摘要
语言使人类对周围无数的事物和关系范畴化,由此对象和事物不再是知觉领域内直接体验的东西,而是被体验在概念和理智系统中的物体,后者不仅丰富人们对事物的理解,而且固化这一理解的认识。
动词是用来叙述事物之动作或变化的,是表示动作或行为的一类词。世界是由物质构成的,而物质总是处在不断的运动之中。如果说人们对于经验世界的认知是从物质的运动开始的,那么这一认知过程必然在语言结构上烙下印迹,不管是从形态丰富的语言还是缺少形态变化的语言来看,动词范畴在语言中的地位是不可忽视的,已有不少语言学家指出,动词在语言(句子)中处于核心的地位。而语态范畴是动词最突出,最能表达主体行为观点的范畴,从这个角度上讲它是关于动词的主要范畴。
一、回鹘文文献语言动词语态的特点
语态范畴表示动作与参与动作的主体的关系,观察视角和角度的不同导致不同的表达形式和意义。在各语言中,因各语言系统的特殊性,动词与主体的关系往往用独特的形式和不同的手段来表达。回鹘文(古代维吾尔族使用过的语言文字)文献语言动词语态范畴无论是形式还是其表达的错综复杂的意义都非常丰富。本文以大量回鹘文文献语言的动词语态分析为基础,提出回鹘文文献语言动词语态的几个特点：
1.回鹘文文献语言动词语态要么同时显现出运动的结果及突出导致结果的主体,要么只显示运动产生的结果而隐含引发结果的主体。从这个意义上讲,回鹘文文献语言动词语态完全不同于现代英语等印欧语系语言的动词语态情况,也不同于汉语动词语态的特点。
2.动词语态是回鹘文文献语言句子主要的构成单位,没有一个回鹘文句子是独立于动词语态而产生的,任何一个回鹘文句子都包含书写者对行为过程和结果的某种主观观念。
3.回鹘文文献语言的动词语态范畴涉及语音,词汇和语法系统。它按照语音规律成双成对的出现,它能进入词汇系统构成新词,它能在语法系统中形成构形系统。同一种语态形式即语态词缀加在动词词干后,既可构成形动词,副动词,名动词,又可构成动词语态范畴。
4.回鹘文文献语言动词语态具有交叉的现象,同一种形态既属于中动态语态范畴,又属于反身态语态范畴(传统的观点是被动态和反身态形式相同,但没有给予区分)。目前对这一现象还没有给与足够的重视,存在认识上的混淆。本文对大量回鹘文文献语料中的动词语态进行分类(由于文献残缺,大部分例子没有以整句的形式出现,因此在本文中,仅描写和阐释完整的语例,对残缺部分以表格形式列表)。在穷尽性的描写中我们论述了交叉现象的产生及区别,并对语态情况的复杂性和丰富性提出了理论依据。
二、回鹘人“以行追责”的行为伦理及其在动词语态上的反映：“自责”与“匿责”。
在大量语料分析的基础上,我们提出对回鹘人行为伦理特性的一个重要见解,即“以行追责”。我们认为,回鹘文文献语言动词语态所体现的这一特性是回鹘人“以行追责”的行为伦理思想在该语言结构中的反映。按照这一思路,我们把回鹘文文献语言动词语态分为自责和匿责等两种形式,自责形式包括原态,反身态,互动态和使动态；匿责形式包括中动态和被动态。(由于以往的术语未能完全地说明或解释回鹘文文献语言动词语态现象,在本文中我们给出新的术语和定义。)这样,回鹘文文献语言动词语态范畴一目了然,而且像反身态和中动态这样具有相同形式结构的复杂现象也顺理成章各归其所,即如果是自责形式那就属于反身态,如果是匿责形式就属于中动态。
一般来说,对于一个民族越是重要的东西,该民族对它的“语言分割”就越是细密。例如游牧民族的经济生活主要取决于牲畜,这使得游牧人的文化要求集中于这一方面。“属于文化中心的词汇比属于文化边缘的词汇详尽…文化上的要求使人们在对自然界的认识中重视某些区别而忽视另一些区别。”从大量的语料分析中,我们发现回鹘文文献语言动词语态形式如此丰富,它不仅有单一的形式还具有复杂形式,即双重甚至三重重迭形式,这种现象不能不说是回鹘人对行为态度重视的主观意识的体现。
三、回鹘民族行为态度的核心：承担责任
文化语言学认为,“在语言学习过程中,人类同时在无意识和潜意识中埋下了该语言所蕴积和规定的文化模式(包括思维模式,行为模式),这使得人类的行为总是呈现某种文化特有的样式”。我们认为回鹘文文献动词语态的丰富性和特殊性也不是凭空而来,它是回鹘文化的范畴化反映。
