摘要
生态过程的多时空尺度研究是深入认识某一特定区域生态变化的基本方法。基于多时空尺度的景观格局变化过程分析是认识高原湖沼湿地生态过程的重要途径。纳帕海高原湖沼湿地(Ramsar湿地)具有高原湖沼湿地的典型性特征,对其开展多时空尺度景观研究、识别其现阶段的变化(退化)态势具有重要意义。本研究以湿地学与景观生态学的理论为基础;基于GIS平台操作,分别从年际-小流域、年际-湿地区、年内季节-湿地区,以及夏季某一时间点-斑块等4个时空尺度,对纳帕海流域、纳帕海湿地区以及其斑块群落进行了景观格局变化过程研究,并分析导致其变化的驱动机制。得到主要结论如下:
1.纳帕海流域面积593km2,景观类型为林地为主,湿地景观面积占到流域总面积的6%左右。在1994-2006年中,流域整体景观从数量上看变化不大,但是存在着景观类型间的相互转化。景观整体数量上变化不大说明这种保护和破坏在现阶段流域尺度上维持了生态平衡。
2.1994-2006年降水量呈下降趋势。其对流域整体影响不大,但是对纳帕海湿地区影响显著。主要表现为:湿地类景观的破碎化、湿地类景观向非湿地类景观的转换,流域内湿地类景观的总丧失比例达到16.8%。而这些湿地类景观的丧失主要集中在纳帕海湿地区;湿地类景观内部也存在明显的转换;以中生草甸为主的非湿地类景观已经替代湿地类景观成为了纳帕海湿地区的基质性景观,湿地区生态退化严重。特定的人为活动扰动,对纳帕海湿地区湿地生态的影响较为显著,主要包括河流中上游水库的建设和入湖河流的渠化改造工程、湿地区北部落水洞的疏浚、环湿土质公路的石质-混凝土改造等,都对湿地区湿地生态的演替产生了直接的影响。气候变化和人为活动的共同扰动促使纳帕海流域内湿地生态退化。
3.基于遥感数据对2008年12月与2009年5月(即干季和湿季)纳帕海湿地区景观格局的判析表明,该时段研究区干季与湿季景观变化巨大。主要体现为:湿地类景观大幅度萎缩,湿地向非湿地转化。这是受流域降水显著的年内季节性分异等气候特征所决定。该时段湿地区各类景观向破坏地景观的转换,主要是季节性气候背景下周边村落家畜放养导致的破坏。其中破坏地景观面积已占到纳帕海湿地区总面积的15.74%,而且遍布于整个湿地区。春夏时期的气候(特别是降水)背景和区域人为活动扰动,是决定纳帕海湿地水文生态过程和景观格局变化的直接驱动。
4.以2009年6-8月对纳帕海湿地区的土壤、植物群落踏查为基础,在斑块空间尺度上,分析了该时间点上湿地区内长、短期恢复群落斑块的植物群落结构及物种类型,初步识别了该湿地区退化斑块的植物群落自我修复过程。研究认为适度地控制外来人工高强度干扰和主要湿地水环境因子,是促进纳帕海退化湿地自我恢复必不可少的途径;对于强度退化区域的湿地植物群落的恢复,可能需要采取人工生态干预方式,才能较快地实现该类型退化湿地区的植被生态恢复。
The research of multi-spatial-temporal scales ecological process is the basic way which could recognize and deeply understand the ecological changes in some particular areas. Plateau lake-marsh research has long been the weak parts in the field of wetland researches. And if the analysis method of multi-spatial-temporal scales would be used in the recognition of landscape pattern change process of plateau lake-marsh, the ecosystem changing mechanism could be understanded in a multi-dimension way. Napa Wetland (Ramsar Wetlands) has the typical feature of plateau lake-marsh. So, to carry out the study of multi-spatial-temporal landscape pattern change process and to comprehend its driving mechanism would be a proper way to understand the ecological succession process of this kind of wetland.
This researche proceed by using the Geographic Information System (GIS), through 4 spatial-temporal scales. Such as: (1) multi-year, small watershed spatial-temporal scale; (2) multi-year, wetland zone spatial-temporal scale; (3) seasonal, wetland zone spatial-temporal scale; (4) one time point in summer, patch and plant community spatial-temporal scale. And the main conclution are as follow:
1.Napa wetland catchment has 593km2, and its main landscape type is forest. The wetland landscapes are only 6% of the whole catchment. The landscapes of the watershed have little change quantitatively from 1994 to 2006, but turely there is mutual transformation among some types. This phenomenon had shown the maintenance of an ecological balance through some destruction and protection.
2.The annual precipitation decreased from 1994 to 2006. The descent also has little impact on the whole watersed, but impacts on Napa wetland significantly. (1) All wetland landscape types are fragmentary; (2) Wetland landscape changed into non-wetland landscape substantially; (3) The total wetland in the catchment lost (transform) 16.8%, mainly in Napa wetland area; (4) Transformations also appeard among the wetland landscape types for the hydrological changes in Napa wetland area. Wetland ecosystems in this area degrade severely.
Specific disturbance of human activities on Napa wetland areas are the significant impact to the wetland ecosystem. Such as: the construction of reservoir in the upstream of the rivers, which inflow into the wetland; canalization of these rivers; dredging the caves which are the drain of the water from wetland to Yangzi river; upgrading the“Surrounding the wetland”road by using concrete and so on.
Climate change and human activities collaboratively prompt the degradation of the wetland.
3.Analyzing the seasonal landscape change of Napa wetland area by using remote sensing data in December 2008 and May 2009 (the dry season and wet season), a huge differentiation is found from the two seasonal landscapes. The wetland landscape shrinks sharply and a lot of wetland landscape change into non-wetland. This is determined by the seasonal significant variation of precipitation in the catchment.
Various types of landscape change into destroyed land landscape, mainly because the unordered stocking by the villagers under the condition of seasonal climate differentiation. The destroyed land landscape has already been 15.74% of Napa wetland area, and spread over the whole area.
The climat differentiation during spring and summer, and human activities in the area are the direct driving force of hydrology and landscape pattern change in Napa wetland area.
4.Based on the investigation of soil and vegetation of Napa wetland area in June-August 2009, the plant community structure and species are described. Initially reveal the self-recovering model of plant community in destroyed patch. And the study also show that moderate controlling of high human interferences and environmental factors of wetland water is the indispensable way to promote the self-restoration of the degradation patches in Napa wetland.
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