摘要
植物和土壤之间的反馈作用推动着植物群落演替和生态系统的恢复,植物可以改变土壤特性,反过来,土壤也会影响植物的表型、生产力、种群丰富度等。
本文采集青藏高原东部亚高山草甸的土壤进行灭菌处理,同时选取六种当地植物物种,采集它们的种子,在人工气候室内,进行盆栽试验,添加不同浓度氮肥(NH4NO3溶液)并接种不同多样性梯度的微生物,观察植物和土壤微生物之间的反馈作用,同时进一步验证氮是否是亚高山草甸植物群落演替的限制因素。本文的研究结果表明：
(1)植物对土壤的作用具有物种特异性。
(2)土壤C矿化与土壤中微生物量C呈显著的正相关,微生物是土壤C矿化中的主要参与者,外源微生物的引入有利于土壤C矿化的进行,微生物的这种作用也依赖于土壤中N源的水平。本文研究显示高氮和高微生物条件最有利于土壤C矿化的进行。
(3)氮素添加和微生物接种对植物群落的影响具有浓度依赖性。本文研究显示低氮不添加微生物条件有利于植物的生长,进一步验证氮是亚高山草甸植物群落演替的限制因素。
The feedbacks between plant and soil can promote the succession of the plant communities and restoration of the ecosystem. Plant can change the characteristics of soil, on the contrary, soil can also effect plant performance, plant productivity and population abundance.
In order to provide a basis for future decisions on effective grassland restoration programs and ecosystem management, as well as for further studies on carbon cycle under global change in this and other regions, we carry out an experiment to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization and inoculating microorganisms on plant-soil feedbacks in a sub-alpine meadow. We collected soil and seeds of six individual plant species from a sub-alpine meadow ecosystem in the eastern part of the Qing-Hai Tibetan Plateau. The soil was sterilized by y-irradiation (25kGy) and germinlated seeds were transplantd. We added N (NH4NO3solution) and inoculated microbes to study their effect on plant-soil feedbacks and to test whether soil N composition control plant community succession. The results of our study showed that:
(1) Plants affected the characteristics of soil in a certain species-specific way.
(2) Soil C mineralization rate was positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C. Soil microbe is a major player in the soil C mineralization, and inoculating microbiology promoted the process of soil C mineralization. However, this promotion effect depended on the level of N in the soil. Our study showed that high nitrogen and high microbial had the most rapid soil C mineralization rate.
(3) Different concentrations of nitrogen and differdent combination of nitrogen and microbial community both have different effects of plants. Our study showed that low nitrogen and non-microbe inoculation were favorable for plant growth, further proved that the nitrogen was the limiting factor of plant community succession in sub-alpine meadow.
引文
Aerts R. and Chapin F.S. (2000) The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited:a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Advances in Ecological Research.30:1-67.
Albrecht S.L., Okon Y., Lonnquist J., Burton R.H. (1981) Nitrogen fixation by corn-Azospirilliun associations in a temperate climate. Crop Science.21:301-306.
Angers D., Caron J. (1998) Plant-induced changes in soil structure:processes and feedbacks. Biogeochemistry.42:55-72.
Atkinson T.G., Neal J.L., Larson R.L. (1975) Genetic control of the rhizosphere microflora of wheat. Biology and Control of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens (ed. G. W. Bruehl).116-122.
Augspurger C.K., Kelley C.K. (1984) Pathogen mortality of tropical tree seedlings:experimental studies of the effects of dispersal distance, seedling density, and light conditions. Oecologia. 61:211-217.
Augspurger C.K. (1990) Spatial patterns of damping-off disease during seedling recruitment in tropical forests. Pests, Pathogens and Plant Communities (eds J. J. Bur- don & S. R. Leather). 131-144.
Ayres E., Steltzer H., Simmons B.L., Simpson R.T., Steinweg J.M., Wallenstein M.D., Mellor N., Parton W.J., Moore J.C., Wall D.H. (2009) Home-field advantage accelerates leaf litter decomposition in forests. Soil Biology & Biochemistry.41:606-610.
