摘要
运用航海模拟器进行船舶通航安全论证,具有巨大的优势。它既可以增加船舶的通航安全性能,有效预估通航风险,合理降低工程试验、论证费用,减少不必要的经济损失;又可以优化航道,提高港口经济效益和竞争力,挖掘港口靠泊能力。
在船舶操纵中,流会影响船舶运动。因此,在船舶通航论证过程中流场环境的设置对实验结果有着很大的影响,而航海模拟器中现有的流场插值计算方法不足以精确描述港区的流场分布,因此,有必要研究一种新的更精确的流场计算方法。针对此需求,本文在港口流场数值模拟方面做了一下几个方面的工作：
1.研究了现有流场数值模拟方法,根据港口海底走势、岸线分布等地形特性,对比数值模型的优劣点,选取FVCOM三维数值模型来计算港口流场。并根据航海模拟器对流场的需求,编程实现了三维FVCOM数值模型中二维(垂向平均)外模的计算方法来计算二维单层流场的分布情况。
2.实现了适用于模型计算的三角形网格。对比多种三角形划分方法选取Delaunay方法作为本文的网格划分方法,运用该方法实现了非结构三角网格划分,并使用局部优化过程方法对Delaunay三角形进行了优化,并剔除了不利于模型稳定性的非恰当三角形。
3.验证了计算结果并将其集成到航海模拟器中。首先计算胶州湾M2分潮流场分布情况,然后将计算结果与实测数据进行对比,验证模拟结果可用于论证实验；最后将计算结果添加到航海模拟器中,并利用该结果进行了青岛港原油三期码头的安全通航论证。
Using navigation simulator for vessel traffic safety has huge advantage. On the one hand, It can increase vessel's navigational safety performance and reasonably reduce the project experiment expenses; On the other hand, It can optimize channel design and enhance the economic efficiency and competitiveness of harbor.
In vessel's maneuvering, fluid affects ship's movement. So, the setting of current has a significant impact on the precise of demonstration experiment of vessel navigation safety. However, in the present navigation simulator, the current model used can't accurately describe the current distribution of the port; therefore, it's necessary to introduce new method of flow field with more precision. To this requirement, the main research contents and contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:
1. Based on the research of present method of flow simulation, FVCOM is chosen to calculate flow of port, according to undersea trends, shoreline distribution etc. and considering the advantages of those numerical models. Then FVCOM's 2D(vertically integrated)equations is used to compute the distribution of 2D current, to meet the requirement of navigation simulator.
2. Triangle mesh is implements which are applied to calculate FVCOM. Delaunay method is used to divide triangle mesh. LOP is used to optimize triangle mesh and eliminate some inappropriate triangles
3. The result of experiment is verified and integrated into navigation simulator. First of all, the flow of Jiao Zhou bay driven by the M2 is computed. Secondly, comparing the result with the measured data and verifying this result can be used in demonstration experiment. The last, integrating the result with navigation simulator in the experiment of conducting Qingdao crude oil wharf traffic safety.
引文
[1]刘敬贤.大型海港进港主航道通过能力及交通组织模式研究[D]：(博士学位论文).武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[2]张秀凤,洪碧光,金一丞.船舶操纵模拟器在船舶通航安全评估中的应用[J].中国航海,2003,3：24-31.
[3]贾传荧,尹勇,金一丞.青岛20万吨级航道设计的模拟[J].大连海事大学学报,1998,24(2)：11-15.
[4]谷伟.典型水域潮流仿真方法研究.大连海事大学学报[J],1996,22(4)：16-20.
[5]孙文心,江文胜,李磊.近海环境流体动力学数值模型[M].北京：北京科学出版社,2004.
[6]郑沛楠,宋军,张芳苒等.常用海洋数值模式简介[J].海洋预报.2008,11(4)：108-120.
[7]George L.Mellor,Tetsuji Yamada.Development of a turbulence closure model for Geophysical fluid problems[C].Reviews of geophysics and space physics,1982,20(4):851-875.
