摘要
在当代社会，随着经济的发展，在经济和文化之间有一个明显的收敛趋势，那就是经济的文化化和文化的经济化。而文化产业在发展过程中存在明显的集聚趋势，如影视业、出版业、印刷业、演出业、网络业等都主要集中在大城市群。那么系统分析成功的文化产业集群的形成机理，探讨文化产业集群的内在规律，以期为我国文化产业的发展提供一定的理论指导就是一件十分有意义的事。
在界定文化产业的相关概念和考察产业集群的本质特征的基础上，本文应用有关产业集群的理论系统分析了文化产业集群的形成机理，重点分析了文化产业的集聚格局、文化产业集群的生产组织网络、社会网络以及跨国公司与文化产业集群的互动关系。本文认为文化产业集群是以国际大都市为集聚点，以柔性的生产组织网络为生产模式，并嵌入到突破公司界线的个人关系网络中的集群网络。文化企业垂直分离后新企业的建立是地方生产网络的出现和发展的先决条件，而文化产业集群的柔性生产网络的形成也是由文化产品和文化产业的生产复杂、高风险和不确定性的特点决定的。但其生产组织网络之所以能够在特定地理空间内集聚并稳定发展，相同的或近似的区域社会文化因子和个人关系网络起到了重要作用。此外，文化产业中的跨国公司在全球范围内投资，构成了文化产品生产和销售的全球网络，这就决定了每个文化产业集群也许仅仅是文化产业跨国公司全球价值链中的一个环节，由此对文化产业集群的形成和发展都有很大影响。
One of the defining features of contemporary society, at least in the high-income countries of the world, is the conspicuous convergence that is occurring between the domain of the economic on the one hand and the domain of the cultural on the other. These trends can be described variously in terms of the aestheticization of the economy and the commodification of culture. There exists the obvious concentration trend in culture industry, the movie and TV industry, publishing, print and so on all agglomerated in the big city group. So analyzing the operation mechanism of the successful culture industry cluster, discussing the inherent law of the cultural industry clusters to provide certain theory guide to development of our country's cultural industry is a piece of very meaningful thing.
On the basis of clarifying the relevance concepts of cultural industry and analyzing the cluster's intrinsic characteristics, the paper analyzed the formation mechanism of cultural industry cluster, discussed the cultural industry clusters' agglomeration mode, organization network, social network and the relation between cultural industry clusters and MNCs. The paper thinks that culture industry takes metropolis as concentration field, and regards the cultural industry cluster as a flexibility producing network which embedded into the social network that breaks the company demarcation line. The vertical disintegration of companies involved in the culture industry make new enterprise building-up and the cultural industry flexibility produces network form, which is the response to the cultural industry's character of complicated procedure of production, high risk and the uncertainty. But, in the process, identical or similar area social culture plays an important role. Besides, MNCs in the cultural industry invest on a global scale, which maybe make the cultural industry clusters become a link in whole global value chain.
引文
1 http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/smdies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/151-159.pdf
2 http://www.utoronto.ca/isrn/documents/MillsBrail_NewMedia.pdf
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6 详细描述见第四章
1 区位商LO是测量集中度的一个标准。它测量被选产业和地区在特定区域和地方的相对集中度。计算公式是：LQ=(Eij／Ej)／(Ein／En)或者是LQ=(Eij／Ein)／(Ej／En)在这里Eij代表j地区I产业的就业人数，Ej是j地区所有的就业人数，Ein是i产业在全国的雇佣人数，En是全国的就业人员。LQ测量的是特定产业在特定地区的就业人数占其在全国总就业人数比例与当地就业总人数占全国总就业人数的比例的比率。这是一个相对集中度。如果LO大于1，则特定地区特定产业的雇佣比例高于平均水平，也即具有集中倾向。
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1 “嵌入性”理论。格兰诺维特提山了“嵌入性”的概念，并把它作为经济行为网络化分析的理论基础。他认为现实发生的经济活动和行为并不是自足的、可脱离社会背景和环境存在的，而是嵌入在特定的社会关系网络之中的，受到行为者之间社会关系的约束和影响，使得现实的很多经济活动和行为并不同于标准的经济理论所做出的预测。社会关系渗透于各个企业间，经济组织和个体经济行动者一样受到社会关系网络的限定。这表现为两个方面：一是企业间的交往和联系并不是通过正式的经济交易规范而达成的，在很大程度上它是通过社会网络实现的；二是企业内部的等级制度也常常为非正式的社会网络所取代。企业间的合作不仅是纯趋利行为，更多的是采用的非正式关系，如互派董事、企业领导人之间存在的非正式的社会关系和个人关系等。
2 社会资本理论。社会资本概念是由Bourdieu(1985)首先提出的，Coleman(1988)把这概念引入美国。Bourdieu认为社会资本是实际的或潜在的资源集合体，这些资源是同某种持久性的网络占有分不开的，这种网络上大家所熟悉的、得到公认的和体制化的，特定行为占有的资本的数量依赖于其所占有的网络的规模，依赖于与其有联系的所有行为者以自己的权力所占有的资源数量(邬爱其，2004)。
3 结构洞理论。如博特(Ronald Burt，1992)在对正式组织和职业流动研究中提出了“结构洞”概念。他把结构洞的概念引入了社会网络的分析，认为“社会网络中的某个或某些个体和有些个体发生直接联系，但与其它个体不发生直接联系。无直接或关系间断的现象，从网络整体看好像网络结构中出现了洞穴”。结构动的重要性并不与关系的强弱有关，因为在结构洞存在的时候，处于两者连接状态的第三者拥有两种优势：信息优势和控制优势。而为了保持这两种优势，第三者希望保持着结构洞的存在，不会轻易的让另外两者轻易的联系起来。所以，为了在竞争的商业环境中，企业家要取得比其他人更多的利益，这就要看他是否掌握较广的非重复的网络关系。也就是说，社会关系资源在竞争中是十分重要的。
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