合反倾销谈判中的同类产品认定问题探讨》，载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2007年第7期。
14、栾信杰：《“国内工业”——美国反倾销法中的“灰色区域”》，载《外国经济与管理》1996年第2期。
1、《2012年12月进出口简要情况》，http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/tongjiziliao/cf/201301/20130100015032.shtml
2、《上半年我国重点产业遭遇贸易救济调查形势综述》，http://www.cacs.gov.cn/cacs/anjian/anjianshow.aspx?str1=5&articleId=102897
3、《关于原产于欧盟的进口X射线安全检查设备反倾销案最终调查结论》，商务部公告2011年第1号。
4、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于欧盟、美国和日本的进口相纸产品反倾销调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2012年第10号。
5、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于欧盟的进口马铃薯淀粉反补贴调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2011年第54号。
6、《我国对原产于美国、加拿大、韩国的新闻纸进行反倾销立案调查》，中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部公告1997年第4号。
7、《关于对原产于加拿大、韩国和美国的进口新闻纸反倾销调查的初步裁定》，中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部公告1998年第2号。
8、《我国对原产于加拿大、韩国和美国的进口新闻纸作出反倾销终裁》，中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部公告1999年第4号。
9、《关于对原产于日本和韩国的进口不锈钢冷轧薄板反倾销调查的最终裁定》，中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部公告2000年第15号。
10、《关于对原产于美国、韩国、日本、俄罗斯和台湾地区的进口聚氯乙烯进行反倾销调查的终裁决定》，商务部公告2003年第48号。
11、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于美国的部分进口汽车产品反倾销调查和反补贴调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2011年第84号。
12、《中华人民共和国商务部对原产于印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新西兰的进口甲醇反倾销调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2010年第91号。
13、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于美国的进口白羽肉鸡产品反补贴调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2010第52号
14、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于美国的进口白羽肉鸡产品反倾销调查最终裁定》，商务部公告2010第51号
15、《中华人民共和国商务部关于原产于美国的部分进口汽车产品反倾销调查和反补贴调查的最终裁定》，商务部公告2011年第84号。
1、Isabelle Van Damme, Treaty Interpretation by the WTO Appellate Body, OxfordUniversity Press,2009.
2、Alexander Orakhelashvili, The Interpretation of Acts and Rules in PublicInternational Law, Oxford University Press,2008.
3、Van Bael, Ivo., Van Bael, Ivo., Bellis, Jean-Franc ois., Van Bael&Bellis(Firm)， EC Anti-dumping and Other Trade Defense Instruments, Wolters Kluwer,2011.
1、Terence P. Steward, The GATT Uruguay Round: a Negotiating History(1986-1992),Volume II: Commentary, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publisher.
2、Wolfgang Mueller, Nicholas Khan, and Tibor Scharf，EC and WTO Anti-DumpingLaw：A Handbook， Oxford University Press,2009.
1、N. David Palmeter, Injury Determinations in Antidumping and Countervailing DutyCases-a Commentary on US practice,(1987)21Jounal of World Trade, Issue2.
2、Christian Tietje&Bernhard Kluttig, the Definition of Community Industry in EUAnti-dumping Law, Global Trade and Customs Journal,2008(3).
3、Christian A. Conrad, Dumping and Anti-dumping Measures from a Competitionand Allocation Perspective, Journal of World Trade, Vol.36(2002).
4、Aluisio de LIMA-CAMPOS, Nineteen Proposals to Curb Abuse in Anti-dumpingand Countervailing Duty Proceedings, Journal of World Trade39(2),2005.
5、Sheela Rai, Analysis of the Draft Anti-Dumping Agreement, Chairperson's Text2007in Light of the Jurisprudential Background,5Manchester J. Int'l Econ. L.1262008.
6、Stuart Newman, The New Draft Text on Anti-dumping by the WTO NegotiatingGroup on Rules: Possible Implications for European Importers and Retailers, GlobalTrade and Customs Journal, Volume4, Issue5,2009.
1、Semi-annual Report under Article16.4of the Agreement-United States,G/ADP/N/230/USA,27August2012.
2、New Zealand-Imports of Electrical Transformers from Finland, L/5814-32S/55,19June1985.
3、United States–Definition of Industry concerning Wine and Grape Products,SCM/71-39S/436,24March1986.
4、Canada-Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beeffrom the EEC, SCM/85,13October1987.
5、GATT Anti-Dumping Checklist: comments by governments on Items I-V andIX-XIII, TN.64/NTB/W/12/Add.1-9,13July1966.
6、Communication from the United States, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/1,16March1987.
7、Communication from Australia, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/15,30November1987.
8、Communication from Canada, MTN.GNG/NG10/W/25,28June1989.
9、Argentina-Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, WT/DS241/R.
10、European Communities-Anti-dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway,WT/DS337/R.
11、United States-Final Dumping Determination on Softwood Lumber from Canada,WT/DS264/R.
12、United States-Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products fromJapan, WT/DS184/AB/R.
13、European Communities–Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random AccessMemory Chips from Korea, WT/DS299/R.
