摘要
本文首先回顾了光催化技术的发展历史,简述了二氧化钛的光催化原理,从贵金属沉积、金属离子掺杂、半导体复合、染料光敏化、固定状负载及非金属掺杂等几种途径综述了二氧化钛光催化剂的改性方法,按水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、低温溶解-再沉淀法、液相沉积法及低温均相沉淀法分类介绍了二氧化钛的低温制备研究进展,并基于自己对光催化技术的认识,就今后光催化技术研究的发展方向及重点、热点提出了一些看法。
本文采用三种方法即微波辅助液相沉积法、溶胶-凝胶热水处理法和溶解-再沉淀法分别在棉纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维等三种纤维上沉积了二氧化钛薄膜,制备出复合抗菌纤维,克服了传统方法制备的二氧化钛薄膜必须高温煅烧来实现晶型转化的不足,实现了二氧化钛的低温晶化,采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和UV-vis光谱等手段进行了表征,并系统研究了制备条件对样品光催化活性的影响。
(1)本文首次将微波辐射和液相沉积法组合应用于在纤维上沉积二氧化钛薄膜,微波加热方法的引入不仅大大缩短了反应时间,提高的二氧化钛的晶化程度,而且发现采用微波辅助液相沉积法可以大大降低反应所需的前驱体浓度,可以在纤维上制备得到更致密的二氧化钛薄膜,有利于提高二氧化钛与纤维的粘附作用,提高抗菌纤维的光催化活性和重复使用性。
(2)溶胶凝胶-热水处理法,这是一种先制备TiO_2-SiO_2薄膜,然后通过热水处理实现二氧化钛晶型转化的方法,该法由于在制备过程中加入了二氧化硅,它不仅促进了热水处理过程中二氧化钛的晶型转换,提高了二氧化钛的光催化活性,增加了对纤维的粘附作用,而且起到了在光催化反应过程中对纤维的保护作用。
(3)溶解-再沉淀方法,这是一种先制备晶化的二氧化钛溶胶,然后再沉淀制膜的方法,该法所用原料四氯化钛廉价易得,由于其首先制备晶化的二氧化钛溶胶,所以二氧化钛的晶化程度相对容易控制。
以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物的光催化活性试验和以金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)、大肠埃希菌(E.coli)及铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)为模型菌种的抗菌试验结果表明采用上述三种方法制备的复合纤维在紫外光下有很好的光催化活性和显著的
In this paper, technichques relating to modification of TiO_22 based photocatalysts in recent years such as metal cation doping, metalloid anion doping, ion implantation, photosensitization, fixed technology and so on were reviewed based on the brief introduction of the degradation mechanisms of semiconductor photocatalysts. The recent developments in the preparation of the photocatalytical titania nanoparticles and thin films at low temperature were reviewed with comparation for the different preparation methods, such as hydrothermal methods, sol-gel methods, precipitation process at low temperatures , liquid phase deposition, and so on. The research direction in the near future has also been previewed.Thin film coatings of titania nanocrystals based on cotton fibers (TiO_2/Cotton), polyacrylonitrile fibers (TiO_2/PAN) and polyvinyl alcohol fibers (TiO_2/PVA) were prepared successfully at low temperature by different methods such as microwave assisted liquid phase deposition (MW-LPD) process, sol-gel process with hot water treatment, dissolution-reprecipitition process and so on. The thin films were anatase crystalline and annealing post-treatment at high temperature was avoided.(1) Compared with the conventional LPD processes, the MW-LPD technique could provide quickly high yield and crystallinity in a diluted precursor solution at a low temperature because the high-frequency microwaves penetrated into the bulk of the material and the volumetric interaction of the electromagnetic fields with the material results in dielectric (volumetric) heating. This leaded to higher heating efficiency with faster processing and not only the deposition rate but also the crystalinity of the products were improved remarkably by MV irradiation. The microwave irradiation is benefit for the formation of higher crystallinity of titania and continuous layers of titania on fibers.(2) Titania thin film was deposited successfully on fiber by the sol-gel process with the assistance of tetraethyl silicate (TEOS) at low temperature. It was found that the densification and crystallization of the film was resulted from the post-treatment in boiling water because of the hydrolysis of the Si-O-Ti bonds and dissolution of the
silica component formed in the film. For the silica coatings on which anatase nanocrystals were precipitated superficially, the residual silica under-layer acted as a protective coating against the photocatalytic degradeation of the fiber substrates.(3) For the preparation of nanocrystalline anatase thin films deposited on fibers by sol-gel dip-coating method, the TiO2 sol were prepared by a low temperature dissolution-reprecipitition process in a liquid media using cheaper TiCLj as precursor, and the crystallization of amorphous precursor was proceeded by peptizing with acid and then refiuxing for a periodic time. The TiO2 sol was prepared firstly and the crystallization of titania could be controlled easily.The fibers with anatase coatings showed high photocatalytic property and better repetition on the photodegradation of MB. The quantitative examination of antibacterial activity indicated that the fibers as-prepared had higher bactericidal activities towards E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The titania coated fibers are expected to be applied as novel photocatalysts for the antibacterial action, air clean-up indoor, deodoring and antifouling.In order to improve the repeating circles of the semiconductor titania photocatalyst and broaden its applications, TiO2 photocatalysts immobilized on suitable supports such as PDVB microspheres (PDVB@TiC>2), cheaper adsorbent attapulgite (TiO2-ATP) and carbon (TiCVC) were developed. The hybrid photocatalysts developed were characterized by scaning electron microscopy (SEM), transmitsion electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and UV-vis adsorption spectroscopy.(4) The core/shell anatase TiC>2 encapsulated poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB@TiO2) hybrid microspheres were prepared by the two steps: (D the copolymer particles (PDVB) were prepared by the radical precipitation copolymerization of divinylbenzene (DVB) and y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH-570);(2) tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) was co-hydrolyzed with the trimethoxy silane groups on the surfaces of the PDVB cores and then the amorphous TiO2 shell obtained was phase transformed to anatase Ti(>2 by acid peptization. The polymer supported TiC>2 photocatalysts prepared at low temperature, had better repetition because of the
coupled action of KH-570 between the PDVB core and TiCh shell. Furthermore, it could be easily separated from the solution by simple sedimentation.(5) A new route for preparation of TiCVC hybrid photocatalysts were developed by calcining the core/shell (PDVB@TiO2) hybrids at temperatures of 400, 450 or 500 °C in a furnace under air for certain time. The TiCVC hybrids obtained at higher calcination temperature had higher surface area because of more eliminateion of polymer core. The present catalysts show high adsorptivity and high photoactivity for the degradation of MB and can be very easily separated from the solution by sedimentation or simple filtration and it can be used repeatedly for MB removal with preservation of its photoactivity.(6) Fine particles of photoactive anatase-type TiC>2, prepared by hydrolysis of TBOT with hydrolysis control agent tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA)OH and crystallized under microwave (MV) irradiation, were loaded on adsorbent support attapulgite (ATP). The substrates of target were adsorbed on the adsorbent support, and then a high concentration environments of the substrate was formed around the loaded TiC>2, resulting in an increase in the photodestruction rate. One of the most interesting features of the resulting catalysts with low titania contain (<30 %) is their fast decantability in comparison with that of TiC>2. This way one of the most important drawbacks of photocatalysis, the catalysts separation from the solution, was overcome by simple sedimentation and decantation.In particular, the typicall features of the photocatalysts prepared in this dissertation would make them very suitable for configurations and efficient photoreactor for purification of polluted water.
引文
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