随着点源污染治理水平的相对提高,农业非点源污染已经成为制约我国农业可持续发展及威胁生态环境安全的首要因素。治理农业非点源污染可根据其产移特点分为防治产污的“源环节”和控制迁移的“汇环节”。“汇环节”控制侧重于对已流出污染物的去除和削减,是保护河湖水体的重要措施。由于地表径流是污染物运移的主要路径,在污染源和受纳水体间设置植被区域,利用植被过滤带拦蓄地表径流中的污染物,已在美欧等国家得到较多的研究和应用,并被证明是一种低成本、高成效的径流治理措施。
本研究构建了两种产流系统,利用华北地区土壤及其常见植物紫花苜蓿和高羊茅在易于观察、条件可控性好的土槽装置上构建了模拟径流系统(长度6m)；采用高羊茅、白三叶、百慕达三种植物构建了人工降雨径流小区(长度12m)。选择典型农田径流污染物悬浮物、氮磷营养盐及有机农药化合物为研究对象,从化合物存在状态角度分析了两种产流方式下污染物在草地过滤带中的地表及地下径流中的迁移规律和截留特征,并对有机农药化合物的迁移机理进行了探讨,为掌握植被过滤带多介质系统的生态功能及其调控机理,系统评估其环境效益提供了重要的理论参考。本研究得出的主要结果如下：
(1)草地过滤带能有效截留径流污染物,模拟径流和人工降雨实验均得出颗粒态污染物(SS和PP)和CODMn去除率高于溶解态污染物(NO3--N、NH4+-N和TDP)；较强吸附性污染物(NH4+-N和TDP)去除率高于弱吸附性污染物(NO3--N); TN和TP中颗粒态组分所占比例越高,其去除率越高。
(3)在模拟径流实验中,固定土壤条件和净化系统长度,选择植被条件、污染物进水浓度、进水流量和坡度为控制变量,通过正交实验分析该4种因素对各种污染物去除率的影响。实验得出污染物的截留特征与其存在状态显著相关,SS、PP和CODMn的截留特征具有相似性。植被条件、进水浓度、流量和坡度均为极显著影响因素,高羊茅过滤带和紫花苜蓿过滤带的SS和PP去除率均显著优于对照系统,污染物去除率均呈现出随进水浓度、进水流量和系统坡度的增加而降低的趋势；对于溶解态营养盐而言,植被条件为显著性因素,高羊茅过滤带因其植被近地表密集度较高而对污染物去除率显著高于紫花苜蓿过滤带和对照系统；浓度为NO3--N、NH4+-N和TDP去除率的极显著因素,中等浓度时N03--N去除率最高,进水浓度升至高等进水浓度后去除率明显下降,而NH4+-N和TDP去除率呈现随进水浓度增加而增加的趋势；进水流量为N03--N去除率的显著影响因素,随流量增加去除率降低,本试验范围内的进水流量变化对NH4+-N和TDP去除率无显著影响；坡度为NH4+-N去除率的极显著影响因素,其去除率随坡度增加而降低,本试验范围内的坡度变化对N03--N和TDP去除率无显著影响。
(4)选取弱吸附性除草剂阿特拉津(Koc=100L Kg-1)和强吸附性杀菌剂百菌清(Koc=1380L Kg-1)为目标污染物,模拟径流实验得出阿特拉津和百菌清地表径流液相出水浓度均随径流距离增加而降低,但其出水浓度和径流距离未能用线性方程和指数方程进行较好拟合；通过液相农药化合物的进出水浓度计算去除率,得出强吸附性农药化合物百菌清去除率高于弱吸附性化合物阿特拉津,植被高羊茅的存在能显著促进农药截留；比较系统进水和2m出水沉积物中的农药吸附相浓度,可知阿特拉津吸附相浓度未表现出明显的变化规律,而百菌清2m出水的吸附相浓度较进水出现明显升高,观察到颗粒物粒径越小其有机农药吸附相浓度越高的现象。以吸附相污染物负荷减少率评价颗粒态农药化合物的截留效果,得出草地过滤带能有效拦截吸附态农药化合物。
(5)人工降雨实验中阿特拉津和百菌清的出流浓度均呈现出逐次增加的趋势,尤其是对照系统的变化幅度最为显著,以草地过滤带污染物出水浓度比对照系统出水浓度的减少率计算去除率来评价径流污染物的截留效果：植被的存在能显著促进地表径流中阿特拉津的截留,草地过滤带的阿特拉津去除率为60%以上,但其去除率呈现出逐次降低的趋势；百菌清去除率与阿特拉津存在较大差别,其去除率呈现先升高后下降的趋势,第一次和第四次实验对照系统与草地过滤带的百菌清出流浓度无显著差异,第二次和第三次实验草地过滤带的百菌清出流浓度显著低于对照系统,计算第二次和第三次百菌清去除率分别为85.43%-87.69%和22.36%-37.21%。
(6)渗流实验得出：经0.35m土层渗滤后各污染物渗流浓度均较进水浓度出现降低,尤其是草地过滤带,其污染物去除率普遍高于对照系统,根据2m、4m和6m渗流出水平均浓度相比于地表径流进水浓度的减少率计算污染物去除率,SS去除率高于溶解态污染物NO3--N、NH4+-N和TDP)；强吸附性污染物去除率(TDP和NH4+-N)高于弱吸附性污染物(NO3--N)；TP和TN去除率是溶解态组分和颗粒态组分的综合反应,颗粒态组分比例越高,去除率越高；溶解态氮素,尤其是NO3--N污染地下水的风险较高；各处理系统渗流出水电导率均较进水明显降低,电导率变化验证了吸附作用是溶解态污染物浓度降低的重要原因；地表径流出水pH值相比于进水未出现显著变化,说明径流通过0.35m土层的过程中未发生H+和OH-的浓度变化；对于有机农药化合物,植被条件对两种吸附性农药去除率均无显著影响,然而强吸附性化合物百菌清截留效果显著高于弱吸附性化合物阿特拉津,渗流实验得出阿特拉津随水流下渗污染地下水的风险高于百菌清。
As point source pollution is controlled effectively, agricultural non-point source pollution has been one of the primary factors to restrict agricultural sustainable development and threaten ecological environment security. Agricultural non-point source pollution control can be divided into "source control" and "sink control" according to contaminants migration processes."Sink control" focuses on the outflow contaminant removal, which is one of the important measures to protect surface water quality. As surface runoff is a main delivery pathway for contaminants, constructing vegetative filter strip between pollution source area and receiving water has been considered to be an effective way to intercept runoff contaminants and has been widely researched and used in USA and Europe countries.