地理环境对形成一个民族的性格和对这个民族历史发展所产生的影响也许不完全是绝对的,但也绝对不能忽视它。穆罕默德.巴格拉西先生说“不论怎么说,维吾尔人的整个生命观,文化,性格,习俗的形成是与自己生长的,具有几千年历史的塔克拉玛干是由千丝万缕的联系。作为维吾尔人的特殊生活环境,生存空间的塔里木河流域,吐鲁番,哈密盆地,准格尔盆地,七河地区的地理特点,即荒漠,戈壁,干旱的气候环境是形成这个民族心理特征和性格积累的重要因素。他们在新疆这种自然条件非常恶劣的环境中,认识到了要保护自己。”’生存环境对于一个民族性格的形成以及该民族生存模式的铸造有很大影响,很大程度上它能作用于该民族生存意识的产生以及发展。
游牧是回鹘人的生存方式,即回鹘是游牧文化的熏陶中成长的民族。热依罕女士说：“因为各种不以人的意志为转移的自然力量,迫使游牧民族无奈地面对沧桑,总是被动地承受每一次自然力量强加于头上的重大打击。因此,敬畏自然,敬畏支配自然的神灵,成为维吾尔人牢不可破的精神意念。在这样的恶劣环境中,他们总是在大自然挤迫的夹缝中求生存的,任何一种自然物和自然力量都可以对其造成重大的生存威胁,而其中最令人感到神秘莫测和敬畏的就是上天。”回鹘人认为一切大自然的变化都掌握在上天的手中,人们的一举一动都被上天监视着,人们的一切行为的后果都会导致上天对人们的赞赏或不满,人们的行为不管在现世或来世都被上天追责,结果是行为有好的结果就有“好报”,行为有恶的结果就有“恶报”。不管是对上天的敬畏还是对生存的把握,很大程度上都来自生存空间的特殊性,回鹘人要生存就必须关注自己行为的得失,就要适应恶劣的环境,这是生存的本能反应。我们认为是生存本能要求他们高度关注一切行为及其行为所带来的结果,是生存智慧使他们把“以行追责”的生存方式成为他们最理想的生存理念。生存环境造就了一代又一代乐观,正直,刻苦并诚实的回鹘人,生存本能铸造了以“以行追责”思想作为行为标准的回鹘人。穆罕默德.巴格拉西指出：“维吾尔人开朗,坦率,朴实,性急,阳刚,粗犷,但却富有情感,真切,诚实,干脆,说话做事爽利痛快,说一不二,易热易冷(塔克拉玛干也是白天易热,晚上易冷),热情好客,幽默风趣,爱说笑话,脾气固执,对任何新事物都感兴趣,慷慨,忠诚,能歌善舞和善于参加具有挑战性的活动,即是在最困难的时刻都不会忘记以希望,情趣和歌声来度过难关。他们的这种性格与生长在浩瀚的塔克拉玛干上的胡杨,红柳的本质,属性是一致的。”
回鹘人行为态度的核心是承担责任,这种承担包括个人对自己的行为负有责任,并要求他人对他自己的行为负责任。(我们发现回鹘语语气也存在这一现象,本文没有涉及,我们在今后的工作研究中将进一步深入探讨。)在注重自己承担责任的同时,也使整个人类承担责任。责任在回鹘民族是一种基于生存基础之上的社会制度和人际关系运作系统。回鹘民族的历史展现给人们最强烈的印象是社会秩序的稳定,经济的发展,尽管免不了社会和皇朝的动乱及变更,但回鹘民族主体的完整性和作为行为主体的行为一致性是显而易见的。
回鹘人面对行为问题,其看法和行为常常表现出一种强烈的责任化倾向,这是一种值得深究的现象。“以行追责”的观念在回鹘历史上培育出了安分守己的回鹘人民和和谐的回鹘社会,使他们在不断发生的变革中的动乱与波动中仍保持自我的存在。因为支撑着道德、法律等力量的是人对自身行为的控制与对该行为的责任性。
重视行为模式的意义在于：每一个人都应该也必须重视行为模式问题,讨论行为模式问题,深思行为模式问题。我们可以从回鹘文文献语言动词语态范畴体现的行为的“自责”与“匿责”的行为观念中去汲取智慧,从而认识到回鹘民族“以行追责”的思维方式和行为模式。通过它我们还可以体会到回鹘人的生存智慧。
人的观念与行为无不受着民族的生存经验的影响。这种生存经验是回鹘人长期在恶劣的生存环境中与艰难困苦斗争的过程中获得的。
“以行追责”作为回鹘行为伦理化的主要观念,要求每个行为主体“先行到责”,由“行”的结果“责”来反观“生存”。由“责”来观“行”的结果,可以使人自我定位,使人生中的一切均具备好坏优劣美丑是非的价值判断,这就为回鹘人的人生确定了方向,性质和内容。所以回鹘人观念中,既要关注“行”又要在乎“责”,立于“行”和“责”的视角观察“生存”,才能更好地“生存”,在短暂的一生中创造出更大更多的意义与价值,让人生辉煌。