[8]Mellor G L, Yamada T. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers[C]. Atmos. Sci,1974,33:1791-1896.
[9]Galperin B, Kantha L H, Hassid S, et al. A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows[J]. Atmos. Sci,1988,45:55-62.
[10]JAMES E.CASKEY, JR. General circulation Experiments with the primitive equations[J]. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.1963,91(3):99-164.
[11]Casulli V, Cheng R T. Semi-implicit finite-difference model for three-dimensional shallow water flow[R]. Int.J.For Numerical Methods in Fluids,1992.
[12]陈长胜.海洋生态系统动力学与模型[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.
[13]Blumberg A F, Mellor G L. A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model [J].Three-Dimensional Coastal Models,Amer. Georphys,1987,1-16.
[14]Blumberg A F. A primer for Ecom-sin[R]. Technical Report of Hydro Qual, Inc.,1994.
[15]Lianyuan Zheng, Changsheng Chen.Development of water quality model in the Satilla River Estuary[J],Georgia.ELSEVIER,2004,178:457-482.
[16]Haosheng huang,Changsheng Chen,Geoffrey W.FVCOM validation experiment:Comparisons with ROMS for three idealized baroscopic test[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113 (C07042):1-14.
[17]Chen C, Zhu J, Ralph E. Prognostic modeling studies of the Keweenaw Current in lake Superior, Part Ⅰ: formation and evolution[J]. Jorunal of Physical Oceanogrphy,2001,31:379-395.
[18]Alan F.Blumberg And George L.Mellor.Diagnostic and prognostic numerical circulation studies of the south Atlantic bight[C]. Journal of geophysical research,1983,88(C8):4579-4592.
[19]朱建荣.海洋数值计算方法和数值模式[M].北京：海洋出版社,2003.
[20]高菲.桥墩处流场模型研究及在航海模拟器中的应用[D].(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2008.
[21]YU Yi-fa,YU Yu-xiu,CHEN Zong-yong.Effect of Sea Level Variation on Tidal Characteristic Values for the East China Sea[J].China Ocean Engineering,2003.
[22]郭为军,张树深.基于POM的大连湾益油预测模型[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25：275-277.
[23]朱建荣,朱首贤.ECOM模式的改进及在长江河口、杭州湾及邻近海区的应用[J].海洋与湖沼,2003.
[24]陈宗镛.长方形浅水海湾的一种潮波模式[J].海洋与湖沼,1965,7(2)：85-93.
[25]陈宗镛,黄祖珂,汤恩祥.潮汐分析和推算的一种j、v模型[J].海洋学报,1990,12(6)：693-703.
[26]方国洪,于克俊.斜压海洋动力学的一种三维数值模拟[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(3)：232-240.
[27]王凯,方国洪.渤海、黄海、东海M2潮汐流场的三维数值模拟[J].海洋学报,1999,21(4)：1-13.
[28]王学昌,娄安刚,孟伟等.大鹏湾潮流数值计算[J]. Marine Sciences,2001,25(12):37-40.
[29]李孟国,张华庆,陈汉宝.海岸河口多功能数学模型软件包TK-2D的开发研制[J].水运工程,2005,12(383)：1-4.
[30]Leendertse J J.A water-quality simulation model for well-mixed estuaries and coastal seas: Principles of computation[J]. Rand Corporation Report RM-6230-rc,VOLI,1970.
[31]辛文杰,陈志昌,罗小峰.河口海岸数值模拟可视化系统[R].第十二届中国海岸工程学术讨论会论文集,54-58.
[32]左利钦.水沙数学模型与可视化系统的集成研究及应用[D]：(硕士学位论文).南京：南京水利科学研究院,2006,6.
[33]林珲,闾国年等.东中国海潮波系统与海岸演变模拟研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[34]王福军.计算流体动力学分析.北京：清华大学出版社[M],2004.
[35]阎超.计算流体力学方法及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2006.