Bardgett R.D., Frankland J.C., Whittaker J.B. (1993) The effects of agricultural practices on the soil biota of some upland grasslands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.45:25-45.
Bardgett R.D., Hobbs P.J., Frostegard A (1996) Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils.22:261-264.
Bardgett R.D., Leemans D.K., Cook R., Hobbs P.J. (1997) Seasonality of the soil biota of grazed and ungrazed hill grasslands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.29:1285-1294.
Bardgett Richard D., Bowman William D., Ruediger Kaufmann and Steve K. Schmidt(2005).A temporal approach to linking aboveground and belowground ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution.
Bardgett R.D., Freeman C., Ostle N.J.(2008) Microbial contributions to climate change through carbon cycle feedbacks. ISME Journal.2:805-814.
Barr-Ness E., Chen Y., Hadar Y, Marschner H., Roemheld V. (1991) Siderophores of Pseudomonas putida as an iron source for dicot and monocot plants. Plant and Soil. 130:231-241.
Beare M.H., Coleman D.C., Crossley D.A., Hendrix P.F., Odum E.P. (1995) A hierarchical approach to evaluating the significance of soil biodiversity to biogeochemical cycling. Plant and Soil.170:5-22.
Berendse F. (1994) Litter decomposability-a neglected component of plant fitness. Journal of Ecology.82:187-190.
Berendse F. (1998) Effects of dominant plant species on soils during sucession in nutrient-poor
ecosystems. Biogeochemistry.42:73-88.
Bever J.D. (1994) Feedback between plants and their soil communities in an old-field community. Ecology.75:1965-1977.
Bever J.D., Westover K.M., Antonovics J. (1997) Incorporating the soil community into plant population dynamics:the utility of the feedback approach. Journal of Ecology.85:561-573.
Bever J.D. (2003) Soil community feedback and the coexistence of competitors:conceptual frameworks and empirical tests. New Phytol.157:465-473.
Bezemer T.M., Lawson C.S., Hedlund K., Edwards A.R., Brook A.J.,lgual J.M., Mortimer S.R., Van der Putten W.H. (2006) Plant species and functional group effects on abiotic and microbial soil properties and plant-soil feedback responses in two grasslands. Journal of Ecology.94:893-904.
Bruehl, G.W. (1987) Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Macmillan Publishing. Co., New York, New York.
Bullock D.G (1992) Crop-rotation. Critical reviews in plant sciences.11:309-26.
Burdon J.J. (1987) Diseases and Plant Population Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mas-sachusetts.
Casper B.B., Bentivenga S.P., Ji B.M., Doherty J.H., Edenborn H.M., Gustafson D.J. (2008) Plant-soil feedback:testing the generality with the same grasses in serpentine and prairie soils. Ecology.89:2154-2164.
Chanway C.P., Turkington R., Holl F.B. (1991) Ecological implications of specificity between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms. Advances in Ecological Research.21:121-169.
Crocker R.L., Major J. (1955) Soil development in relation to vegetation and surface age at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Journal of Ecology.43:427-48.
Crowley D.E., Want Y.C., Reid C.P.P., Szaniszlo P.J. (1991) Mechanisms for iron acquisition from siderophores by microorganisms and plants. Plant and Soil.130:179-198.
De Deyn G.B., Raaijmakers C.E., Zoomer H.R., Berg M.P., de Ruiter P.C., et al.(2003) Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity. Nature.422:711-713.
De Deyn G.B., Quirk H., Zou Y, Oakley S., Ostle N.J., Bardgett R.D. (2009) Vegetation composition promotes carbon and nitrogen storage in model grassland communities of contrasting soil fertility. Journal of Ecology.97:864-875.
Derylo M., Skorupska A. (1992) Rhizobial siderophore as an iron source for clover. Physiology of Plants.85:549-553.
Dorrepaal E., Cornelissen J.H.C., Aerts R. (2007) Changing leaf litter feedbacks on plant production across contrasting subarctic peatland species and growth forms. Oecologia. 151:251-261.
Ehrenfeld J.G., Ravit B., Elgersma K. (2005) Feedback in the Plant-Soil System. Annual review of Environment and Resources.30:75-115.
