摘要
随着信息技术在组织中的广泛应用,对其商业价值的研究一直是学术界和实践界所讨论的一个热门主题。目前的研究普遍认为IT是通过影响组织流程绩效,进而影响组织绩效的。然而流程的两类绩效——效率和柔性之间存在着内在的冲突,此种绩效的提升通常导致彼种绩效的下降,战略和组织管理学家称之为“双元性”问题。当前对于这一问题的研究,既未能引起足够的注意,更没有提出一个较好的解决办法。随着信息技术(IT)的发展,它是否能,以及如何导致流程柔性和效率双元性的平衡,也是一个没有得到很好解决的问题。借助于IT商业价值研究模型、双元性理论和企业关系观理论,本文聚焦于探讨IT在解决流程这一矛盾中的作用及流程双元性实现机制,以及双元性对组织绩效的影响。
具体地说,本文将流程区分为组织内和组织间两部分,分别运用不同的方法开展研究：
首先,对于IT对组织内流程双元性的影响方面,以中国信息化五百强上榜企业中的65家上市公司为基准组(简称为“强IT企业组”),选择同一行业、同等规模的上市公司作为控制组(简称为“弱IT企业组”),利用2003-2008年面板数据进行配对比较,发现强IT企业在流程双元性和几个重要的组织绩效指标上,显著地优于弱IT企业。这一结论表明IT强的企业更可能达到流程双元性,并进一步导致更高的组织绩效。
其次,在上述研究基础上,以供应链作为特定情境,进一步探讨IT对组织流程双元性的影响机制。借助于企业关系观,构建了组织间IT集成作为一种基础关系资产,一方面通过另外两种关系资产：组织间知识共享和流程整合影响供应链双元性,另一方面也会直接影响供应链双元性。通过来自中国多个地区和行业的156家企业样本数据,运用结构方程建模的统计分析工具,对双元性的平衡维度和组合维度进行了比较,对两个模型进行了检验,发现在供应链环境下,平衡维度得到了很好的支持,而组合维度没有得到支持。这表明相比于提升效率和柔性的绝对值,效率与柔性的平衡和相对值显得更为重要。
综合上述两方面的研究,可以得出以下主要研究结论：(1)组织可以通过加强IT能力,实现流程双元性,并显著地改善一些重要的组织绩效指标,如资产回报率、非财务费用率。(2)组织还可以同时投资于其他组织间关系资产,与IT共同作用,显著地改善供应链流程双元性；(3)流程双元性两个变量的平衡比起其绝对值的提升更能改善组织绩效。
从理论意义上,本研究通过引入双元性理论建立流程双元性实现模型,进一步丰富了IT商业价值研究,尤其对IT在供应链上商业价值研究作出了贡献。从实践意义上看,提示经理们可以借助于双元性理论的思维框架,思考流程双元性问题的解决方案和途径,同时需要注重供应链之间的重要关系资产：专用流程和知识,以及它们与IT之间的互补性。文章最后还提出了本研究的不足之处和未来的研究方向。
This thesis is funded by National Nature Science Foundation and the Graduate Innovation Fund of Fudan University.
With the pervasive application of information technology in organizations, research on the business value of IT remains a hot topic in academia and industry. Literature suggests that IT impacts organizational processes, which in turn lead to organizational performance. However, there exists an inherent conflict between two kinds of process performance, i.e., process efficiency and flexibility. Increase in one performance is typically associated with decrease in the other performance, which is termed by strategic management and organizational management theorists as the problem of "ambidexterity". The problem, however, has neither attracted enough attention nor be solved appropriately to date. Additionally, with the development of information systems, whether and how IT is able to lead to process ambidexterity has been an attractive yet open question with significant theoretical and practical implications. Borrowing from IT business value comprehensive model, ambidexterity theory and relational view of the firm, this paper investigates the role of IT in solving the problem of process ambidexterity.
Specifically, this paper identifies two types of business processes:intra- and inter-organizational processes, to which different research methods are applied in the present study.
First of all, as to the influence of IT on business process in organizations, the matched sample comparison group methodology is employed to assess the relationship between superior IT capability and process and firm performance. Sixty-five public corporations ("the strong IT enterprises") are deliberately selected from "Informatization Enterprise 500" in China are employed as the treatment sample, matched in size and industry by a carefully selected control samples of firms ("the weak IT enterprises"). By using the panel data from 2003 to 2008, our find that the process ambidexterity and several critical performance indicators of the strong IT enterprises group are superior than those of the weak IT ones, which manifests that enterprises with strong IT capability are more likely to achieve process ambidexterity, and hence higher organizational performance.
Secondly, based on the research conclusions above, the influential mechanism of IT on supply chain ambidexterity is further investigated. Drawing on relational view of the firm, a path model of supply chain ambidexterity enabled by IT is developed, which suggests that inter-organizational IT integration impacts supply chain ambidexterity directly, and concomitantly the relationship is mediated by the other two relationship-specific assets:knowledge sharing and process coupling. SEM package is utilized to test multiple competing models empirically using 156 firms' samples from different parts of China. The findings reveal that interorganizational IT integration, accompanied by other relational assets, has a significant influence on supply chain ambidexterity. Alternatively, while the balance dimension of supply chain ambidexterity impacts organizational performance significantly, the combined dimension does not. The outcome indicates that the balance of supply chain efficiency and flexibility is more relevant, as opposed to increased absolute value.
Three major conclusions are therefore drawn from the two studies earlier, that is, organizations can reach process ambidexterity by (1) strengthening IT capability, (2) investing in other inter-organizational relationship-specific assets concurrently, and (3) it is the balance of process efficiency and flexibility, rather than increase of their absolute value that matters to organizational performance.
The theoretical implications of the study include the development of the process ambidexterity realization model based on ambidexterity theory, which enriches IT business value research, especially in the context of supply chain. From the perspective of practice, the study supplies a new thinking framework for management, and calls managers' attention to the conflict of process efficiency and flexibility from ambidexterity theory. Furthermore, two kinds of relational assets:relationship-specific process coupling and knowledge sharing, and the complementary relations between them and IT, have significant roles in supply chain ambidexterity and need to be highlighted. Finally, limitations of the current study and avenues for future research are discussed.
引文
[1]Abernathy, W. J.1978. The Productivity Dilemma Roadblock to Innovation in the Automobile Industry[M]. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
[2]Academic Alliance Forum.1999. Future competition:supply chain vs supply chain[J]. Logistics Management & Distribution Report 38(3) 20-1.
[3]Adler, P. S., B. Goldoftas, D. I. Levine.1999. Flexibility versus efficiency:A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system[J]. Organization Science 10(1) 43-68.
[4]Alavi, M., D. E. Leidner.2001. Review:Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems[J]. MIS Quarterly 25(1) 107-136.