[36]鲍鹏.流体力学[M].郑州：黄河水利出版社,2006.
[37]费恩曼,莱顿等.费恩曼讲义[M].上海：上海科技出版公司,2005.
[38]王承尧,王正华,杨晓辉.计算流体力学及其并行算法[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,2000.
[39]朱红钧,林元华,谢龙汉等.流体分析及仿真使用教程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2010.
[40]潘文波,孙文心.分潮波模型多资料数值计算方法研究Ⅰ.岸边资料运动学外推的第一边值方法[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1996,26(1)：8-16.
[41]付祥钊,龙天渝等.计算流体力学[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2007.
[42]ChangSheng Chen, Robert C. Beardsley, Geoffery cowls. An unstructured-grid, finite-vol ume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) system[J].Advances in computational oceanography,2006, 19(1):78-89.
[43]ZHU Jianrong, Qi Dingman, Xiao Chengyou. Simulated Circulations off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth in spring and autumn[J].Chinese Journal of Oenology and Limnolog y,2004,22(3),286-291.
[44]谢东风,潘存鸿,吴修广.基于FVCOM模式钱塘江河口涌潮三维数值模拟研究[J].海洋工程,2011,29(1)：47-52.
[45]ChangSheng Chen,Haosheng Huang,Robert C. Beardsley, Hedong Liu, Qichun Xu, and Geoffrey Cowles. A finite volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies: Comparisons with finite difference models[J] Journal of geophysical research,2007,112:1-34.
[46]冯兴如,杨德周,尹宝树.FVCOM在龙口海域潮汐潮流模拟中的应用[J].海洋科学,2010,34(6)：94-99.
[47]王盛玺,宋松和,邹正平.基于约束Delaunay三角化的二维非结构网格生成法[J].计算物理,2009,26(3)：335-348.
[48]季岚,苏丹阳,鲁平泉等.航道工程水深数据三角化及边界生成算法的改进[J].工程图学学报,2009,4：95-101.
[49]宋超.非结构化自适应有限元网格生成的AFT方法[D]：(博士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2004.
[50]肖双九.反求工程中三角网格划分及其应用的关键算法研究[D]：(博士学位论文).西安：西北工业大学,2001.
[51]Lawson C L. Software for C1 interpolation. In:Rice J R. ed., Mathematical Software Ⅱ [M]. New York:Academic press,1977:161-194.
[52]尹勇,金一丞,任鸿翔.用于仿真的等高线数据三角优化构网[J].大连海事大学学报,2003,25(4)：14-17.
[53]ChangSheng Chen, Hedong Liu. An unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equation Ocean Model:Application to coastal ocean and estuaries[J].CHENETAL, 2003,20:159-186.
[54]G.L.Mellor,T.Ezer,L-Y.Oey.The pressure gradient conundrum of sigma coordinate ocean model[J].Jouranal of atmospheric and oceanic technology,1993,11:1126-1134.
[55]李庆扬,王能超,易大义.数值分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[56]Casulli V, Cheng R T. Semi-implicit finite-difference model for three-dimensional shallow water flow[R]. Int.J.For Numerical Methods in Fluids,1992.
[57]Changsheng Chen.Robert C.Beardsley. An unstructured Grid,Finite-Volume coastal Ocean Model FVCOM User Manual[Z],2006.
[58]Whitehouse R. Scour at Marine Sructures. Thomas Telford,1st edition,1998.
[59]Ip J T C, Lynch D R, Friedrichs C T. Simulation of estuarine flooding and dewatering with application to Great Bay[J].New Hampshire Estuarine Coastal and shelf science,1998,47:119-141.
[60]成基华,范玉青.基于栅格和三角形拓扑的快速优化网格方法[J].工程图学学报,1999,4：28-35.
[61]余枫.海上搜救模拟器中近海溢油的实时仿真与可视化研究[D],(博士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学.2010.
[62]中国航路指南(黄、渤海分区)[Z].中国人民解放军海军司令部航海保证部.2006.