Eviner V.T., Chapin F.S.(2002) The influence of plant species, fertilization and elevated CO 2 on soil aggregate stability. Plant Soil.246:211-19.
Eviner V.T., Hawkes C.V. (2008) Embracing variability in the application of plant-soil interactions to the restoration of communities and ecosystems. Restoration Ecology. 16:713-729.
Fornara D.A., Tilman D. (2008) Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation. Journal of Ecology.96:314-322.
Garcia C., Roldan A., Hernandez T. (2005) Ability of different plant species to promote microbiological processes in semiarid soil. Geoderma.124:193-202.
Gurevitch J., Scheiner S.M., Fox G.A. (2002) The Ecology of Plants. Sunderland MA:Sinauer Associate.523.
Handman H., Weller D.M., Thomashow L.S. (1991) Relative importance of fluorescent siderophores and other factors in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and M4-80R. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 57:3270-3277.
Harinikumar K.M., Bagyaraj D.J. (1988) Effect of crop rotation on native vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal pro-pagules in soil. Plant and Soil.110:77-80.
Harrison K.A., Bardgett R.D. (2010) Influence of plant species and soil conditions on plant-soil feedback in mixed grassland communities. Journal of Ecology.8:384-395.
Hinsinger P., Plassard C., Tang C., Jaillard B.T. (2003) Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints:a review. Plant Soil. 248:43-59.
Jastrow J.D., Miller R.M., Lussenhop J. (1998) Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie. Soil Biology Biochemistry. 30:905-16.
Jiang Lili, Han Xingguo, Zhang Guangming, Paul Kardol (2010) The role of plant-soil feedbacks and land-use legacies in restoration of a temperate steppe in northern China. Ecological Research.25:1101-1111.
Johnson N.C., Pfleger F.L., Crookston R.K., Simmons S.R., Copeland P.J. (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas respond to corn and soybean cropping history. New Phytologist.117:657-663.
Kardol P., Bezemer T.M., Van der Putten W.H. (2006) Temporal variation in plant-soil feedback controls succession. Ecology Letters.9:1080-1088
Kardol P., Cornips N.J., Kempen M.M.L., Bakx-Schotman J.M.T., Van der Putten W.H. (2007) Microbe-mediated plant-soil feedback causes historical contingency effects in plant community assembly. Ecology Monographs.77:147-162.
Kardol P., Wardle D.A. (2010) How understanding aboveground-belowground linkages can assist restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution.25:670-679.
Kay B.D., Angers D.A. (2000) Soil structure. In Handbook of Soil Science, ed. ME Sumner,.A229-76. Boca Raton, FL:CRC.
Kinkel L.L., Bakker M.G., Schlatter D.C. (2011) A coevolutionary framework for managing disease-suppressive soils. Annual Review of Phytopathology.49:47-67.
Klironomos J.N. (2002) Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities. Nature.417:67-70.
Kuperman R.G. (1996) Relationships between soil properties and community structure of soil macroinvertebrates in oak-hickory forests along an acidic deposition gradient [J]. Applied Soil Ecology.4(2):125-137.
Larkin R.P., Hopkins D.L., Martin F.N. (1993) Effect of successive watermelon plantings on Fusarium oxysporum and other micro-organisms in soils suppressive and conducive to Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Phytopathology.83:1097-1105.
Leigh G.J. (2004) The World's Greatest Fix. A History of Nitrogen and Agriculture.Oxford, UK: Oxford Univisity. Press.242.
Leiros M.C, Trasar Cepeda C, Seoane S., et al. (1999) Dependence of mineralization of soil organic matter on temperature and moisture [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry.31(3):327-335.
Li W.J., Li J.H., Lu J.F., Zhang R.Y., Wang G. (2010) Legume-grass species influence plant productivity and soil nitrogen during grassland succession in the eastern Tibet Plateau. Applied Soil Ecology.44:164-169.
Manning P., Morrison S.A., Bonkowski M., Bardgett R.D. (2008) Nitrogen enrichment modifies plant community structure via changes to plant-soil feedback. Oecologia.157:661-673.