There were two kinds of runoff yielding patterns in this study. One was simulated runoff and grass filter strips consisting of North China region soil and plant of alfalfa and tall fescue were constructed on simulated runoff systems (6m of self-designed soil bin device). The other one was simulated rainfall and grass filter strips consisting of North China region soil and plant of tall fescue, white clover and bermuda were constructed on simulated rainfall plot (length of12m). Taking typical cropland runoff pollutants (suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pesticide) as target compounds, contaminant migration patterns and intercept mechanisms in surface runoff and subsurface runoff were analyzed on the bases of compound existing status and absorptivity. Moreover, mitigation mechanism of organic pesticide was discussed further. The study mentioned above would provide important theoretical references to research on ecological function and regulation mechanism of grass filter strip. The main points of this study are shown as follows:
(1) Grass filer strips were effective to intercept runoff contaminants. The removal efficiencies of particulate contaminants including SS(suspended solid)、PP(particulate phosphorus) and CODMn were higher than those of dissolved contaminants including NO3--N、NH4+-N and TDP. The removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TDP with stronger absorptivity were higher than NO3--N with weaker absorptivity. The removal efficiency of TP or TN increased as the proportion of particulate component increased.
(2) SS and PP were mainly trapped in the first part of filter strip, and their outflow concentrations decreased exponentially with runoff extension，whereas NO3--N, NH4+-N and TDP outflow concentrations decreased linearly.
(3)The effects of vegetation type, pollutant concentration, flow velocity and slope on runoff pollutant removal efficiency were studied by comparing contrast system, alfalfa filter strip and tall fescue filter strip. Results indicated that the influence of vegetation type, pollutant concentration, flow velocity and slope on pollutant removal efficiency varied with the status and nature of pollutants. The trapping of particulate pollutant SS, PP and CODMn was affected by the above mentioned four parameters obviously. The particulate pollutant removal efficiencies in the alfalfa filter strip and tall fescue strip were significantly superior to the control system, and decreased with the increasing of influent concentration, influent flow rate and slope. The removal efficiencies of dissolved pollutant NO3--N、NH4+-N and TDP (total dissolved phosphorus) were affected by vegetation type and influent concentration significantly. The dissolved contaminant removal efficiency in the tall fescue filter strip was better than alfalfa filter strip as well as contrast system. Nitrate removal rate reached highest in moderate concentration. The removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TDP increased with the increase of their concentrations. Nitrate removal rate decreased remarkably with increasing influent flow rate. The removal rate of NH4+-N decreased significantly with increasing slope.
(4)Moderately sorbed herbicide atrazine (Koc=100L Kg-1) and strongly sorbed
chlorothalonil (Koc=1380L Kg-1) were studied as target organic pesticide contaminants. Simulated runoff experiment showed:atrazine and chlorothalonil outflow concentrations decreased as runoff extended, and neither exponential equation nor linear equation could fit the outflow concentrations versus runoff extension distances very well. The pesticide removal efficiency was calculated by inflow and outflow concentrations, and pesticide contaminant trapping features could be drawn that the removal efficiency of strongly sorbed
chlorothalonil was higher than moderately sorbed herbicide atrazine, and plant can promote pesticide interception. Comparing the sorbed pesticide concentrations in sediment gained from the bottom of collecting containers of inflow and outflow (2m), sorbed atrazine concentrations did not show significant differences between inflow and outflow, whereas sorbed chlorothalonil concentrations of outflow were much higher than those of inflow. The implication was that organic pesticide transported with finer sediment，and sorbed pesticide concentrations increased as fine silt or clay fraction increased. Taking sorbed contaminate load reduction to evaluate sorbed pesticide trapping, grass filter strip was effective to intercept organic pesticide contaminates, and plant condition and soil organic matter content did not influence the removal significantly.
(5) Atrazine and chlorothalonil outflow concentrations increased successively in4simulated rainfall experiments, and the outflow concentration of contrast system changed most significantly. Taking the reduction of grass filter strip outflow concentration compared to that of contrast system as evaluation index, atrazine removal efficiencies were above60%, whereas the removal efficiencies decreased as experiment times increased. Chlorothalonil removal showed different features from atrazine, and its trapping efficiencies increased firstly and decreased later. There was no significant difference of chlorothalonil outflow concentrations between grass filter strip and contrast system in the first and the fourth experiments, whereas its outflow concentrations of grass filter strips were much lower than those of contrast system in the second and the third experiments, with the removal efficiency of85.43%～87.69%and22.36%～37.21%.respectively.
