摘要
我国地大物博,拥有56个民族,民俗风情类旅游资源极为丰富。而对该项旅游资源开发与利用的研究区域,主要集中在我国的西南地区,如云南和贵州等省份。因此本次研究预期目的有二:一是通过借鉴西南地区民俗旅游开发的经验,扬长避短,进而将民俗旅游研究与开发的对象拓展到东北地区,开辟民俗旅游研究对象的新领域;二是仅以民俗为对象和基准,进行一系列具有实践性的专项研究:旅游资源的调查与评价、旅游形象定位、旅游功能分区、旅游产品开发,以及省际旅游联动发展、构建民俗旅游圈。
本次选题所确定的研究区域——“大东北”,按现行的行政区划包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省,以及内蒙古自治区东部的呼伦贝尔盟、兴安盟和通辽、赤峰二市,是一块相对独立的地理单元。目前对该区域的旅游研究,已出版的专业论文数量较少,且主要集中在冰雪旅游和工业旅游两课题上。而本次研究则是要针对该区域丰富的民俗旅游资源进行专项研究,探讨整个东北地区民俗旅游圈的构建与发展问题。
选题研究所完成的主要工作有两大部分:
一部分是以分析和论证为主的工作:首先对民俗学及民俗旅游等基础理论研究现状、民俗旅游开发理论研究现状和旅游圈理论及实践区域进行了研究现状综述;其后从外部竞争压力和自身发展要求两个角度,对构建整个东北地区尺度的民俗旅游圈的必要性进行分析和论证;最后从民俗旅游资源赋存、旅游硬件环境和旅游合作进程三个角度分析构建旅游圈的可能性。其中的民俗旅游资源赋存,从基于国家标准和基于东北地区渔猎、游牧、农业和都市四大文化类型的民俗旅游资源专项分析两个层次进行。
另一部分是以规划和设计为主的工作:在对旅游圈进行由内到外三层次——圈内、国内和国际的旅游形象现状和本底民俗文化要素分析的基础上,按照旅游形象设计的程序,提炼出民俗旅游的总体形象定位,其后对理念识别系统、行为识别系统和视觉识别系统进行设计与发展规划;在对地形和民俗文化综合分析之后,提出由11个旅游功能区构成4个旅游发展区,进而支撑起大东北民俗旅游圈的三层次空间布局结构;在旅游发展区这一层次,以相同的模式,分别研究了渔猎文化旅游发展区、游牧文化旅游发展区、农业文化旅游发展区和都市文化旅游发展区的构建与发展问题,按照表述各发展区空间范围、陈述内部结构、确立发展战略和宏观功能定位,再对民俗旅游资源从分布、结构和优势等角度分别进行详细分析,进而制订与资源相适应的民俗旅游产品开发策略,并对各策略中具体民俗旅游产品设计与开发方案进行举例说明。最后规划了大东北民俗旅游圈的保障体系,主要集中在三点:东北地区民俗文化的保护问题、旅游交通体系的整合问题,以及旅游人力资源整合与提升问题。
本文创新之处有三:第一是研究方法上,突破以往民俗旅游的单点开发模式,从研究最初就在较大区域旅游联动发展这一宏观尺度上,研究大民俗旅游圈的构建与发展问题。第二是研究对象上,由少数民族集中地区的民俗旅游开发扩展到广大汉族地区,由集中于少数民族游艺、节庆民俗的开发拓展到广大平民百姓民俗文化的更广范围、更多类型民俗事象的旅游开发。第三具体民俗旅游产品开发策略上,尝试引入了诸多开发模式,以新的视角去进行民俗旅游产品创新。
China is a large country, with vast territory and abundant resources. There are 56 nationalities and rich ethnic tourism resources. However, to the ethnic tourism resource, the development and the use-research regions are mainly on our country's Southwest, like Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Therefore this research anticipated goal has two points: one is through uses for reference to the Southwest ethnic tourism development's experience, enhances strong points and avoids weaknesses, then develops the ethnic tourism the object which and studies to develop the Northeast area, the opening ethnic tourism object of study new domain; the other one is: only take the folk custom as the object and the datum, carries on the tourist resources the investigation and the appraisal, the traveling image localization, the traveling function district, the tourism product development, as well as interprovincial tourism linkage development, construction ethnic tourism circle a series of practical special research.
This selected topic determined the research region - - "Northeast China", according to present's administrative regionalization including Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang three provinces, as well as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region eastern Hulunbuir, Xinganmeng and Tongliao, Chifeng two cities, is an togethered and relatively independent geographical unit. At present to this region's traveling research, the specialized paper quantity which publishes have been few, and mainly concentrates in the snow and ice traveling, and in the industrial tourism two topics. But this research is must aim at this region rich ethnic tourism resources to conduct the special research, discussion entire Northeast area ethnic tourism circle construction and development question.
The selected topic research institute completes the prime task has two major parts:
One part is by analyzes and the proof work primarily: First to basic study present situations, the ethnic tourism development fundamental research present situation and the traveling circle theory and so on ethnology and ethnic tourism and practiced the region to carry on the research present situation summary; After that requests two angles from the exterior pressure of competition and own development, to constructs the entire Northeast area criterion the ethnic tourism circle necessity to carry on the analysis and the proof; Finally saves, the traveling hardware environment and the traveling cooperation advancement three angle analysis construction traveling circle possibility from the ethnic tourism resources tax. In which ethnic tourism resources tax saves, from based on the national standards and based on the Northeast area hunting and fishing, moves about in search of pasture, agricultural and the metropolis four big cultural type ethnic tourism resources special analyzes two levels to carry on.
Another part is by plans and the design work primarily: In carries on from inside to outside in three level—circles to the traveling circle, domestic and the international traveling vivid present situation and in the background folk custom cultural feature analysis foundation, according to the traveling image design's procedure, refines the ethnic tourism the overall image localization, after that to the idea recognition system, the behavior recognition system and the vision recognition system carries on the design and the development project; After terrain and folk custom culture generalized analysis, proposed that constitutes 4 traveling developing areas by 11 traveling function area, then supports the Northeast ethnic tourism circle three level spatial arrangement structure; In traveling developing area this level, by the same pattern, studied the hunting and fishing culture traveling developing area, to move about in search of pasture separately the cultural traveling developing area, the agrarian civilization traveling developing area and the metropolis culture traveling developing area construction and the development question, according to indicated various developing areas space scope, the statement internal structure, the establishment developmental strategy and the macroscopic functional localization, again to the ethnic tourism resources from angles and so on distribution, structure and superiority carried on the multianalysis separately, then the making and the resources adapted the ethnic tourism product development strategy, and the concrete ethnic tourism product design and the development program carried on to various strategies in explains with examples. Finally has planned the Northeast ethnic tourism circle safeguard system, mainly concentrates in three points: Northeast area folk custom culture protection question, traveling transportation system's conformity question, as well as traveling human resources conformity and promotion question.
This article innovates the place to have three points: First is in the research technique, breakthrough former ethnic tourism simple point development pattern, from research's beginning in compares the wide range traveling linkage to develop in this macroscopic criterion, studies the big ethnic tourism circle's construction and development question. Second is on the object of study, expands from the national minority area of concentration's ethnic tourism development to the general Han Nationality area, from concentrates in the national minority recreation, the festival celebrates development widening to the general common people folk custom culture of broader scope, the more types folk custom phenomenon traveling development. In the third concrete ethnic tourism product development strategy, the attempt has introduced many development patterns, carries on the ethnic tourism product innovation by the new angle of view.
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