Mansson K.F., Falkengren-grerup U. (2003) The effect of nitrogen deposition on nitrification, carbon and nitrogen mineralisation and litter C:N ratios in oak (Quercus robur L.) forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Manement.179(1/3):455-467.
Marschner P., Crowley D., Yang C.H. (2004). Development of specific rhizosphere bacterial communities in relation to plant species, nutrition and soil type. Plant and Soil.61:1999-1208.
Martens D.A. (2000) Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration. Soil Biology Biochemistry.32:361-69.
McCarthy-Neumann S., Kobe R.K. (2010) Conspecific and hetero-specific plant-soil feedbacks influence survivorship and growth of temperate tree seedlings. Journal of Ecology. 98:408-418.
Middleton E.L., Bever J.D. (2011) Inoculation with a native soil community advances succession in grassland restoration. Restoration Ecology.20:218-226.
Miller R.M., Jastrow J.D. (1990) Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregation. Soil Biol. Biochem.22:579-84.
Neitko K.F., Frankenberg W.T.Jr. (1989) Biosynthesis of cytokinins in soil. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America.53:735-740.
Newsham K.K., Fitter A.H., Watkinson A.R. (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhiza protect an annual grass from root pathogenic fungi in the field. Journal of Ecology.83:991-1000.
Nijjer S., Rogers W.E., Siemann E. (2007) Negative plant-soil feedbacks may limit persistence of an invasive tree due to rapid accumulation of soil pathogens. Proceedings of Royal Society B. 274:2621-2627.
Price P.W. (1984) The concept of the ecosystem. Ecological entomology. Wiley, New York, pp 19-52.
Reinhart K.O., Royo A.A., Van der Putten W.H., Clay K. (2005) Soil feedback and pathogen activity in Prunus serotina throughout its native range. Journal of Ecology.93:890-898.
Reynolds H.L., Packer A., Bever J.D., Clay K. (2003) Grassroots ecology:plant-microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics. Ecology.84:2281-2291.
Ricklefs R., Schluter D. (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Rillig M. (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizae and terrestrial ecosystem processes. Ecology Letters. 7:740-54.
Rillig M., Wright S., Eviner V.T. (2002) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation:comparing effects of five plant species. Plant Soil.238:325-33.
Rooij-van der Goes P.C.E.M. (1995) The role of plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-borne fungi in the decline of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. New Phytologist.129:661-669.
Scott N.A. (1998) Soil aggregation and organic matter mineralization in forests and grasslands: plant species effects. Soil Science Society of American Journal.62:1081-89.
Shipton P.J. (1977) Monoculture and soilborne plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology.15:387-407.
Sprent J.I. (1993) The role of nitrogen fixation in primary succession. Primary succession on land. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston.209-220.
Suding K.N., Gross K.L., Houseman G.R. (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution.19:46-53.
Tate R.L. (1995) Soil Microbiology. Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, New York.
Tein T.M., Gaskins M.H., Hubbell D.H. (1979) Plant growth substances produced by Azospirillum basilense and their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum). Applied Environmental Microbiology.37:1016-1024.
Thomashow L.S., Weller D.M. (1990) Role of antibiotics and siderophores in biocontrol of take-all disease in wheat. Plant and Soil.129:93-99.
Turkington R., Holl F.B., Chanway C.P., Thompson J.D. (1988) The influence of microorganisms, particularly Rhizobium, on plant competition in grass-legume communities. Plant Population Ecology (eds A. J. Davy, M. J. Hutchings & A. R. Watkinson),343-366. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Umbanhowar J., McCann K. (2005) Simple rules for the coexistence and competitive dominance of plants mediated by mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology Letters.8:247-52.
Van Breeman N. (1995) How Sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 10:270-75.
Van Breemen N., Finzi A.C. (1998) Plant-soil interactions:ecological aspects and evolutionary implications. Biogeochemistry.42:1-19.
Van Cleve K., Viereck L.A. (1981) Forest succession in relation to nutrient cycling in the boreal forest of Alaska. Reference.282:185-211.
Van der Heijden M.G.A., Bardgett R.D., Van Straalen N.M. (2008) The unseen majority:soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters.11:296-310.