(6)The results of seepage experiment are as follows:contaminant concentrations of subsurface outflow were lower than those of correspongding surface outflow, and the trapping effectiveness by0.35m soil layer infiltration in grass filter strip were higher than that in contrast system. Contaminant removal efficiency was calculated based on the reduction of subsurface outflow concentration compared to surface outflow concentration, and the removal efficiency of SS was higher than those of dissolved contaminants NO3--N, NH4+-N and TDP. The removal efficiencies of TDP and NH4+-N with stronger absorptivity were higher than that of NO3--N with weaker absorptivity. TP or TN trapping effectiveness is a comprehensive reflection of particulate and dissolved fractions retention, and their removal efficiencies increased with the increase of particulate fraction proportion. Dissolved nitrogen, especially NO3--N, posed the higher risk of groundwater pollution than sediment and phosphorus. Electrical conductivity in subsurface outflow was lower than surface outflow, and the electrical conductivity reduction verified that dissolved contaminants removal by soil percolation was mainly attributed to ion adsorption. The pH values in subsurface outflow changed insignificantly compared with surface inflow, which meant the concentrations of H+and OH" were not changed by0.35m Soil layer infiltration. As for organic pesticide, plant condition and soil property did not influence pesticide removal efficiency significantly, whereas trapping efficiency of chlorothalonil with strong absorptivity (Koc>1000L Kg-1) were higher than atrazine with moderate absorptivity (100L Kg-1
引文
[1]张宏艳.发达地区农业非点源污染的经济学研究.上海：上海复旦大学图书馆,2004.
[2]US Environmental Protection Agency. Non-point source pollution from agriculture[EB /OL]. http://www.epa.gov/region8/water/nps/npsurb.html,2003.
[3]Kronvang B. Diffuse Nutrient losses in Denmark water. Sci.Technol.1996,33:81.
[4]UUNK E J B. Eutrophication of surface waters and the contribution of agriculture. Proceeding of the Fertilizer Society.1991,303:55.
[5]SHAPLEYA N,CHAPRA S C R,WEDEPOHL R, et al. Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters, issues and options. Journal of Environmental Quality.1994, 23:427-451.
[6]Ministry of the Environment of Finland. Sources, processes and effects of water pollution: Nutrient load on water courses [EB/OL].2003.
[7]苑韶峰,吕军.流域农业非点源污染研究概况.土壤通报,2004,35(4)：507-511.
[8]Boers P C M. Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands:causes and remedies[J]. Water Sci. Technol.1996,33:183-190.
[9]Robertson W D, Ptacek C J, Brown S J. Geochemical and Hydrogeological Impacts of a Wood Particle Barrier Treating Nitrate and Perchlorate in Ground Water. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation.2007,27(2):85-95.
[10]张维理,冀宏杰,Kolbe,徐爱国.中国农业非点源污染形势估计及控制对策.欧美国家农业非点源污染状况及控制.中国农业科学,2004,37(7),1018-1025.
[11]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局,中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公告.2010.
[12]程红,汪家权,肖莆,等.巢湖流域农业非点源污染现状及控制策略.安徽农业科学.2009,37(29)：14341-14342,14345.
[13]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局,中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报.2010.
[14]崔健,马友华,赵艳萍,等.农业非点源污染的特性及防治措施.中国农学通报.2006,22(1)：335-340.
[15]曹彦龙,李崇明,阚平.重庆三峡库区非点源污染源评价与聚类分析.农业环境科学学报2007,26(3)：857-862.
[16]王丽婧,郑炳辉,李子成.三峡库区及上游流域非点源污染特征与防治策略.长江流域资源与环境.2009,18(8)：783-788.
[17]陆轶峰,李宗逊,雷宝坤.滇池流域农田氮、磷肥施用现状与评价.云南环境科学,2003,1(22)：34.
[18]Muscutt, A.D., Harris, et al. Buffer zones to improve water quality:a review of their potential use in UK agriculture. Agric.EcosystEnviron.1993.,45:59-77.
[19]李怀恩,庞敏,杨寅群,等.植被过滤带对地表径流中悬浮固体净化效果的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2009,28(6)：176-181.
[20]Clinnick, P. F.. Buffer strip management in forest operations:A review. Australian Forestry 1985,48(1),34-45.
[21]Rankins, A., Jr., et al. Perennial Grass Filter Strips for Reducing Herbicide Losses in Runoff. Weed Science.2001,49(5):647-651.
[22]Boyd, P.M., J.L. Baker, et al. Pesticide Transport with Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage Through a Vegetative Filter Strip. Transactions of the ASAE.2003,46(3):675-684.
[23]Helmers, M.J., D.E. Eisenhauer, et al. Flow Pathways and Sediment Trapping in a Field Scale Vegetative Filter. Transactions of the ASAE.2005,48(3):955-968.
[24]Gilley, J.E., B. Eghball, et al. Narrow Grass Hedge Effects on Runoff and Soil Loss. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2000,55(2):190-196.
[25]Arora, K., S.K. Mickelson, et al.. Effectiveness of Vegetated Buffer Strips in Reducing Pesticide Transport in Simulated Runoff. Transactions of the ASAE.2003,46(3):635-644.
[26]Blanco-Canqui, H., C.J. Gantzer, et al. Grass Barriers for Reduced Concentrated Flow Induced Soil and Nutrient Loss. SSSA Journal.2004,68(6):1963-1972.
[27]Majed Abu-Zreig. Factors affecting sediment trapping in vegetated filter strips:simulation study using VFSMOD. Hydrol.Process.2001,15:1477-1488.
[28]Foster, G.R. Modeling the erosion process.1982,297-380.
[29]L.J. Krutz, S. A. Senseman, R. M. Zablotowicz, et al. Reducing Herbicide Runoff from Agricultural Fields with Vegetative Filter Strips:A Review. Weed Science,2005, 53(3):353-367.