[5]Amit, R., P. J. H. Schoemaker.1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent[J]. Strategic Management Journal 14(1) 33-46.
[6]Bakos, Y. J.1991. A strategic analysis of electronic marketplaces[J]. MIS Quarterly 15(3) 107-119.
[7]Barney, J. B.1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J]. Journal of Management 17(1) 99-120.
[8]Barron, R.M., D. Kenny.1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(6) 1173-1182.
[9]Barua, A., C. H. Kriebel, T. Mukhopadyay.1995. Information technologies and business value:an analytic and empirical investigation[J]. Information Systems Research 6(1) 3-23.
[10]Barua, A., K. Prabhudev, A. Whinston, F. Yin.2004. An Empirical Investigation of Net-Enabled Business Value[J]. MIS Quarterly 28(4) 585-620.
[11]Beckman, C. M.2006. The influence of founding team company affiliations on firm behavior[J]. Academy of Management Journal 49(4) 741-758.
[12]Benaroch, M., Y. Lichtenstein, K. Robinson.2006. Real Options in Information Technology Risk Management:An Empirical Validation of Risk-Option Relationships[J]. MIS Quarterly 30(4) pp.827-864
[13]Benner, M. J., M. Tushman.2002. Process management and technological innovation:A longitudinal study of the photography and paint industry[J]. Admin. Sci. Quart.47(4) 676-706.
[14]Benner, M. J., M. L. Tushman.2003. Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited[J]. Academy of Management Review 28(2) 238-256.
[15]Bensaou, M.1997. Interorganizational Cooperation The Role of Information Technology. An Empirical Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Supplier Relations[J]. Information Systems Research 8(2) 107-124.
[16]Bensaou, M.1999. Portfolios of Buyer-Supplier Relationships[J]. Sloan Management Review 40(4) 35-44.
[17]Bensaou, M., N.Venkatraman.1995. Configurations of Interorganizational relationships: A Comparison between US and Japanese Automakers[J]. Management Science 41(9) 1471-92.
[18]Bharadwaj, A. S.2000. A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance:An Empirical Investigation[J]. MIS Quarterly 24(1) 169-196.
[19]Bhatt, G.D., V. Grover.2005. Types of information technology capabilities and their role in competitive advantage:An empirical study[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 22(2) 253-277.
[20]Bock, G.W., R.W. Zmud, Y.G. Kim, J.N. Lee.2005. Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing:Examining the role of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate[J]. MIS Quarterly 29(1) 87-111.
[21]Bouchikhi, H.1998. Living with and building on complexity:A constructivist perspective on organizations[J]. Organization 5(2) 217-232.
[22]Boynton, A.C.1993. Achieving dynamic stability through information technology [J].Calif. Mgmt. Rev.35(2) 58-77.
[23]Brill, P. H., M. Mandelbaum.1989. On measures of flexibility in manufacturing sytems[J]. Int. J. Prod. Res.27(5) 747-756.
[24]Broadbent, M., P. Weill, B. S. Neo.1999. Strategic Context and Patterns of IT Infrastructure Capability[J]. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 8(2) 157-187.
[25]Brown, S., K. Eisenhardt.1997. The art of continuous change:Linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1)1-34.
[26]Brynjolfsson, E.1993. The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology[J]. Communications of the ACM 36(12) 66-77.
[27]Brynjolfsson, E., L. Hitt.2000. Beyond Computation:Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(4)23-48.
[28]Bucklin, L. P.1970. Vertical Marketing Systems[M]. Glenview, IL:Scott, Foresman and Company.
[29]Burns, T., G.H. Stalker.1961. The Management of Innovation[M]. Travistock Publications, London, UK.
[30]Buzacott, J.A., D.D. Yao.1986. Flexible manufacturing systems:a review of analytical models[J]. Management Science 32(7) 890-905.
[31]Byrd, T. A., D. E. Turner.2000. Measuring the Flexibility of Information Technology Infrastructure:Exploratory Analysis of a Construct[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 17(1) 167-208.
[32]Byrne, B. M.1989. A Primer of LISREL:Basic Applications and Programming for Confirmatory Factor Analytic Models[M]. Springer-Verlag, New York.
[33]Cao, Q., E. Gedajlovic, H.-P. Zhang.2009. Unpacking Organizational Ambidexterity: Dimensions, Contingencies, and Synergistic Effects[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 781-796
[34]Carlsson, B.1989. Flexibility and the theory of the firm[J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization 7 179-203.
[35]Carr, N.G.2003. IT doesn't matter[J]. Harvard Business Review 81(5) 41-9.
[36]Cash, Jr., J. I., B. R. Konsynski.1985. IS Redraws Competitive Boundaries[J]. Harvard Business Rev.63(3)134-142.
[37]Chan, F. T. S., R. Bhagwat, S. Wadhwa.2009. Study on suppliers' flexibility in supply chains:is real-time Control necessary?[J] Internutlonul Journal of Productron Research 47(4) 965-987
[38]Chandler, A. D.1962. Strategy and Structure:Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise[M]. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
[39]Chatterjee, A., M.A. Cohen, W.L. Maxwell, L.W. Miller.1984. Manufacturing Flexibility: Models and Measurements? [J] In Proceedings of the First ORSA/T1MS Special Interest Conference on FMS (Ann Arbor, MI), K.E. Stecke and R. Suri (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[40]Chin, W. W.1998. The Partial Least Squares Approach for Structural Equation Modeling[J]. in Modern Methods for Business Research, G. A. Marcoulides (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ 295-336.
[41]Chin, W.W., B. Marcolin, P. Newsted.2003. A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects:Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study [J]. Information Systems Research 14(2) 189-217.
[42]Christensen, C. M.1998. The innovator's dilemma[M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard Business School Press.
[43]Churchill, G. A.1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. J. Marketing Res.16(1) 64-73
[44]Clark, K. B., T. Fujimoto.1991. Producr Development Performance[M]. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
[45]Combs, J. G., D. J. Ketchen.1999. Can capital scarcity help agency theory explain franchising? Revisiting the capital scarcity hypothesis[J]. Acad. Management J.42 196-207
[46]Croom, S., P. Romano, M. Giannakis.2000. Supply chain management:an analytical framework for critical literature review[J]. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management 667-83.
[47]Crowston, K.1997. A coordination theory approach to organizational process design[J]. Organization Science 8(2) 157-175.
[48]Daft, R.1983. Organization theory and design[M]. New York:West.
[49]Danneels, E.2002. The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences[J]. Strategic Management Journal 23(12) 1095-1121
[50]Davenport, T. H., J. E. Short.1990. The new industrial engineering, information technology and business process redesign[J]. Sloan Management Review 3(4) 11-27.