Van der Putten W.H. (1997) Plant-soil feedback as a selective force. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.12:169-170.
Van der Putten W.H., Van Dijk C., Peters B.A.M. (1993) Plant-specific soil-borne diseases contribute to succession in foredune vegetation. Nature.362:53-56.
Van der Putten, W.H. (2003). Plant defense belowground and spatiotemporal processes in natural vegetation. Ecology.84:2269-2280.
Van der Putten W.H., Bardgett R.D., De Ruiter P.C., Hol W.H.G., Meyer K.M., Bezemer T.M., Bradford M.A., Christensen S., Eppinga M.B., Fukami T., Hemerik L., Molofsky J., Schadler M., Scherber C., Strauss S.Y., Vos M., Wardle D.A. (2009) Empirical and theoretical challenges in aboveground-belowground ecology. Oecologia.161:1-14.
Vivanco L., Austin A.T. (2008) Tree species identity alters forestlitter decomposition through longterm plant and soil interactions in Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Ecology.96:727-736.
Wang G., Liu G., Xu M. (2009) Above- and belowground dynamics of plant community succession following abandonment of farmland on the loess plateau, China. Plant Soil. 316:227-239.
Wardle D.A. (2002) Communities and ecosystems:Linking the Aboveground and belowground components. Princeton University Press.
Wardle D.A., Bardgett R.D., Klironomos J.N., Setala H., van der Putten W.H., et al. (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science.304:1629-1633.
Walker J., Thompson C.H., Fergus I.F., Tunstall B.R. (1981) Plant succession and soil development in coastal sand dunes of subtropical eastern Australia. Reference.282:107-31.
Westover K.M. (1995) The role of rhizosphere soil micro-organisms in plant competition and coexistence.[PhD thesis]. Washington State University, Pullman.
高荣庆(2012)亚高山草甸弃耕地恢复演替过程中植物-土壤反馈作用研究.[硕士学位论文].甘肃省兰州市.兰州大学.
高永超,王加宁,迟建国,孔学,刘华,曾德慧(2012)污染土壤微生物群落结构分子鉴定技术研究进展.生物技术.129：91-96.
蒋智林,刘万学,万方浩,李正跃(2008)紫茎泽兰与本地植物群落根际十壤酶活性和十壤肥力的差异.农业环境科学学报.27(2)：660-664.
李会娜,刘万学,万方浩(2011)土壤灭菌对紫茎泽兰和番茄的反馈作用.中国农业学通报.27(16)：186-189.
罗明,文启凯,陈全家,等(2000)不同用量的氮磷化肥对棉田土壤微生物区系及活性的影响.[J]土壤通报.31(2)：66-71.
秦燕燕,李金花,王刚,李文金(2009)添加豆科植物对弃耕地土壤微生物多样性的影响.兰州大学学报.45(3)：55-60.
石玲,戴万宏(2009)宣城红壤微生物量碳含量及其与土壤有机碳矿化的关系.土壤通报.2009(3)：547-551.
宋洋,李柱刚(2010)DGGE技术在十壤微生物群落研究中的应用.黑龙江农业科学.2010(7)：5-8.
王晗生(2007)植被作用下十壤干化的反馈效应及相关问题讨论.地理科学进展.26(6)：33-39.
王邵军,阮宏华(2008)土壤生物对地上生物的反馈作用及其机制.生物多样性.16(4)：407-416.
徐秋芳(2004)森林土壤活性有机碳库的研究[D].浙江大学.
于兴军,于丹,卢志军,马克平(2005)一个可能的植物入侵机制：入侵种通过改变入侵地土壤微生物群落影响本地种的生长.50(9):896-903.
张桂花,彭少麟,李光义,李勤(2009)外来入侵植物与地下生态系统相互影响的研究进展.中国农业学通报.25(14):246-251.
张旭辉(2005)农业土壤有机碳库的变化与土壤升温对水稻土有机碳矿化和C02排放的影响[D].南京：南京农业大学.
朱伟兴(2005)恢复及演替过程中的土壤生态学考虑.植物生态学报.29(3):479-486.