摘要
近年来,由于氮肥施用量增加,使环境污染日益加剧。在蔬菜生产中过量投入氮肥,造成氮素在土壤中大量积累,导致土壤养分的失衡:一方面,导致蔬菜生产品质下降,蔬菜中硝酸盐含量升高,危害人体健康;另一方面,硝酸盐在灌水条件下会通过径流和淋失进入地表和地下水源,成为地表和地下水源主要硝酸盐污染源,间接危害人体健康。
综合考虑蔬菜中硝酸盐积累和菜田土壤中硝酸盐环境淋失问题,采取田间露地蔬菜氮素淋溶定位监测与室内生理生化氮素调控试验相结合的方法,研究北京市常见蔬菜种类在种植环境下氮素在土壤-植物-水体中的迁移转化规律,在此基础上,采取不同的生理、生化及施肥调控措施,调节土壤氮素释放规律,促进养分合理循环和高效利用。实现降低氮肥投入和土壤氮素养分水平,减少蔬菜中硝酸盐积累,降低环境污染风险的目标。具体研究结果如下:
开展不同施肥条件下氮素淋溶原位监测试验,结果表明,化学氮肥、磷肥、钾肥用量分别为120kgN/hm~2、90kg P2O5/hm~2、135kgK2O/hm~2,有机肥用量为7500kg/hm~2时,种植根芹菜经济效益较好,同时能够显著控制降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。在根芹菜种植较短时期内,正常条件下氮素即可淋溶到90cm处,淋溶水的硝态氮含量变化幅度为3.07-8.87mg/kg,淋溶总氮变化幅度为0.06-19.94 kg/hm~2。此潮土菜田高肥力条件下施入土壤氮肥有较大淋溶进入地下水污染的风险。
在前期研发的基础上,开展氮素减量研发产品调控试验研究,结果表明,减量施肥基础上根施复合调控剂等五种调控措施维持油菜不减产基础上,既可明显降低油菜硝酸盐含量,又能显著提高改善Vc含量、可溶性糖含量等品质指标。以上结果说明,适宜调控技术的应用可以确保低肥力菜田土壤上作物产量的稳定和生产出低硝酸盐含量及高品质指标的蔬菜,减少硝态氮在土壤中的残留积累,有助于大大降低菜田氮素环境流失风险。
In recent years, with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer,environmental pollution is increasingly worsening. In vegetable production, excessive inputs of nitrogen results in a large number of nitrogen accumulated in the soil, leading to soil nutrient imbalances: on the one hand, it lead to decline in the quality of vegetable, high nitrate content in vegetables and endanger human health; On the other hand, nitrate in the water through runoff and leaching into the surface and groundwater sources, as a major source of nitrate, indirectly harm to human health.
Considering the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables and soil nitrate leaching into environment issues, to take the combination of methods of field in situ monitoring the nitrogen leaching in open vegetables field and nitrogen physiological and biochemical regulation and control indoor tests, the Migration and transformation laws of nitrogen in the soil - plant - water system under conditions of growing Common vegetables in Beijing, and then the adoption of different physiological, biochemical and fertilization control measures regulates the release of soil nitrogen, and promote nutrient reasonably cycling and efficient use, to achieve the reducing nitrogen fertilizer inputs and soil nitrogen levels, reducing nitrate accumulation in vegetables, the goal of reducing the risk of environmental pollution. Specific research results are as follows:
The leaching in situ monitoring test under the conditions of different nitrogen fertilization was carried out. The results showed that chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer consumption were 120kgN/hm~2, 90kg P2O5/hm~2, 135kgK2O/hm~2, the amount of organic fertilizer was 7500kg/hm~2, there was the better economic benefits of planting celeric, and at the same time, it can significantly reduce the nitrate content of vegetables. in a relatively short period in planting celeric and under normal conditions, soil nitrogen can be leached to 90cm, the leaching of nitrate content in water at the depth of 90cm ranges from 3.07-8.87mg/kg, the changes in the rate of total nitrogen leaching is 0.06 -19.94 kg/hm~2. it is suggested that Applied nitrogen fertilizer in soil has the greater risk of leaching into the groundwater pollution in the Chao soil with high fertility.
R & D in the early stage, R & D products-control pilot study under the conditions of application of nitrogen fertilizer by half was carried out, results showed that the regulation and control agent measures can maintain the stable yield of rape, it can be significantly reduced nitrate content, but also is a significant improvement in Vc content, soluble sugar content and other quality indicators. It is suggested that appropriate application of control technology ensure that maintain crop yield stability in low-fertility soil and produce low nitrate content and high-quality indicators of vegetables, to reduce the nitrate residue accumulation in the soil, contribute significantly reduce the risk of the loss of nitrogen in vegetable fields to the environment.
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