要在现代社会中推展“以行追责”精神,造福全人类,共创和谐社会,就有必要回溯传统,发现古老回鹘文明中的生存智慧,并将其转化为建造和谐社会的有益资源。回鹘人长期不懈地努力,运用伦理行为准则来建立和谐的人际关系和人类社会。其出发点和目的都是为了生存得更好。“以行追责”乃是建立和谐社会的基础和核心。
“以行追责”作为一种行为伦理化内核,是调节回鹘人们之间社会关系的手段。“以行追责”的思维正是回鹘民族的行为准则,是德治与法治功能有效施行的保障。因为只有主体对自己行为有认识和控制时,德治与法治才顺利进行或起到作用。回鹘民族的“以行追责”思想既是构建德治与法治来建设和谐社会的有利条件,又是发扬德治和法治巩固社会发展和社会稳定的有效因素。我们追溯漫长的回鹘民族社会历史会发现,回鹘民族“以行追责”的思维方式催促回鹘人们关注自己的行为与他人保持和谐的关系,建立和谐社会。这种“以行追责”思想,对于巩固社会安定,发排着重要的作用。
也许回鹘民族社会的产生并不以“以行追责”为前提,但是“以行追责”思维成果的形成却在更高层次上保障和促进了社会的发展与和谐。实现社会和谐,建设美好社会,始终是人类孜孜以求的社会理想。“以行追责”不管是从道德还是法律上说都是关于行为的规则系统,是达到和谐社会目的的手段。每一个主体行为的自我控制是建立和谐社会的重要内容和理念前提,也是和谐社会的目标之一,是树立社会秩序的基础和维护社会和谐稳定的基石。“以行追责”的思想对形成和谐邻里关系具有积极作用,有助于社会关系的稳固。对本民族的认同是民族认同的基本认同之一,该认同最基本的作用就是团结本族成员,形成本民族稳定共同体。而在与其他民族的关系上,这种“以行追责”行为模式对形成良好的社会风尚也有积极作用,它使得各民族和谐共处。
Languages make human beings to around innumerable things and relationship categorization, objects and things which are no longer the acts of direct experience in the field of perception, but is an object which are experienced in concept and rational system, which is not only rich people's understanding, but also solidifies the understanding of knowledge.
The verb is a class of words which is used to describe things action and change actions. The world is by the material constitution, while the material always occupies in the unceasing movement. If it is said that people experience world is moving from the start of the material, then that cognitive process does language structure seared imprinted, whether it is from the form of a rich language, or the lack of morphological changes of the language, the verb category status in the language can not be ignored, many linguists pointed out that the verb in the language (sentence) is at the core position. The voice is the most prominent category, the closest point of the main category of action, from this standpoint it is about the main areas of the verb.