[30]Lee, K.H., T.M. Isenhart, et al. Sediment and Nutrient Removal in an Established Multi-Species Riparian Buffer. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2003,58(1):1-8.
[31]Mickelson, S.K., J.L. Baker, et al. Vegetative Filter Strips for Reducing Atrazine and Sediment Runoff Transport. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2003,58(6):359-367.
[32]Humberto Blanco-Canqui, C. J. Gantzer, S. H. Anderson, et al. Grass Barrier and Vegetative Filter Strip Effectiveness in Reducing Runoff, Sediment, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Loss. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.2004,68:1670-1678.
[33]T.J.Schmitt, M.G.Dosskey, K.D.Hoagland. Filer strip performance and processes for different vegetation, widths, and contaminants.J.Environ.Qual.1999,28:1479-1489.
[34]Lena B, Gilles P, Ann F, et al. Structure and function of buffer strips from a water quality perspective in agriculture landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,31:323-331.
[35]McDowell, R.W., A.N. Sharpley. Soil phosphorus fractions in solution:Influence of fertilizer and manure, filtration and method of determination. Chemosphere. 2001,45:737-748.
[36]McDowell, R.W., A.N.Sharpley. Approximating phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage. J. Environ. Qual.2001,30:508-520.
[37]Dillaha, T.A., Reneau, et al. Vegetative filter strips for agricultural non-point source pollution control. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers.1989,32: 513-519.
[38]Magette WL, Brinsfield RB, Palmer RE, et al. Nutrient and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips. Transactions of theAmerican Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1989,32:663-667.
[39]Parsons,Hong Kee Jee, Soon Tak Lee, et al. Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Watersheds. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering.2006,10(1):53-58.
[40]Eghball, B., J.E. Gilley, et al. Narrow grass hedge effects on phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff following manure and fertilizer application. J. Soil Water Conserv.2000,55:172-176.
[41]Kyle R. Mankin, Daniel M., et al. Grass-Shrub Riparian Buffer Removal of Sediment, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen From Simulated Runoff.2007,43(5):1108-1116.
[42]吴健,王敏,吴建强,等.滨岸缓冲带植物群落优化配置试验研究.生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(4)：42-45,52.
[43]王敏,吴建强,黄沈发,等.不同坡度缓冲带径流污染净化效果及其最佳宽度.生态学报.2008,28(10)：4951-4956.
[44]李怀恩,庞敏,杨寅群,等.植被过滤带对地表径流中悬浮固体净化效果的试验研究.水力发电学报.2009,28(6)：176-181.
[45]李怀恩,邓娜,杨寅群,等.植被过滤带对地表径流中污染物的净化效果.农业工程学报.2010,26(7)：81-86.
[46]黄沈发,唐浩,鄢忠纯,等.3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果及其最佳宽度研究.环境污染与防治.2009,31(6)：53-57.
[47]Majed Abu-Zreig, Ramesh P.Rudra, Hugh R. Whiteley, et al. Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips.J.Environ.Qual.2003,32:613-619.
[48]Dillaha TA, Reneau RB, Mostaghimi S, et al. Vegetative filter strips for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1989,32(2):513-519.
[49]Lee, D., T.A. Dillaha, et al. Modeling phosphorus transport in grass buffer strips. J. Environ. Eng.1989,115:409-427.
[50]Sergi Sabater, Andrea Butturini, Jean-Christophe Clement, et al. Nitrogen Removal by Riparian Buffers along a European Climatic Gradient:Patterns and Factors of Variation, Ecosystems.2003,6:20-30.
[51]Patty, L., B. Real, et al. The use of grassed buffer strips to remove pesticides, nitrate and soluble phosphorus compounds from runoff water. Pestic. Sci.1997,49:243-251.
[52]Wauchope, R. D. The pesticide content of surface water draining from agricultural fields-a review. J. Environ. Qual.1978,7:459-472.
[53]G. J. Sabbagh, G. A. Fox, A. Kamanzi, et al. Effectiveness of Vegetative Filter Strips in Reducing Pesticide Loading:Quantifying Pesticide Trapping Efficiency. J. Environ. Qual. 2009,38:762-771.
[54]Hall, J. K., N. L. Hartwig, et al. Application mode and alternate cropping effects on atrazine losses from a hillside. J. Environ. Qual.1983,12:336-340.
[55]W. Mersie, C. Seybold, T. Tsegaye. Movement, adsorption, and mineralization of atrazine in two soils with and without switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) roots. European Journal of Soil Science.1999,50(2):343-349.
[56]Tingle, C. H., D. R. Shaw, et al. Metolachlor and metribuzin losses in runoff as affected by width of vegetative filter strips. Weed Sci.1998,46:475-479.
[57]Webster, E.P., Shaw, et al. Impact of vegetative filter strips on herbicide loss in runoff from soybean.Weed Sci.1996.44:662-671.
[58]Reichenberger, S., M. Bach, et al. Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground-and surface water and their effectiveness:A review. Sci. Total Environ.2007, 384:1-35.
[59]Leonard, R.A. Movement of pesticides into surface waters.1990:303-349.
[60]Watanabe, H., Grismer, et al. Diazinon transport through inter-row vegetative filter strips: micro-ecosystem modeling. J.Hydrol.2001,247:183-199.
[61]Delphin, J. E., Chapot, et al. Leaching of atrazine and deethylatrazine under a vegetated filter strip. Agronomie.2001,21:461-470.
[62]Mickelson, S.K., J.L. Baker, et al. Vegetative Filter Strips for Reducing Atrazine and Sediment Runoff Transport. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2003,58(6):359-367.