[51]Davenport, T. H.1993. Process Innovation Reengineering Work through Information Technology[M], Boston, Ma.:Harvard Business School Press.
[52]Davenport, T. H., L. Prusak.1998. Working Knowledge[M], Harvard Business School Press, Boston
[53]De Groote, X.1994. The Flexibility of Production Processes:A General Framework[J]. Management Science 40(7) 933-945.
[54]De Meyer, A., J. Nakane, J. Miller, K. Ferdows.1989. Flexibility:The Next Competitive Battle, The Manufacturing Futures Survey[J]. Strategic Management Journal 10(2) 135-144
[55]De Toni, S. Tonchia.1998. Manufacturing Flexibility:a literature review[J]. Int. J. Prod. Res.36(6) 1587-1617
[56]Dehning, B., Richardson V. J.2002.Returns on Investments in Information Technology:A Research Synthesis[J]. Journal of Information Systems Management 16(1) 7-30.
[57]Deming, W. E.1986. Out of the Crisis[M]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study, Cambridge, Mass
[58]Denison, D., R. Hooijberg, R. E. Quinn.1995. Paradox and performance:Toward a theory of behavioral complexity in managerial leadership[J]. Organization Science 6(5) 524-540.
[59]Dierickx,1., K. Cool.1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage[J]. Management Science 35(11) 1504-11.
[60]Dong, S., S. X. Xu, K. X. Zhu.2009. Information Technology in Supply Chains:The Value of IT-Enabled Resources Under Competition[J]. Information Systems Research 20(1) 18-32
[61]Dretske, F.1981. Knowledge and the Flow of Information[M], MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[62]Duncan, R.1976. The ambidextrous organization:Designing dual structures for innovation[J]. In R. H. Killman, L. R. Pondy, & D. Sleven (Eds.), The management of organization 1167-188. New York:North Holland.
[63]Duncan, N. B.1995. Capturing Flexibility of Information Technology Infrastructure:A Study of Resource Characteristics and their Measure[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 12(2) 37-57
[64]Dyer, J. H.1996. Specialized supplier networks as a source of competitive advantage: Evidence from the auto industry [J]. Strategic Management Journal 17(4) 271-292.
[65]Dyer, J. H.1997. Effective Interfirm Collaboration:How Firms Minimize Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value[J]. Strategic Management Journal 18(7) 535-556
[66]Dyer, J. H., H. Singh.1998. The relational view:Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage[J]. Academy of Management Review 23(4) 660-679.
[67]Dyer J. H., K. Nobeoka.2000. Creating and managing a high performance knowledge-sharing network:the Toyota case[J]. Strategic Management Journal 21(3) 345-367.
[68]Dyer, J. H., N. W. Hatch.2006. Relation-Specific Capabilities and Barriers to Knowledge Transfers:Creating Advantage through Network Relationships[J]. Strategic Management Journal 27(8)701-719
[69]Ebben, J. J., A. C. Johnson.2005. Efficiency, flexibility, or both? Evidence linking strategy to performance in small firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal 26(13) 1249-1259.
[70]Edwards, P., M. Peters, G. Sharman.2001. The effectiveness of information systems in supporting the extended supply chain[J]. Journal of Business Logistics 22(1) 1-28.
[71]Eisenhardt, K. M., B. J. Westcott.1988. Paradoxical de-mands and the creation of excellence:The case of just-in-time manufacturing[J]. In R. E. Quinn & K. S. Cameron (Eds.), Paradox and transformation:Toward a theory of change in organization and management:169-194. Cambridge, MA:Ballinger.
[72]Fantazy, K. A., V. Kumar, U. Kumar.2009. An empirical study of the relationships among strategy, flexibility, and performance in the supply chain context[J]. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal.14(3) 177-188.
[73]Fiegenbaum, A., A. Karnani.1991. Output flexibility:a competitive advantage for small firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal 12(2) 101-115.
[74]Filley, A., R. Aldag.1980. Organizational growth and types:lessons from small institutions [J]. In Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol.2, StawBM, Cummings LL (eds). JAI Press:Greenwich, CT; 279-320.
[75]Fisher, M.1997. What is the right supply chain for your product?[J] Harvard Business Review 75(2) 105-16.
[76]Fornell, C, D. F. Larcker.1981. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error[J]. Journal of Marketing Research 18(1) 39-50.
[77]Frohlich, M. T., R. Westbrook.2002. Demand chain management in manufacturing and services:Web-based integration, drivers and performance[J]. Journal of Operations Management 20(6) 729-745.
[78]Gefen, D., E. Karahanna, D. W. Straub.2003. Trust and TAM in Online Shopping:An Integrated Model[J]. MIS Quarterly 27(1) 51-90.
[79]Gerwin, D.1987. An agenda for research on the flexibility of manufacturing processes[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 7(1) 38-49.
[80]Gerwin, D.1993. Manufacturing flexibility:a strategic perspective[J]. Management Science 39(4) 395-410.
[81]Ghauri, P., K. Gronhaug, and Kristianslund.1995. Research Method in Business Studies: A Practical Guide [M]. Prentice Hall.
[82]Ghemawat, P., J. E. Ricart i Costa.1993. The organizational tension between static and dynamic efficiency[J]. Strategic Management Journal 14(1) 59-73
[83]Ghoshal, S.1995. Bad for practice:A critique of the transaction cost theory[J]. Proceedings of the Academy of Management:12-16.
[84]Ghoshal, S., C. Bartlett.1994. Linking organizational context and managerial action:The dimensions of quality in management [J]. Strategic Management Journal 15(2) 91-112.
[85]Gibson, C. B., J. Birkinshaw.2004. The antecedents, consequences and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity [J]. Academy of Management Journal 47(2) 209-226
[86]Gosain, S., A. Malhotra, O.A. El Sawy.2004. Coordination for flexibility in e-business supply chains[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 21(3) 7-45.
[87]Granovetter, M.1985. Economic action and social structure:The Problem of embeddedness [J]. American Journal of Sociology 91(3) 481-510;
[88]Grant, R.M.1996a. Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration [J]. Organization Science 7(4) 375-387.
[89]Grant, R.M.1996b. Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal 17(2) 109-122
[90]Grover, V., J. Teng, A. H. Segars, K. Fiedler.1998. The influence of information technology diffusion and business process change on perceived productivity:The IS executive's perspective[J]. Information & Management 34 141-159
[91]Groysberg, B., L.-E. Lee.2009. Hiring Stars and Their Colleagues:Exploration and Exploitation in Professional Service Firms[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 740-758
[92]Gupta, A. K., K. G. Smith, C. E. Shalley.2006. The interplay between exploration and exploitation[J]. Academy of Management Journal 49(4) 693-706.
[93]Haas, M. R., M.T. Hansen.2007. Different knowledge, different benefits:toward a productivity perspective on knowledge sharing in organizations[J]. Strategic Management Journal 28(11)1133-1153.