The characteristics of Ancient Uighur verbs voice category.
First, Voice category indicates the main body relationship between the participant and the action and the participates, the different perspective and different angles of views of observation cause the different expression form and the different significance. In various languages, because of various language systems'particularity, the verb and the main body relations often use the unique form and the different methods to express. The voice verb area of Ancient Uighur (Ancient Uighur used language) Literature language, whether it is the intricacies of form or the meaning of its expression are very rich. This article takes the massive verb voice analysis of Ancient Uighur document literature language as a foundation, and also proposes several characteristics of Ancient Uighur verb voice:
1. Ancient Uighur language verb voice either simultaneously appears the result of the movement and the main body of prominent causing result, either only demonstrates the main body which is produced by the concealing and implicit result of the movement. In this sense, the Ancient Uighur language verb voice is completely unlike modern English and Indo-European language verb voice, but also different from the characteristics of Chinese verb voice.
2. The verb voice is main constitution unit in Ancient Uighur language sentence, there is no one Ancient Uighur sentence is independent of the verb voice, and each sentence contains some subjective concept of the acting process and the acting result of the writer.
3. The verb voice category of the Ancient Uighur literature language involves the pronunciation, the glossary and the grammar system. It appearance which forms a pair according to the pronunciation rule, it can enter the glossary system to constitute the new word, and it can form the configuration system in the grammar system. The same voice form i.e. voice added to the verb stem affixes, can constitute a form of the verb,, the gerund,but also constitutes a verb voice category.
4. Ancient Uighur verb voice has the overlapping phenomenon, the same form both belongs to the dynamic voice category, and belongs to the self-examination condition voice category (traditional viewpoint is passive voice and self-examination condition form is the same, but has not given discrimination). At the moment, it has not been given sufficient attention to understanding confusion exists on this phenomenon. This article carries on the classification to the massive Ancient Uighur literature language materials' verb voice (because literature is incomplete, majority of examples have not appeared by the entire sentence's form, therefore, in this paper, it is only described and explained the complete language example, and it is showed by tabular form for the incomplete part). In exhausts in the description we elaborated the overlapping phenomenon production and the difference, and proposed the theoretical basis to the voice situation's complexity and the richness
Second, the reflection of ethical behavior of the act of Ancient Uighur people "pursues the responsibility by the acion" on the verb voice:self-blame and hiding responsibilities
we discovered from the tables and the language materials analysis, the Ancient Uighur literature language verb voice manifests this characteristic about the action "pursues the responsibility by the acion" which is reflected such ethical behavior thought in this language structure, is the product of perspective:Ancient Uighur people seeks "the responsibility" by "the acion". In acion with this thinking, we divided the verb voice of Ancient Uighur language literature into two kinds of forms which are self-blame, and hiding responsible, the form of self-blame includes the form of the original state, reflexive state, inter-active and the dynamic; and the hiding responsibilities involves the 2 forms which are dynamic and be dynamics. (Due to the past, the term can not fully explain or interpret the phenomenon of the verb voice of Ancient Uighur language literature; in this paper we give the new terms and definitions.). Thus, the verb voice of Ancient Uighur language becomes more clearly, moreover likely the self-examination condition and dynamic which have complex phenomenon of the same form structure can logically and respectively turn over to its institute, that is, self-blame if it belongs to the form the self-examination condition, if it is responsible for the form of concealment on the part of the dynamic.
Generally speaking, when there is a real and more important thing for a nation, the nationality does the "language split" more densely. For example, the economy of the nomadic life depends mainly on livestock, which makes the nomads cultural requirements focus on this aspect. "The vocabulary which belongs to the cultural center is more detailed than vocabulary which belongings to cultural edge... cultural requirements cause the people to attach more importance to certain differences of the understanding of the nature while to neglect other differences".." From the massive language materials analysis, we discovered that the Ancient Uighur literature language verb voice form is so rich, it not only has the sole form also the complex one, that is, the dual even tertiary overlapping forms, this kind of phenomenon has no alternative but saying that is the Ancient Uighur people's subjective consciousness manifestation which takes seriously the behavior manner.