[63]Lowrance, R., G. Vellidis, et al. Herbicide transport in a managed riparian forest buffer system. Trans. ASAE.1997,40(4):1047-1057.
[64]Paterson, K. G., J. L. Schnoor. Fate of alachlor and atrazine in a riparian zone field site. Water Environ. Research.1992,64(3):274-283.
[65]Arora, K., S. K. Mickelson, et al. Herbicide retention by vegetative buffer strips from runoff under natural rainfall. Trans. ASAE.1996,39(6):2155-2162.
[66]Lewis L. Osborne, David A. Kovacic. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water-quality restoration and stream management. Freshmler Biology.1993,29:243-258.
[67]Majed Abu-Zreig, Ramesh P. Rudra, Manon N. Lalonde, et al. Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips. Hydrol.2004,18: 2029-2037.
[68]P. Fiener, K. Auerswald. Effectiveness of grassed waterways in reducing runoff and sediment delivery from agricultural watersheds. J. Environ. Qual.2003,32:927-936.
[69]Tingle C.H., Shaw D.R., Boyette. M., et al. Metolachlor and metribuzin losses in runoff as affected by width of vegetative filter strips. Weed Science.1998,46:475-479.
[70]Staddon, W.J., Locke, et al. Microbiological characteristics of a vegetative buffer strip soil and degradation and sorption of metolachlor. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.2001,65:1136-1142.
[71]Benoit, P., Barriuso, et al. Isoproturon movement and dissipation in undisturbed soil cores from a grassed buffer strip. Agronomie.2001,20:297-307.
[72]Meyer, L. D., S. M. Dabney, et al. Sediment-trapping effectiveness of stiff-grass hedges. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.1995,35:809-815.
[73]王晓燕.植被刚度对水流阻力特性的影响的研究.南京：河海大学,2007.
[74]Kemper, D., S. Dabney, et al. Hedging against erosion. J. Soil Water Conserv.1992,47: 284-288.
[75]K-H. Lee, T. M. Isenhart, R. C. Schultz, et al. Nutrient and sediment removal by switchgrass and cool-season grass filter strips in Central Iowa, USA. Agroforestry Systems.1999,44:121-132.
[76]C.-X.Jin, M.J.M.Romkens. Experimental Studies of Factors in Determining Sediment Trapping in Vegetative Filter Strips. Soil and Water Division of ASAE.2001,44(2):277-288.
[77]Robert P. Stone, P. Eng. Vegetated Filter Strip System Design Manual. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs.2006:76-78.
[78]邓娜,李怀恩,史冬庆,等.径流流量对植被过滤带净化效果的影响.农业工程学报.2012,28(4)：124-129.
[79]Janet Hussein, Bofu Yu, Hossein Ghadiri, et al. Prediction of surface flow hydrology and sediment retention upslope of a votive buffer strip. Journal of Hydrology.2007,338:261-272.
[80]Mukhtar, S., J. L. Baker, et al. Soil water infiltration as affected by the use of the paraplow. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.1985,28:1811-1816.
[81]Monica Vianello, Costantino Vischetti, Luciano Scarponi, et al. Herbicide losses in runoff events from a field with a low slope:Role of a vegetative filter strip, Chemosphere.2005:717-725.
[82]Borin, M., E. Bigon. Abatement of NO3--N concentration in agricultural waters by narrow buffer strips. Environ. Pollut.2002,117:165-168.
[83]Barfield, B. J., R. L. Blevins, et al. Water Quality impacts of natural filter strips in Karsts areas. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.1998,41:371-381.
[84]Burns, D.A., L. Nguyen. Nitrate movement and removal along a shallow groundwater flow path in a riparian wetland within a sheep-grazed pastoral catchment:Results of a tracer study. Freshwater Res.2002,36:371-385.
[85]Hill A R. Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones. Environment Quality.1996, 25:743-755.
[86]Lee, K. H., T. M. Isenhar, et al. Multispecies riparian buffers trap sediment and nutrients during rain-fall simulations. J. Environ. Qual.2000,29:1200-1205.
[87]Reddy, K. N., M. A. Locke, et al. Chlorimuron ethyl sorption and de-sorption kinetics in soils and herbicide-desiccated cover crop residues. J. Agric. Food Chem.1995,43:2752-2757.
[88]Dozier, M. C, S. A. Senseman, et al. Comparisons of atrazine and metolachlor affinity for bermudagrass (Cynodondactylon L.) and two soils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.2002, 43:292-295.
[89]Blanche, S. B., D. R. Shaw, et al. Fluometuron adsorption to vegetative filter strip components. Weed Sci.2003,51:125-129.
[90]Xingmei Liu, Xuyang Zhang, Minghua Zhang, et al. Major Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Vegetated Buffers on Sediment Trapping:A Review and Analysis. J. Environ. Qual.2008,37:1667-1674.
[91]National Research Council. Riparian areas:Functions and strategies for management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.2002.
[92]晏维金,章申,唐以剑.模拟降雨条件下沉积物对磷的富集机理.环境科学学报.2000,20(3)：332-337.
[93]Misra, A. K., J. L. Baker, et al. Contrib-uting area and concentration effects on herbicide removal by vegetative buffer strips. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.1996,39:2105-2111.
[94]Kloppel, H., W Kordel, et al. Herbicide transport by surface runoff and herbicide retention in a filter strip-rainfall and runoff simulation studies. Chemosphere.1997, 35:129-141.
[95]刘维屏.农药环境化学.北京：化学上业出版社,2006.
[96]Krutz, L. J., S. A. Senseman, et al. Adsorption and desorption of metolachlor and me-tolachlor metabolites in vegetated filter strip and cultivated soil. J. Environ. Qual.2004, 33:939-945.