14、European Communities-Anti-dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type BedLinen from India, WT/DS141/R.
15、European Communities-Definitive Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Iron orSteel Fasteners from China, WT/DS397/R.
16、Council Regulation(EC) No261/2008of17March2008imposing a definitiveanti-dumping duty on imports of certain compressors originating in the People’sRepublic of China.
17、Proposal of the Definition of Domestic Industry: Exclusion Standards,TN/RL/GEN/62,16September2005.
18、Draft Consolidated Chair Texts of the AD and SCM Agreements, TN/RL/W/213,30November2007
19、Drafting Proposals on Issues relating to the Definition and Determination of“Domestic Industry”(Article4.1) and the Standing Requirement (Article5.4) of theAnti-dumping Agreement, TN/RL/W/230,17April2008.
20、Communication from the Chairman, TN/RL/W/254,21April2011.
21、Council Regulation (EC) No1225/2009of30November2009on protectionagainst dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community.
22、Commission Regulation (EEC) No.920/93of15April1993imposing aprovisional anti-dumping duty on imports of certain magnetic disks(3,5mirodisks)originating in Japan, Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China,1993OJL095.
23、Europe's trade defense instruments in a changing global economy, A Green Paperfor public consultation, COM(2006)763final,http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_131477.pdf
24、Council Regulation imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of certainiron or steel fasteners originating in the People's Republic of China,5121/1/09REV1.
25、Commission Regulation (EC) No618/2000of22March2000imposing aprovisional countervailing duty on imports of stainless steel fasteners originating inMalaysia and the Philippines.
26、Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Wooden Bedroom FurnitureFrom the People’s Republic of China,http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/731_ad_701_cvd/investigations/2003/wooden_bedroom_furniture/final/PDF/fr_commerce_determination.pdf
27、Council Regulation(EC) No261/2008of17March2008imposing a definitiveanti-dumping duty on imports of certain compressors originating in the People’sRepublic of China.
28、Korea—Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia,WT/DS312/R.
29、China-Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on X-Ray Security Inspection Equipmentfrom the European Union, WT/DS425/R,26February2013.
30、Second Contribution to Discussion of the Negotiating Group on Rules onAnti-dumping Measures, TN/RL/W/10,28June2002.
31、Proposal on Product under Consideration-Communication from Brazil, Chile,Israel, Korea, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, TN/RL/GEN/50,1July2005.
32、United States-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen LambMeat from New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177-178/AB/R.
33、Dominican Republic-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Polypropylene Bags andTubular Fabric, WT/DS415-418/R.
34、United States-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen LambMeat from New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177-178/R.
35、Argentina-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/DS121/AB/R.
36、Mexico-Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the EuropeanCommunities, WT/DS341/R.
37、Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS11/AB/R.
38、European Communities-Definitive Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Iron orSteel Fasteners from China, WT/DS397/AB/R.
39、Proposal on the Definition of Domestic Industry Article4.1of the Anti-DumpingAgreement, TN/RL/GEN/27,2December2004.
40、Communication from the chairman, TN/RL/W/254,21April2011.
41、Identification of Additional Issues under the Anti-dumping and SubsidiesAgreements, TN/RL/W/98,6May2003.
42、Anti-dumping Actions in the Area of Textiles and Clothing: Developing Members’Experiences and Concerns, TN/RL/W/48/Rev.1*,5February2003.
43、Mexico-Anti-dumping Duties on Steel Pipes and Tubes from Guatemala,WT/DS331/R.
44、Proposals on Issues Relating to the Initiation and Completion of Investigations,TN/RL/GEN/23,20October2004.
45、Working document from the chairman, TN/RL/W/232,28May2008.
46、Further Submission on Issues Relating to the Initiation and Completion ofInvestigations, TN/RL/GEN/69,13October2005.
47、Mexico-Anti-dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) fromthe United States, WT/DS132/R.
48、United States-Anti-dumping Act of1916, WT/DS136/AB/R.
49、Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Handbook,http://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/documents/handbook.pdf.
50、China-Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products fromthe United States--Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States,WT/DS427/2,9December2011.
51、China-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Productsfrom the United States (DS427)--First Written Submission of the UnitedStates(Public Version), June27,2012.
52、China-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Productsfrom the United States (DS427)--Second Written Submission of the UnitedStates(Public Version), November2,2012.
53、Hardwood Plywood From China: Institution of Antidumping and CountervailingDuty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigations, InternationalTrade Commission [Investigation Nos.701–TA–490and731–TA–1204(Preliminary)].
54、China-Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from theUnited States--Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States,WT/DS440/2,18September2012.
55、Antidumping Duty Order; Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality SteelProducts From Japan,64Fed. Reg.34778,34780(29June1999).
56、China-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Productsfrom the United States (DS427)--U.S. Responses to the Panel’s Questions Followingthe First Panel Meeting, October16,2012.
57、China-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Productsfrom the United States (DS427)--U.S. Second Integrated Executive Summary, January24,2013.
58、China-Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the
United States (DS440)--First Written Submission of the United States of America,
March12,2013.