Third, the behavior and attitude core of the Ancient Uighur ethnic group:Undertake responsibility.
The cultural linguistic think that, "in the language learning process, at the same time, the humanity laid down the accumulating and stipulating cultural pattern in unconsciousness and subconscious (including ideological mode, behavior pattern), this caused humanity's behavior always to present some cultural unique style". We consider that the richness and particularity of the Ancient Uighur literature verb voice are not come out of thin air, which is just the reflection of Ancient Uighur-oriented cultural categorization
To form a national character and historical development of the national impact, the geographical environment may not be completely absolute, but it certainly cannot ignore it. Mohammed pagla West said "no matter how saying that Ancient Uighur's entire life view, the culture, the disposition, the custom formation is grows with and have a very complicated relation with the Taklamakan who has several thousand year history. As Ancient Uighur's special living conditions, existing space's Tarim River basin, Turfan, the Hami basin, Dzungar basin, seven river area's geographical feature, namely wilderness, Gobi, the arid climatic environment are the important attribute which form the psychological feature of the nationality psychological feature and the accumulation of the disposition. Living in Xinjiang, such natural conditions are very harsh environment, the ancient Uighur people realized that they must protect themself."
The living environment has the very tremendous influence regarding a national disposition's formation as well as this national survival pattern's casting, to a great extent, it can affect the survival consciousness production of this national as well as the development.Nomad is the survival and existing way of Ancient Uighur people, that is, the nomadic culture is in the growth of the ancient Uighur nation. Ms.Reyikhan said:" because of many natural forces are out of control of the human's will, the helpless nomads have to face to the vicissitudes, and almost all the time, they have to be passively endured the natural forces which are imposed to the them. Therefore, the fear of nature, the fear of the nature of the gods becomes the Ancient Uighur impregnable energetic spirit. In such adverse circumstance, they always strive for the survival in the nature pressure's crevice, and any kind of natural objects and the natural strength may pose the significant survival threat to it, but the heaven is the biggest fears which make people to feel the mysterious and the awe". "Uyghur people think that all the changes of nature are in God's hand, and all the movements of people are watching from the God, the human behavior in this earthly or hereafter are pursued the responsibility by the God, the result is that there will be a good repays to a good behavior while a bad repays to a evil behavior.
Whether for the fear of God or the survival assurance, to a large extent, they come from the particularity of the existing space, in order to survive. Ancient Uighur people must care about their behavior, have to adapt to the harsh environment, and this is a survival instinct. We think that is the survival instinct which demands them to concern all their behaviors and their behaviors brings, is the survival wisdom causes them to "pursues by the acion the responsibility" and to become their ideal survival way. The living environment has accomplished a generation of another generation of optimism, honest, assiduous and the honest Ancient Uighur people, and the survival instinct forged the behavior-standard of the ancient Uighur people by the idea of the "pursues the responsibility by the acion." Mohammed. Bagg Russey pointed out:"the Ancient Uighur is open and bright, frank, simple, impatient, positive just, rough, and actually, they are rich in emotion, clear, honest, simply, they make speech nimbly and work efficiently and happily, they keep promises, they are easy to heat and cold (Taklimakan is also easy to heat during the day, cold during the evening and cold), they are warm and hospitable, generous, loyal, they love to tell jokes and are interested in any new things, they are good at singing and dancing and participating in all challenging activities, and even in the most difficult moments, the ancient Uighur do not forget to pass through all the difficulties by their hope, their fun and their singing. Their personality is the same as the essence of the diversiform-leaved poplar and the chinese tamarisk which grow up in the vast forests of the Taklimakan.
The core attitude of ancient Uighur people is undertaking the responsibility, this kind undertakes including the personal commitment of responsibility, and the requirement of commitment of responsibility of other people. While focusing on own responsibility, but also the entire human responsibility. The responsibility is the operation system which is built on the social system and the interpersonal relationship of living foundation. The most intense impression that the ancient Uighur ethnic history shows people are the social order stability and economical development, despite the social and dynastic turmoil and change are inevitable, but the integrity of the subject of Ancient Uighur ethnic and the takes the behavior main body the behavior uniformity of the behavior subject are obvious.