[94]Hacki, R., J. Lighton.2001. The future of the networked economy[J]. McKinsey Quart. (3) 26-39.
[95]Hagel, III, J., M. Singer.1999. Unbundling the corporation[J]. Harvard Bus. Rev.77(2) 133-141.
[96]Hamel, G.1991. Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances[J]. Strategic Management Journal 12(Summer Special Issue): 83-103.
[97]Hammer, M.1990. Reengineering work:don't automate--obliterate[J]. Harvard Busin. Rev.68(4)104-112.
[98]Hammer, M., J. Champy.1993. Reengineering the Corporation:A Manifesto for Business Revolution[M]. New York:Harper Business.
[99]Hammer, M., S. A. Stanton.1999. How Process Enterprises Really Work[J]. Harvard Busin. Rev.77(6)108-118.
[100]Hatch, M. J., S. B. Ehrlich.1993. Spontaneous humour as an indicator of paradox and ambiguity in organizations[J]. Organization Studies 14 505-526.
[101]Hayes, R.H., S.C. Wheelwright.1984. Restoring Our Competitive Edge:Competing through Manufacturing[M]. Wiley, New York, NY
[102]He, Z. L., P. K. Wong.2004. Exploration vs. exploitation:An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis[J]. Organization Science 15(4) 481-494.
[103]Henderson, J. C., N. Venkatraman.1993. Strategic alignment:Leveraging information technology for transforming organizations[J]. IBM Systems Journal 32(1) 4-16.
[104]Hickman, L. J.,1993. Technology and Business Process Re-engineering:Identifying Opportunities for Competitive Advantage[J]. British Computer Society CASE Seminar on Business Process Engineering, London.
[105]Hines, P., N. Rich, J. Bicheno, D. Brunt, D. Taylor, C. Butterworth, J. Sullivan.1998. Value stream management[J]. International Journal of Logistics Management 9(1) 25-42.
[106]Hoetker, G., T. Mellewigt.2009. Choice And Performance of Governance Mechanisms: Matching Alliance Governance to Asset Type[J]. Strategic Management Journal 30(10) 1025-1044
[107]Hansen, M., B. Hoskisson, J. Barney.1997. Trustworthiness:A cooperative resource [J]. Working paper, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
[108]Heide, J. B.1994. Interorganizational governance in marketing channels [J]. J. Marketing 58(1)71-85.
[109]Holland, C. P., G. Lockett.1997. Mixed mode governance structures:The strategic use of electronic communications by organizations [J]. Organization Science 8(5) 475-488.
[110]Hult, G. T. M., D. J. Ketchen, E. L. Nichols Jr.2002. An examination of a culture of competitiveness and order fulfillment cycle time within supply chains[J]. Academy of Management Journal 45(3) 577-586.
[111]Hult, G. T. M., D. J. Ketchen, S.F. Slater.2004. Information processing, knowledge development, and strategic supply chain performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal 47(2) 241-253.
[112]Hult, G. T. M., D. J. Ketchen, M. Arrfelt.2007. Strategic Supply Chain Management: Improving Performance Through A Culture Of Competitiveness And Knowledge Development[J]. Strat. Mgmt. J.28(10) 1035-1052
[113]Im, G., A. Rai.2008. Knowledge Sharing Ambidexterity in Long-Term Interorganizational Relationships[J]. Management Science 54(7) 1281-1296
[114]Iyer, K N.S., R. Germain, C. Claycomb.2009. B2B e-commerce supply chain integration and performance:A contingency fit perspective on the role of environment[J]. Information & Management 46 313-322
[115]Jacquemin, A. P., C. H. Berry.1979.'Entropy measure of diversification and corporate growth[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics 27 359-369.
[116]Jansen, J. J. P, M. P. Tempelaar, F. A. J. Van den Bosch, H. W. Volberda.2009. Structural differentiation and ambidexterity:The mediating role of integration mechanisms[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 797-811.
[117]Jaworski, B., A. Kohli.1993. Market orientation:Antecedents and consequences[J]. J. Marketing 57(3) 53-70.
[118]Johnson, J.L.1999. Strategic integration in distribution channels:managing the interfirm relationship as a strategic asset[J]. Academy of Marketing Science Journal 27 (1) 4-18.
[119]Kale, P., H. Singh, H. Perlmutter.2000. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances:building relational capital[J]. Strategic Management Journal 21(3) 217-237.
[120]Kambil, A.1992. Electronic integration:Designing informalion technology mediated exchange relations and networks. Ph.D. dissenation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts ln.stitute of Technology. Cambridge.
[121]Kambil, A., P. F. Nunes, D. Wilson.1999. Transforming the marketspace with all-in-one markets[J]. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 3(4) 11-28.
[122]Kankanhalli, A., B. C. Y. Tan, K.-K. Wei.2005. Contributing Knowledge to Electronic Knowledge Repositories:An Empirical Investigation[J]. MIS Quarterly 29(1) 113-143
[123]Kang, S.-C., S. A. Snell.2009. Intellectual Capital Architectures and Ambidextrous Learning:A Framework for Human Resource Management[J]. Journal of Management Studies 46(1)65-92
[124]Kanuk, L., C. Berenson.1975. Mail surveys and response rates:A literature review[J]. J. Marketing Res.22 440-453.
[125]Karimi, J., T. M. Somers.2007. Bhattacherjee A. The role of information systems resources in ERP capability building and business process outcomes[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 24(2) 221-260.
[126]Kaufmann, P. J., L. W. Ster.1988. Relational Ex-change Norms, Perceptions of Unfairness, and Retained Hostil-ity in Commercial Litigation[J]. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 32534-52.
[127]Klein, B.1984. Prices, Wages and Business Cycles:A Dynamic Theory[M]. Pergamon, New York.
[128]Klein, B.1988. Vertical integration as organizational ownership:the Fisher Body-General Motors relationship revisited[J]. Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 4(1) 199-213.
[129]Klein, B., R. G. Crawford, A. A. Alchian.1978. Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process[J]. Journal of Law and Economics 21297-326.
[130]Klein, R., A. Rai.2009. Interfirm Strategic Information Flows in Logistics Supply Chain Relationships[J]. MIS Quarterly 33(4) 735-762
[131]Kline, R.B.1998.Principles and practice of structural equation modeling[M]. New York: Guiford Press
[132]Knott, A. M.1996. Do Managers Matter[D]? Unpublished dissertation, UCLA.
[133]Kohli, R., V. Grover.2008. Business Value of IT:An Essay on Expanding Research Directions to Keep up with the Times[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 9(1) 23-39.
[134]Koste, L.L., M. Malhotra.1999. A theoretical framework for analyzing the dimensions of manufacturing flexibility[J]. Journal of Operations Management 18(1) 75-94.