[97]Krutz, L. J., S. A. Senseman, et al. Infiltration and adsorption of dissolved atrazine and atrazine metabolites in buffalograss filter strips. J. Environ. Qual.2003,32:2319-2324.
[98]Dabney S. M., Meyer L. D., Harmon W. C., et al. Depositional patterns of sediment trapped by grass hedges.Transactions of the ASAE.1995,38:1719-1729.
[99]Jin C.-X., Romkens M. J. M., Griffioen F. Estimating Manning's roughness coefficient for shallow overland flow in non-submerged vegetative filter strips. Transactions of the ASAE. 2000,43,1459-1466.
[100]Jean-Guillaume Laces, Marc Voltz, Veronique Gouy, et al. Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water:a reviews. Agron. Sustain.2005,12(25):253-266.
[101]Lecomte V. Transfert de produits phytosanitaires par leruissellement et l'erosion de la parcelle au bassin versant. Paris, France.1999:210.
[102]Weill, A. N., C. R. Kimpe, et al. Effect of tillage reduction and fertilizer on soil macro-and micro aggregation. Can. J. Soil Sci.1988,68:489-500.
[103]Watanabe H.,Grismer M. E. Diazinon transport through interrow vegetative filter strips: micro-ecosystem modeling. Journal of Hydrology.2001,247:183-199.
[104]Spatz R., Walker F., Hurle K. Effect of grass buffer strips on pesticide runoff under simulated rainfall. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent.1997,62:799-806.
[105]Perterjohn, W.T., Correll, et al. Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology.1984,65(5):1466-1475.
[106]Hefting, M.M., R. Bobbink, et al. Nitrous oxide emission and denitrification in chronically nitrate-loaded riparian buffer zones. J. Environ. Qual.2003,32:1194-1203.
[107]Trevors, J.T. The influence of oxygen concentrations on denitrification in soil. Appllied Microbiol Biotechnol.1985,23:152-155.
[108]Groffman PM, Gold AJ, Simmons RC. Nitrate dynamics in riparian forests:microbial studies. Journal of Environmental Quality.1992,21:666-671.
[109]Mariet M. Hefting, Jeroen J. M. de Klein. Nitrogen removal in buffer strips along a lowland stream in the Netherlands:a pilot study.Environmental Pollution.1998,102(1): 521-526.
[110]A. Ghani, D. A. Wardle. Fate of 14C from glucose and the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl in a plant-soil microcosm system. SoilBiol.Biochem.2001,33:777-785.
[111]Hernandez, F., C. Hidalgo, et al. New method for the rapid determination of triazine herbicides and some of their main metabolites in water by using coupled-column liquid chromatography and large volume injection. J. Chromatogr.1997,778:171-181.
[112]Arthur, E. L., B. S. Perkovich, et al. Degradation of an atrazine and metolachlor herbicide mixture in pesticide contaminated soils from two agrochemical dealerships in Iowa. 2000.
[113]Benoit, P., E. Barriuso, et al. Isoproturon sorption and degradation in a soil from grassed buffer strip. J. Environ. Qual.1999,28:121-129.
[114]Marchand, A., S. Piutti, et al. Atrazine mineralization in bulk soil and maize rhizosphere. Biol. Fertil. Soils.2002,35:288-292.
[115]Lin, C.H., Lerch, et al. Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine, isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri. Agroforest. Syst.2004,63: 91-99.
[116]Lin, C.H., R.N. Lerch, et al. Bioremediation of atrazine-contaminated soil by forage grasses:Transformation, uptake, and detoxification. J. Environ. Qual.2008,37:196-206.
[117]Lin, C.-H., K.W. Goyne, et al. Dissipation of sulfamethazine and tetracycline in the root zone of grass and tree species. J. Environ. Qual.2010,39:1269-1278.
[118]Seybold,C., W.Mersie,et al, Removal and degradation of atrazine and metolachlor by vegetative filter strips on clay loam soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2001,32:723-737.
[119]Mersie, W, C. A. Seybold, et al. Effectiveness of switchgrass filter strips in removing dissolved atrazine and metolachlor from runoff. J. Environ. Qual.1999,28:816-821.
[120]Drees, L. R., A. D. Karathanasis, et al. Micromorphological characteristics of long-term no-till and conventionally tilled soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.1994,58:508-517.
[121]Mark W. Shankle, David R. Shaw, Michele Boyette. Confirmation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect fluometuron in soil.Weed Technology.2001,15:669-675.
[122]Krutz, L. J., S. A. Senseman, et al. Infiltration and adsorption of dissolved metolachlor, metolachlor oxanilic acid, and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid by buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) filter strips. Weed Sci.2004,52:166-171.
[123]Kapil Arora, Steven K. Mickelson, Matthew J.Helmers. et al. Review of pesticide detention processes occurring in buffer strips receiving agricultural runoff. Journal of the American water resources association.2010,46(3):618-647.
[124]Hayes, J. C., B. J. Barfield, et al. Performance of grass filters under laboratory and field conditions. Trans. Am. Soc. Ag. Eng.1984.27:1321-1331.
[125]Shankle, M. W, D. R. Shaw, et al. Water Quality Assessments in the Mississippi Delta: Regional Solutions, National Scope. American Chemical Society.2004,877:164-178.
[126]Viaud, V., Merot, et al. Hydrochemical buffer assessment in agricultural landscapes. Environ. Manage.2004,34:559-573.
[127]Koelsch, R.K., Lorimor, et al. Vegetative treatment systems for management of open lot runoff:review of literature. Applied Engineering in Agriculture.2006,22 (1):141-153.