An intense responsibility tendency will be frequently displayed by the attitudes and the behavior of Ancient Uighur ethic when they face the behavior issues; this is the phenomenon which is worth paying more attention. The sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" has cultivated safe Ancient Uighur people and the harmonious Ancient Uighur society in Ancient Uighur history which causes them to maintain their self existence during the unceasing transformation turmoil and the fluctuation. Because of the human self behavior control and the responsibility of such behavior support the moral, the legal and the strength. The significance of taking seriously to the behavior pattern lies in:everyone has to pay attention to the issue of the behavior pattern, the issue of discussion of behavior pattern and the issue of thinking deeply of behavior pattern. We can obtain the wisdom from of the behavior concept of "blame behavior" and "hiding responsibility" which are shown by the Ancient Uighur literature language, and then we can realize the thinking mode and the behavior pattern of the behavior sprit "pursues the responsibility by the acion". Through which we can also realize the living wisdom of Ancient Uighur people.
People's concept and behavior are certainly influenced by the ethical survival experiences. This kind of survival experience has been obtained by ancient Uighur people who had long-term survival in harsh environment and who struggled with hardship for a long time.
The behavior sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" is principle concept of ancient Uighur ethical behavior, it requires that everyone has to take the "responsibility", and then to review the "existence" from the result of the "responsibility". The result of the "responsibility" which is observed by the "behavior" can help the people to do the self-localization, can help people to judge the value of the positive thing, negative thing, nice thing, ugly thing, right and wrong thing, and this can determine the direction, the nature and the content of life of ancient Uighur people. Thus, in the concept of Ancient Uighur people, it is important to pay attention to the "acion" and also to care about the "responsibility", and to stand in the observation of perspective of "acion" and "responsibility", we can survive better, at the same time, we can create greatly more significances and value in the short life, and also make life glorious.
It is necessary to review the tradition, to discover the living wisdom of the old ancient Uighur civilization and translate them into useful resources for the construction of a harmonious society, if we promote the sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" into modern society, to benefit the universe and to creates the harmonious society. The long term unremittingly diligently of Ancient Uighur people and the function of moral standard established the harmonious interpersonal relationship and human society. Its starting point and the goal are to survive well. The sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" is the foundation and the core of the harmonious society.
The sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" is an act of ethical core; it is also a method to regulate social relations between the Ancient Uighurs. The thinking way of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" is just the behavior standard of Ancient Uighur ethic, it is the effective and functional protection to the virtuous rule and the government's law. Because only the main body have a good understanding of their own behavior and control, virtue and the rule of law was carried out smoothly, or play a role. The sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" of ancient Uighur people is not only the favorable factors which can establish the harmonious society with the virtuous rule and the government's law, but also the effective elements which can promote the rule of virtue and the rule of law, and can consolidate the stable development of the society. We will find when we traced the long Ancient Uighur ethical social history that thinking mode of the sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" urges Ancient Uighur people to pay attention to their behavior, to keep an interpersonal relationship with others and to build up the harmonious society. This kind of sprit "pursues the responsibility by the acion" plays un important role in the consolidation of social stability.
Maybe the production of the ancient Uighur ethnic society is not based on the " pursue responsibility by the acion", but actually, the formation of the thinking result of《pursue responsibility by the acion" safeguard and promote society's development and the harmony in the top level. To achieve social harmony and building a better society has always been a social ideal of human assiduously. The sprit of "pursue responsibility by the acion" whether it is from moral or legal, is almost about the rule system of behavior, is also the method which achieves the purpose of the harmony society. Each main body behavior's self-control is the an important content and an ideal premise of the establishment of a harmonious society's important, is one of the goals of a harmonious society, is also the foundation of the establishment of the social order and the stable cornerstone of the maintenance of a harmonious society. The sprit of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" plays a positive role in the harmonious neighborhood relations it is also helpful in the social relations stability. To one's own nationality's approval is one of the basic national identity, the basic function of this identity is to unity its own ethical members, to form a stable community in this ethic. While in relations with other nations, such behavior pattern of "pursues the responsibility by the acion" plays a positive role in the formation of a good social morality which allows all ethnic groups live harmoniously.
引文
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