[135]Kozan, K.1982. Work Group Flexibility:Development and Construct Validation of a Measure[J]. Human Relations 35(3) 239-258.
[136]Kumar, V.1987. Entropic Measures of Manufacturing Flexibility[J]. International J. Production Res.25(7) 957-966.
[137]Kurke, L. B.1988. Does adaptation preclude adaptability? Strategy and performance[M]. L. G. Zucker, ed. Institutional Patterns and Organizations:Culture and Environment. Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.199-222.
[138]Kyriakopoulos, K., C. Moorman.2004. Tradeoffs in marketing exploitation and exploration strategies:The overlooked role of market orientation[J]. International Journal of Research in Marketing 21219-240.
[139]Laudon, K. C., J. P. Laudon.2000. Management Information Systems:Organization and Technology in the Networked Enterprise,6th ed[M]. Prentice Hall.
[140]Lavie, D.2006. The Competitive Advantage of Interconnected Firms:An Extension of the Resource-Based View[J]. Academy of Management Review 31(3) 638-658.
[141]Lavie, D., L. Rosenkopf.2006. Balancing exploration and exploitation in alliance formation[J]. Academy of Management Journal 49(4) 797-818.
[142]Lee, H. L., V. Padmanabhan, S. Whang.1997. Information Distortion in Supply Chain:The Bullwhip Effeet[J]. Management Science 43(4) 546-558.
[143]Lee, H. L.2004. The Triple-A Supply Chain[J]. Harvard Business Review 82(10) 102-112
[144]Lee, J.-N.2001a. The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success[J]. Information & Management 38 323-335
[145]Lee, C. S.2001b. Modeling the business value of information technology[J]. Information & Management 39:191-210.
[146]Leeuw, A.D.1996. On the concept of flexibility:a dual control Perspective [J]. Omega, 24(2)
[147]Leonard-Barton, D.1992. Core capabilities and core rigidities:A paradox in managing new product development[J]. Strategic Management Journal 13(Summer Special Issue) 111-125.
[148]Levinthal, D.1997. Adaptation on rugged landscapes [J]. Management Science,43: 934-950.
[149]Lewis, M. W.2000. Exploring paradox:Toward a more comprehensive guide[J]. Academy of Management Review 25(4) 760-776.
[150]Li, G., H.Yang, L. Sun, A. S. Sohal.2009. The impact of IT implementation on supply chain integration and performance[J]. Int. J. Production Economics 120(1) 125-138
[151]Li, H., K. Atuahene-Gima.2001. Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China[J]. Acad. Management J.441123-1134.
[152]Lin, Z., H. Yang, I. Demirkan.2007. The performance consequences of ambidexterity in strategic alliance Formations:Empirical Investigation and Computational Theorizing[J]. Management Science 53(10) 1645-1658
[153]Liebeskind, J. P., A. L. Oliver, L. Zucker, M. Brewer.1996. Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility:Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms[J]. Organization Science 7(4) 428-443
[154]Liu, Y., Y. Luo, T. Liu.2009. Governing buyer-supplier relationships through transactional and relational mechanisms:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Operations Management 27 294-309
[155]Lockamy Ⅲ, A. K. McCormack.2004. Linking SCOR planning practices to supply chain performance:An exploratory study[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 24(12) 1192-1218
[156]Lorenzoni, G., A. Lipparini.1999. The Leveraging of Interfirm Relationships as A Distinctive Organizational Capability:A Longitudinal Study[J]. Strategic Management Journal 20(4)317-338
[157]Lori, L. K., M. K. Malhotra, S. Sharma.2004. Measuring dimensions of manufacturing flexibility[J]. Journal of Operations Management 22 171-196
[158]Macneil, I. R.1978. Contracts:Adjustments of Long-Term Ec-onomic Relations Under Classical, Neoclassical and Relational Contract Law[J]. Northwestern University Law Review 72 (6) 854-905.
[159]Macneil, I. R.1980. The New Social Contract[M]. New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
[160]Madhok, A., S. B. Tallman.1998. Resources, transactions, and rents:Managing value through interfirm collaborative relationships[J]. Organ. Sci.9(3) 326-339.
[161]Malhotra, A., S. Gosain, O. A. El Sawy.2005. Absorptive capacity configurations in supply chains:Gearing for partner-enabled market knowledge creation[J]. MIS Quart.29(1) 145-187.
[162]Malhotra, A., S. Gosain, O. A. El Sawy.2007. Leveraging Standard Electronic Business Interfaces to Enable Adaptive Supply Chain Partnerships[J]. Information Systems Research 18(3) 260-279
[163]Mandelbnam, M.1978. Flexibility in Decision Making:An exploration and Unification[D], PhD thesis, Dept.of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
[164]March, J. G., H.A. Simon.1958. Organizations[M], Wiley, New York, NY.
[165]March, J.G.1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning[J]. Organization Science 2(1) 71-87.
[166]Marschak, T., R. R. Nelson.1962. Flexibility, uncertainty, and economic theory[J], Metroeconomica XIV 42-58.
[167]Marshall, A.1920. Principles of Economics, eighth edition[J]. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London.
[168]Mata, F. J., W. L. Fuerst, J. B. Barney.1995. Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage:A Resource-Based Analysis[J]. MIS Quarterly 19(4) 487-505.
[169]Melville, N., K. Kraemer, V. Gurbaxani.2004. Review:information technology and organizational performance:an integrative model of IT business value[J]. MIS Quarterly 28(2) 283-322.
[170]Milgrom, P, J. Roberts.1990. The economics of modem manufacturing:technology, strategy, and organization[J]. American Economic Review 511-528.
[171]Mintzberg, H.1979. The Structure of Organizations[M], Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[172]Moitra, D., J. Ganesh.2005. Web services and flexible business processes:towards the adaptive enterprise[J]. Information & Management 42 921-933
[173]Mom, T. J. M., F. A. J. Van den Bosch, H. W. Volberda.2009. Understanding variation in managers' ambidexterity:Investigating direct and interaction effects of formal structural and personal coordination mechanisms[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 812-828.
[174]Monczka, R. M., K. J. Peterson, R. B. Handfield, G. L. Ragatz.1998. Success factors in strategic supplier alliances:The buying company perspective[J]. Decision Sciences 29(3) 533-577.
[175]Mooney, J.G., V. Gurbaxani, K.L. Kraemer.1995. A process-oriented framework for assessing the business value of information technology[J]. In J.I. DeGross, G. Ariav, C. Beath, R. Hoyer, and C. Kemerer (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Information Systems. Atlanta:Association for Information Systems 17-27.
[176]Mukhopadhyay, T., S. Kekre, S. Kalathur.1995. Business value of information technology:a study of electronic data interchange[J]. MIS Quarterly 19(2) 137-56.