[127]岳隽,王仰麟.国内外河岸带研究的进展与展望.地理科学进展.2005,24(5)：33-40.
[128]MDosskey. Setting priorities for research on pollution reduction functions of agricultural buffers. Environ. Manage.2002,30 (5):641-650.
[129]Sun, H., Cornish, et al. Proceedings of the Third Agronomic Conference on Management options to minimize pesticide export from grain cropping areas. Canberra, Australia.2003.
[130]United States Department of Agriculture(USDA). Conservation buffers to reduce pesticide losses. National Resource Conservation Service (NCRS), USA.2000.
[131]Shuman, L.M. Phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen in runoff following fertilizer application to turfgrass. J. Environ. Qual.2002,31:1710-1715.
[132]Udawatta R.P., Krstansky J.J., Henderson G.S. Agroforestry practices, runoff, and nutrient loss:a paired watershed comparison. J. Environ. Qual.2002,31:1214-1225.
[133]林大仪.土壤学实验指导.北京：中国林业出版社,2004：37.
[134]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版).北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002：243-258.
[135]Hubbard, R.K., R. Lowrance. Assessment of forest management effects on nitrate removal by riparian buffer systems. Trans. ASAE.1997,40:383-391.
[136]Borin, M., Bigon, et al. Abatement of NO3--N concentration in agricultural waters by narrow buffer strips. Environ. Pollut.2002,117:165-168.
[137]黄满湘,周虎成,章申,等.北京官厅水库流域农田地表径流生物可利用磷流失规律.湖泊科学.2003,15(2)：118-124.
[138]Novak JM, Hunt PG, Stone KC, et al. Riparian zone impact on phosphorus movement to a Coastal Plain black water stream. J Soil Water Conserv.2002,57:127-133
[139]李娜,单保庆,尹澄清,等.六叉河小流域农田土壤中磷下渗迁移过程研究.农业环境科学学报.2005,24(6)：1132-1138.
[140]吕家珑.农田土壤磷素淋溶及其预测.生态学报.2003,23(12)：2659-2701.
[141]李亚松,张兆吉,费宇红,等.滹沱河冲积平原浅层地下水有机污染研究.干旱区资源与环境.2012,26(8)：52-56.
[142]张敏,蔡五田,刘雪松,等.某污灌区污水-土壤-地下水污染物分别特征.地球与环境.2012,40(1)：30-36.
[143]李绪谦,谢雪,李红艳,等.pH值对弱透水层硝酸盐迁移转化的影响.水资源保护.2011,27(1)：67-71.
[144]李绪谦,朱雅宁,于光,等.氨氮在弱透水层中的渗透迁移规律研究.水文.2011,31(3)：71-75.
[145]Rabin Bhattarai, Gilliam, J.W., et al. Water quality effects of drainage in humid regions. In:Agricultural Drainage.2009.
[146]Quan L M, Yan L J. Effect of agricultural non-point source pollution on europhication of water body and its control measure. Acta Ecologia Sinica.2002,22(3):291-299.
[147]Chen L D, Fu B J. Farm ecosystem management and control of non-point source pollution. Environmental Science.2001,21(2):98-100.
[148]Withers P J A, Edward S A C, Foy R H. Phosphorus cycling in U K agriculture and implications for phosphorus loss from soil. Soil Use and Management.2001,17:139-149.
[149]Delphin, J. E., J. Y. Chapot Leaching of atrazine and deethylatrazine under a vegetative filter strip. Agronomie. 2001,21:461-470.
[150]Bharati, L., K. H. Lee, et al. Soil-water infiltration under crops, pasture, and established riparian buffer in Midwestern USA. Agrofor. Syst.2002,56:249-257.
[151]Lowrance R, Hubbard RK, Williams RG. Effects of a managed three zone riparian buffer system on shallow groundwater quality in the southeastern coastal plain. J Soil Water Conserv.2000,55:212-220.
[152]Kuusemets V, Mander U, Lohmus K, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus variation in shallowgroundwater and assimilation in plants in complex riparian buffer zones. Water Sci Technol.2001,44:615-622.
[153]Dhondt K, Boeckx P, Van Cleemput O, et al. Seasonal groundwater nitrate dynamics in a riparian buffer zone. Agronomie. 2002,22:747-753.
[154]Accinelli, C., Vicari, et al. Losses of atrazine, metolachlor, prosulfuron and triasulfuron in subsurface drain water. Agronomie.2002,22:399-411.
[155]Dinnes DL, Karlen DL, Jaynes DB, et al. Nitrogen management strategies to reduce nitrate leaching in tile-drained midwestern soils. J. Agron.2002,94:153-171.
[156]Schoonover, J.E., Williard, et al. Ground water nitrate reduction in giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc.2003,39:347-354.
[157]Algoazany, A.S., Kalita, et al.Phosphorus transport through subsurface drainage and surface runoff from a flat watershed in east central Illinois, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality.2007,36 (3):681-693.
[158]Kalita, P.K., Cooke, et al. Subsurface drainage and water quality:the Illinois Experience. Transactions of ASABE.2007,50 (5):1651-1656.
[159]Atwill, E.R., Hou, et al. Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through vegetated buffer strips and estimated filtration efficiency. Applied Environmental Microbiology.2002,68:5517-5527.
[160]孙大志,李绪谦,潘晓峰.氨氮在上壤中的吸附/解吸动力学行为的研究.环境科学与技术.2007,30(8)：106-111.
[161]詹艳慧,王里奥,焦艳静.三峡库区消落带十壤氮素吸附释放规律.重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2006,29(8)：10-13.