[177]Mukhopadhyay, T., S. Kekre.2002. Strategic and Operational Benefits of Electronic Integration in B2B Procurement Processes[J]. Management Science 48(10) 1301-1313.
[178]Nadkarni, S., V. K. Narayanan.2007. Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance:the moderating role of industry clockspeed[J]. Strat. Mgmt. J.28(3) 243-270
[179]Naylor, J.B., M. M. Naim, D. Berry.1999. Leagility:integrating the lean and agile manufacturing paradigms in the total supply chain[J]. International Journal of Production Economics 62(1/2) 107-18.
[180]Nonaka, I.1991. the knowledge-creating company[J]. Harvard Business Review Nov-Dec 96-104
[181]Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H.1995. The Knowledge-creating Company:How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation[M]. Oxford University Press, New York.
[182]Nonaka, I., N. Konno,1998. The concept of'Ba':building a foundation for knowledge creation[J]. California Management Review 40(3) 40-54.
[183]Nunnally, J.1978. Psychometric Theory[M], McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
[184]Olive, R. K., M. D. Webber.1992. Supply-Chain Management:Logistics Catches Up with Strategy[J]. Outlook(1982), Cit. Martin G. Christopher, Logistics, The Strategic Issue, London: Chapman and Hall
[185]O'Reilly, C. A., M. L. Tushman.2004. The ambidextrous organization[J]. Harvard Business Review 82(4) 74-81.
[186]O'Reilly, C. A., M. L. Tushman.2007. Ambidexterity as a dynamic capability:Resolving the innovator's dilemma[J] (Working Paper# 07-088). Cambridge, MA:Harvard Business School.
[187]Ostroff, C., N. Schmitt.1993. Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency[J]. Academy of Management Journal 36(6) 1345-1361
[188]Panayides, P. M., Y. H. V. Lun.2009. The impact of trust on innovativeness and supply chain performance[J]. Int. J. Production Economics 122(1) 35-46
[189]Pavlou, P. A., O. A. El Sawy.2006. From IT Leveraging Competence to Competitive Advantage in Turbulent Environments:The Case of New Product Development[J]. Information Systems Research 17(3) 198-227.
[190]Peteraf, M.1993. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage:A Resource-based View[J]. Strategic Management Journal 14(3) 179-192.
[191]Piccoli, G., B. Ives.2005. Review:IT-Dependent Strategic Initiatives and Sustained Competitive Advantage:A Review and Synthesis of the Literature[J]. MIS Quarterly 29(4) 747-776
[192]Podsakoff,P. M., D. W. Organ.1986. Self-Reports in Organizational Research:Problems and Prospects[J]. Joumal of Management 12(4) 531-544
[193]Polanyi, M.1966. The Tacit Dimension[M]. Bantam Doubleday and Company. New York
[194]Porter, M. E.1985. Competitive Advantage[M]. Free Press, New York.
[195]Powell, T. C., A. Dent-Micallef.1997. Information Technology as Competitive Advantage:The Role of Human, Business, and Technology Resources[J]. Strategic Management Journal 18(5)375-405.
[196]Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput, L. Smith-Doerr.1996. Interor-ganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation:Networks of learning in biotechnology[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly 41(1) 116-145.
[197]Quinn, R.1984. Applying the competing values approach to leadership:Toward an integrative model [J]. in J. G. Hunt, R. Stewart, C. Schriesheim, and D. Hosking (Eds.), Managers and Leaders:An International Perspective, New York:Pergamon.
[198]Quinn, R. E.1988. Beyond rational management[M]. San Fran-cisco:Jossey-Bass.
[199]Radhakrishnan, A., X. Zu, V. Grover.2008. A process-oriented perspective on differential business value creation by information technology:An empirical investigation[J]. Omega 36 1105-1125.
[200]Rai, A., R. Patnayakuni, N. Seth.2006. Firm performance impacts of digitally enabled supply chain integration capabilities[J]. MIS Quarterly 30 (2) 225-246.
[201]Raisch, S., J. Birkinshaw.2008. Organizational Ambidexterity:Antecedents, Outcomes, and Moderators[J]. Journal of Management 34 375-409
[202]Raisch, S., J. Birkinshaw, G. Probst, M. L. Tushman.2009. Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 685-695
[203]Ravichandran, T., C. Lertwongsatien.2005. Effect of information systems resources and capabilities on firm performance[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems,21(4) 237-276.
[204]Ray, G., J. B. Barney, W. A. Muhanna.2004. Capabilities, business processes, and competitive advantage:Choosing the dependent variable in empirical tests of the resource based view[J]. Strategic Management J.25(1) 23-37.
[205]Ray, G., W. A. Muhanna, J. B. Barney.2005. Information Technology And The Performance of The Customer Service Process:A Resourcebased Analysis[J]. MIS Quarterly 29(4) 625-652
[206]Roach, S. S.1989. America's white-collar productivity dilemma[J], Manuf. Eng. (Aug.) 104
[207]Robins, J., M. F. Wiersema.1995. A Resource-Based Approach to the Multibusiness Firm:Empirical Analysis of Portfolio Interrelationships and Corporate Financial Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal 16(4) 277-299
[208]Robinson, R. B., J. A. Pearce.1988. Planned patterns of strategic behavior and their relationship to business-unit performance[J]. Strategic Management J.9(1) 43-60.
[209]Rosenhead, J., M. Elton, S.K. Gupta.1972. Robustness and Optimality as Criteria for Strategic Decisions? [J] Operational Research Quarterly 23 413-431.
[210]Ross, J. W., C. M. Beath, D. L. Goodhue.1996. Develop Long-term Competitiveness Through IT Assets[J]. Sloan Management Review 38(1) 31-42.
[211]Rothaermel, F. T., M. T. Alexandre.2009. Ambidexterity in technology sourcing:The moderating role of absorptive capacity[J]. Organization Science 20(4) 759-780
[212]Rothenberg, A.1979. The Emerging Goddess[M]. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
[213]Saeed, K.A., M.K. Malhotra, V. Grover.2005. Examining the impact of interorganizational systems on process efficiency and sourcing leverage in buyer-supplier dyads[J]. Decision Sciences 36(3) 365-396.
[214]Sahin, F., E.P. Robinson.2005. Information sharing and coordination in make-to-order supply chains[J]. Journal of Operations Management 23 578-9.
[215]Sambamurthy, V., A. Bharadwaj, V. Grover.2003. Shaping agility through digital options: reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms[J]. MIS Quarterly 27(2) 237-263.
[216]Sanchez, R.1995. Strategic Flexibility In Product Competition[J]. Strategic Management Journal 16(Special Issue) 135-159
[217]Sanchez, L.M., R. Nagi.2001. A review of agile manufacturing systems[J]. International Journal of Production Research 39(16) 3561-600.
[218]Sanchoy, K. D., L. Abdel-Malek.2003. Modeling the flexibility of order quantities and lead-times in supply chains[J]. Int. J. Production Economics 85(2) 171-181
[219]Santhanam, R., E. Hartono.2003. Issues in Linking Information Technology Capability to Firm Performance[J]. MIS Quarterly 27(1) 125-153.
[220]Saraf, N., C. S. Langdon, S. Gosain.2007. IS Application Capabilities and Relational Value in Interfirm Partnerships[J]. Information Systems Research 18(3) 320-339
[221]Seidmann, A., A. Sundararajan.1997. The Effects of Task and Information Asymmetry on Business Process Redesign[J]. International Journal of Production Economics 50 (2/3) 117-128.
[222]Sethi, A.K., P.S. Sethi.1990. Flexibility in manufacturing:a survey[J]. Int. J. Flex. Manuf. Sys.2289-328.
[223]Sidhu, J. S., H. R. Commandeur, H. W. Volberda.2007. The Multifaceted Nature of Exploration and Exploitation:Value of Supply, Demand, and Spatial Search for Innovation[J]. Organization Science 18(1) 20-38
[224]Simsek, Z.2009. Organizational Ambidexterity:Towards a Multilevel Understanding[J]. Journal of Management Studies 46(4) 597-624
[225]Simsek, Z., C. Heavey, J. F. Veiga, D. Souder.2009. A Typology for Aligning Organizational Ambidexterity's Conceptualizations, Antecedents, and Outcomes[J]. Journal of Management Studies 46(5) 864-894
[226]Slack, N.1983. Flexibility as a manufacturing objective[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 3(3) 4-13.
[227]Slack, N.1987. The flexibility of manufacturing systems[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 7(4) 35-45.
[228]Smith, W. K., M. L. Tushman.2005. Managing strategic contradictions:A top management model for managing innovation streams[J]. Organization Science 16(5) 522-536.
[229]Sobrero, M., E. B. Roberts.2001. The Trade-off Between Efficiency and Learning in Interorganizational Relationships for Product Development[J]. Management Science 47(4) 493-511
[230]Soh, C., M. L. Markus.1995. How IT Creates Business Value:A Process Theory Synthesis[J]. in Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems, J. I. DeGross, G. Ariav, C. Beath, R. Hoyer, and C. Kemerer (eds.), Amsterdam, The Netherlands 29-41.
[231]Stevenson, M., M. Spring.2007. Flexibility from a supply chain perspective:definition and review[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 27(7) 685-713
[232]Stigler, G.1939. Production and distribution in the short run[J]. Journal of Political Economy 47(3) 305-327.
[233]Strassmann, P. A.1985. Information Payoff, The Transformation of Work in the Eiectronic Age[M], The Free Press, New York.
[234]Subramani, M. and Venkatraman, N.2003. Safeguarding Investments in Asymmetric Interorganizational Relationships:Theory and Evidence[J]. Academy of Management Journal 46(1) 46-62.
[235]Subramani, M. N.2004. How Do Suppliers Benefit From Information Technology Use in Supply Chain Relationships[J]. MIS Quarterly 28(1) 45-73
[236]Swafford, P. M., S. Ghosh, N. Murthy.2008. Achieving supply chain agility through IT integration and flexibility [J].Int. J. Production Economics 116(2) 288-297
[237]Swamidass, P. M., W. T. Newell.1987. Manufacturing strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance:a path analytical model[J]. Management Science 33(4) 509-24.
[238]Tallon, P. P.2007. A Process-Oriented Perspective on the Alignment of Information Technology and Business Strategy. Journal of Management Information Systems[J].24(3) 227-268.
[239]Tallon, P. P., K. L. Kraemer, V. Gurbaxani.2000. Executives' Perceptions of the Business Value of Information Technology:A Process-Oriented Approach[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 16(4) 145-173.
[240]Tan, K. C.2001. A framework of supply chain management literature[J]. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management 739-48.
[241]Tang, C.Y., S. Tikoo.1999. Operational flexibility and market valuation of earnings[J]. Strategic Management Journal 20(8) 749-761.
[242]Teece, D.J., G. Pisano, A. Shuen.1997. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management[J]. Strategic Management Journal 18(7) 509-533.
[243]Telser, L. G.1980. A theory of self-enforcing agreements[J]. Journal of Business 53 27-44.
[244]Thompson, J. D.1967. Organizations in Action[M]. McGraw Hill, New York.
[245]Thong, J. Y. L., C. S. Yap, K. S. Raman.1996. Top Management Support. External Eexpertise and Information Systems Implementation in Small Businesses[J]. Information Systems Research 7(2) 248-267.
[246]Timothy, R. H.1998. A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires[J]. Organizational Research Methods 1(1) 104
[247]Tombak, M.M.1988. The Importance of Flexibility in Manufacturing[J]. Working Paper, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.
[248]Tushman, M. L.,& O'Reilly, C. A.1996. Ambidextrous organizations:Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change[J]. California Management Review 388-30.
[249]Ulrich, D., and J. B. Barney.1984. Perspectives in Organizations:Resource Dependence, Efficiency, and Population[J]. Academy of Management Review 9(3) 471-481
[250]Uotila, J., Keil, M. M. T. and Zahra, S. A.2009. Exploration, Exploitation, and Financial Performance:Analysis of S&P 500 Corporations[J]. Strategic Management Journal 30 221-231
[251]Upton, D.M.1994. The management of manufacturing flexibility[J]. California Management Review 36(2) 72-89.
[252]Uzzi, B., R. Lancaster.2003. "Relational Embeddedness and Learning:The Case of Bank Loan Managers and Their Clients[J]. Management Science 49(4) 383-399.
[253]Van der Vaart, T., D. P. van Donk.2008. A critical review of survey-based research in supply chain integration[J]. Int. J. Production Economics 111(1)42-55
[254]Vance, D. M.1997. Information, Knowledge and Wisdom:The Epistemic Hierarchy and Computer-Based Information System,. in Proceedings of the Third Americas Conference on Information Systems[M], B. Perkins and I. Vessey (eds.), Indianapolis, IN
[255]Venkatraman, N.1989. The concept of fit in strategy research:Toward verbal and statistical correspondence[J]. Academy of Management Review 14(3) 423-444.
[256]Venkatraman, N.1994. IT-Enabled Business Transformation:From Automation to Business Scope Redefinition[J]. Sloan Management Review 35(2) 73-87
[257]Venkatraman, N., V. Ramanujam.1987. Measurement of business economic performance: an examination of method convergence[J]. Journal of Management 13(1) 109-122.