[162]夏瑶,娄运生,杨超光,等.几种水稻土对磷的吸附与解吸特性研究.中国农业科学,2002,35(11)：1369-1374.
[163]孟庆华,李根英.山东主要土类有机质及其与供磷特性的关系.土壤通报,2007,38(1)：25-28.
[164]谢学俭,陈晶中,汤莉莉,等.三种水稻土对磷的吸附解吸特性.土壤通报,2008,39(3)：597-601.
[165]杨珏,阮晓红.土壤磷素循环及其对土壤磷流失的影响.土壤与环境.2001,10(3)：256-258.
[166]Harrell D L, Wang J J. Fractionation and sorption of inorganic phosphorus in Louisiana calcareous soils. Soil Science.2006,171:39-51.
[167]Li M, Hou Y L, Zhu B. Phosphorus sorption-desorption by purple soils of China in relation to their properties. Australian Journal of Soil Research.2007,45:182-189.
[168]Gao C, Zhan T L, Wu W D. Risk evaluation of agricultural soil phosphorus release to the water bodies. Scientiae Circumstantiate.2001,21(3):343-348.
[169]Zhan g Z J, Wang K, Zhu Y M, et al. Phosphorus loss potential of soil-water in sites of the main rice field area in the northern Zhejiang. Environmental Science.2001,22(1): 98-101.
[170]Popov, V.H., Cornish, et al. Vegetated biofilters:the relative importance of infiltration and adsorption in reducing loads of water-soluble herbicides in agricultural runoff. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.2005,114:351-359.
[171]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil:Assessing Soil contamination:A reference manual. Rome, Italy.
[172]US EPA METHOD 3620C, Florisil Cleanup.2007:1-2.
[173]US EPA METHOD 3630, Silica gel cleanup.1996:1-2.
[174]US EPA8085. Compound-independent elemental quantitation of pesticides by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection(GC/AED).2007,2.
[175]US EPA507. Determination of Nitrogen-and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector.1998,2.
[176]USDA ARS. The ARS pesticide properties database.2010.
[177]Hornsby, A.G., R.D.Wauchope, et al. Pesticide properties in the environment. New York.1996.
[178]Lin, C.H., R.N. Lerch, et al. Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine, isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri. Agrofor.2004,63:91-99.
[179]Young, R. A., T. Huntrods, et al. Effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips in controlling pollution from feedlot runoff. J. Environ. Quality.1980,9(3):483-487.
[180]Bharati, L., K. H. Lee, et al. Soil-water infiltration under crops, pasture, and established riparian buffer in Midwestern USA.Agrofor, Syst,2002.56;249-257.
[181]李克斌,陈惊涛,魏红,等.表面活性剂和土壤有机质对莠去津在土壤上吸附的相互影响西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版).2008,36(8)：119-131.
[182]李克斌,魏红,陈经涛,等.灭草松和莠去津在土壤中的竞争吸附.环境科学学报,2006,26(7)：1164-1171.
[183]C.K.Ngan,U.B.Cheah, W.Y.Wanabdullah, et al. Fate of chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos and profenofos in a vegetable farm in Cameron highlands, Malaysia. Water, Air and soil pollution: focus.2005,5:125-136.
[184]Lacas, J. G., M. Voltz, et al. Using grassed strips to limit pesticide transfer to surface water:A review. Agronomy for sustainable development.25(2):253-266.
[185]高敏苓,宋文华,依艳丽.棕壤不同粒径组分对阿特拉津吸附-解吸作用的影响.南开大学学报(自然科学版).2009,42(6)：92-98.
[186]Xiangyu Tang, Bo Zhu, Hidetaka Katou. A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies. Journal of environmental Sciences.2012,24(3):351-361.
[187]Wu Q L, Riise G, Kretzschmar R. Size distribution of organic matter and associated propiconazole in agricultural runoff material. Journal of Environmental Quality.2003,32(6):2200-2206.
[188]Weber Jr WJ, McGinley PM, Katz LE. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. Conceptual basisi and equilibrium assessment. Environmental Science and Technology.1992,26:1955-1962.
[189]Jason B. Belden, Joel R. Coats. Effect of grasses on herbicide fate in the soil column: infiltration of runoff, movement, and degradation. Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2004,23(9):2251-2258.
[190]Hefting, M.M., R. Bobbink, et al. Nitrous oxide emission and denitrification in chronically nitrate-loaded riparian buffer zones. J. Environ. Qual.2003,32:1194-1203.
[191]Asmussen, L. E., A. W. White Jr., et al. Reduction of 2,4-D load in surface runoff down a grassed waterway.J. Environ. Qual.1977,6:159-162.
[192]Baker, J.L., S.K. Mickelson. Application Technology andBest Management Practices for Minimizing Herbicide Runoff.Weed Technology.1994,8(4):862-869.
[193]Hall, J.K., M. Pawlus, et al. Losses of Atrazinein Runoff Water and Soil Sediment. Journal of EnvironmentalQuality.1972,1(2):172-176.
[194]Ritter, W.F., H.P. Johnson, et al. Atrazine, Propachlor, and Diazinon Residues on Small Agricultural Watersheds:Runoff Losses, Persistence, and Movement.Environmental Science and Technology.1974,8(1):38-42.
[195]Bailey, G.W., R.R. Swank, et al. PredictingPesticide Runoff From Agricultural Land:A Conceptual Model.Journal of Environmental Quality.1974,3(2):95-102.
[196]Rankins, A., Jr., et al. Comparison offluometuron sorption to soil from a filter strip and cropped field. WeedSci.2002,50:820-823.
[197]USDA. Conservation buffers to reduce pesticide losses. Natural Resources Conservation Service.2000:1-21.