[258]Vickery, S. K., C. Droge, R.E. Markland.1997. Dimensions of manufacturing strength in the furniture industry[J]. Journal of Operations Management 15(4) 317-30.
[259]Volberda, H.1996. Toward the flexible form:How to remain vital in hypercompetitive environments[J]. Organization Science 7(4) 359-374.
[260]von Hippel, E.1988. The sources of innovation[M]. New York:Oxford University Press.
[261]Wade, W., J. Hulland.2004. The resource-based view and information systems research: review, extension, and suggestions for future research[J]. MIS Quarterly 28 (1) 107-142.
[262]Wang, E. T.G., J. C.F. Tai, H.-L. Wei.2006. A Virtual Integration Theory of Improved Supply-Chain Performance[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 23(2) 41-64.
[263]Wernerfelt, B.1984. A Resource-Based View of the Firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal 5(2) 171-180.
[264]Wheeler, B. C.2002. NEBIC:A Dynamic Capabilities Theory for Assessing Net-Enablement[J]. Information Systems Research 13(2) 125-146
[265]Wilcox, R.R.1998. How many discoveries have been lost by ignoring modern statistical methods[J]. American Psychologists 53 300-314
[266]Williamson, O. E.1975. Markets and hierarchies[M]. New York:Free Press.
[267]Williamson, O. E.1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism[M]. Free Press, New York.
[268]Williamson, O.E., M.L. Wachter, J.E. Harris.1975. Understanding the employment relation:the analysis of idiosyncratic exchange[J]. Bell Journal of Economics 6(1) 250-278.
[269]Worren, N., K. Moore, P. Cardona.2002. Modularity, Strategic Flexibility, and Firm Performance:A Study of The Home Appliance Industry[J]. Strat. Mgmt. J.23(12) 1123-1140
[270]Yao, D.D.1985. Material and Information Flows in Flexible Manufacturing Systems[J]. Material Flow (2) 143-149
[271]Zaheer, A., N. Venkatraman.1994. Determinants of electronic integrmion in the insurance industry:An empirical test[J]. Management Science 40(5) 549-567.
[272]Zelenovic, D.M.1982. Flexibility--A Condition for Effective Production Systems[J]. International Journal of Product Research, I. J. Productions 20(3) 319-337.
[273]Zhang, Q., M. A. Vonderembse, J.-S. Lim.2003. Manufacturing flexibility:defining and analyzing relationships among competence, capability, and customer satisfaction[J]. Journal of Operations Management 21 173-191
[274]Zhu, K.2004. The Complementarity of Information Technology Infrastructure and E-Commerce Capability:A Resource-Based Assessment of Their Business Value[J]. Journal of Management Information Systems 21(1) 167-202
[275]Zhu, K., K. Y. Kraemer.2005. Post-Adoption Variations in Usage and Value of E-Business by Organizations:Cross-Country Evidence from the Retail Industry[J]. Information Systems Research 16(1) 61-83
[276]陈荣秋.1995.生产计划与控制一概念、方法与系统[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社.
[277]邓宁.2005.供应链柔性研究[D].武汉理工大学博士论文.
[278]方丁.2008.模块化流程设计原理及其在面向服务分析设计中的应用[D].复旦大学博士论文.
[279]何永刚.2007.信息系统开发过程中知识转移研究[D].复旦大学博士论文.
[280]黄丽华,葛永利,富小丽等.1999企业过程柔性的概念框架[J].系统工程理论与实践(1)63-68
[281]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.2004.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社
[282][美]哈罗德·孔茨和海因茨·韦里克,郝国华等译.1993.管理学(第9版)[M],北京：经济科学出版社
[283]李治堂.2004.信息技术投资“生产率悖论”研究及其最新进展[J].外国经济与管理26(9)2-7
[284]凌鸿,赵付春.2009a.IT商业价值实现范式研究及其延伸探析[J].上海管理科学31(3)57-61
[285]凌鸿,赵付春.2009b.基于流程视角的IT商业价值实现研究综述[J].研究与发展管理21(5)11-19
[286]凌鸿,赵付春,邓少军.2010.双元性理论和概念批判性回顾与未来研究展望[J].外国经济与管理32(1)25-33
[287]马士华,林勇,陈志祥.2000.供应链管理[M].北京：机械工业出版社pp.202-218
[288]潘文安.2007.基于供应链整合的伙伴关系与企业竞争优势研究[D].浙江大学博士论文
[289]邱皓政.2006.结构方程模式——Lisrel的理论、技术与应用(初版)[M].台北：双叶书廊有限公司
[290]芮明杰,刘明宇,任江波.2006.论产业链整合[M].上海：复旦大学出版社
[291][美]保罗·萨谬尔森,诺德豪斯.1998.经济学(第16版)[M],影印版.北京：机械工 业出版社
[292][美]彼得·圣吉著.郭进隆译.1996.第五项修炼：学习型组织的艺术和实务(第二版)[M].上海：三联书店
[293]施丽芳,廖飞.2006.信息需求与投资的商业价值组织资本视角的审视[J].经济管理(10)9-16
[294]汪应洛,李垣,刘益.1998.企业柔性战略——跨世纪战略管理研究与实践的前沿[J].管理科学学报1(1)22-25
[295]王凤彬.2006.供应链网络组织与竞争优势[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社
[296]王凤彬,江鸿.2008.企业创新“悖论”及其解决之策[J].经济管理30(11)44-49
[297]吴冰,刘仲英.2007.供应链柔性研究现状与展望[J].科技进步与对策24(2)190-195
[298]谢家琳.2008.实地研究中的问卷调查法[J].选自陈晓萍等主编.组织与管理研究,北京：北京大学出版社pp.161-177
[299]徐学民.2001.电子商务供应链的管理和研究[D].浙江大学博士论文.
[300]薛华成.2007.管理信息系统[M].北京：清华大学出版社.
[301]杨小凯.1998.经济学原理[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社pp.105-108.
[302]殷国鹏,陈禹.2007.基于资源观的企业能力理论及实证研究[J].南开管理评论10(10)26-31
[303]俞东慧.2004.企业流程变革管理影响因素及其动态机制研究[D].复旦大学博士论文.
[304]张耕.2007.组织际流程柔性的评价与选择策略研究[D].厦门大学博士论文.
[305]张洪石,陈劲.2005.突破性创新的组织模式研究[J].科学学研究23(4)566-571
[306]张青,黄丽华.2003.IT投资价值评价研究综述[J].外国经济与管理25(6)35-40
[307]赵付春,凌鸿.2009.基于互补性理论的企业信息资源匹配度研究.计算机集成制造系统15(12)2383-90
[308]钟竞,陈松.2007.外部环境、创新平衡性与组织绩效的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理28(5)67-71
[309]周俊,薛求知.2009.双元型组织构建研究前沿探析[J].外国经济与管理31(1)50-57.