摘要
根据我国银行监督管理委员会2005年公报的统计结果,目前我国各类银行业金融机构有3万多家。在这些机构当中,四大国有商业银行、中小股份制商业银行、城市商业银行、农村信用合作社、农村合作(商业)银行、外资银行以及邮政储蓄等机构为争夺“银行市场蛋糕”展开了较为激烈的竞争。
当前我国商业银行总体的情况有喜有忧:一方面,国内各商业银行在经营发展上取得一定成绩,银行规模和竞争实力迅速壮大,已有15家银行已跻身世界银行500强的行列;另一方面,部分商业银行在经营中也暴露出诸如盈利能力弱、竞争实力不强等方面的问题。
随着我国加入世界贸易组织,银行业加快了对外开放步伐。目前已有多家外资商业银行进入我国银行业。外资银行介入所产生的“鲶鱼效应”虽然有助于银行业形成充分竞争的局面,但也对国内各商业银行形成长期的冲击。可以预见,2006年金融保护期结束后,我国银行业的市场格局将可能发生深刻变化。
面对机遇与挑战,如何进行相应的银行改革以促进我国商业银行的发展?又该如何理顺银行众多改革措施之间的关系?本文主要从提高银行绩效的角度来分析银行各改革措施之间的关系。提高商业银行绩效是各项改革的一个基本目的,为实现这个基本目的,就目前形势分析,笔者认为:银行改革本身是一个长期性、系统性的工程,不能一蹴而就,首先需要理清银行改革与金融改革、经济改革、社会改革的关系。对银行业而言,产权改革的深化、治理结构的完善是一个较为长期的过程,在这个过程中,由于受到经济、甚至社会方面因素的制约(比如其他改革的配合、社会信用、人文历史环境),银行的绩效可能会受到一定的负面影响。如果在产权改革深化、治理结构完善的过程中,不采取相应的其他措施,并不是很稳妥。为保证银行业绩的稳定性,在动态发展的条件下不断提高银行绩效,目前较为稳妥可行的方法是:根据我国实际情况,选取商业银行中、短期内的样本数据,利用实证分析方法,找到决定我国商业银行绩效的各类关键性
According to the statistical result of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, there are thirty thousand financial institutions across the country at present. Among these institutions, the Big Four Commercial banks (ICBC, BOC, CCB and ABC), joint-stock banks, urban commercial banks, rural credit unions, rural commercial banks, foreign banks and Post Saving institutions have launched the competition for this“cake of bank market”.
Currently the whole condition of our country’s banks is complicated: on the one hand, the domestic commercial banks have made certain achievements in operation, scale and the competitive strength, most of which rank among the tops 500 of the World Bank; but on the other hand, there are quite a few problems in the operation of these banks: The performance of earning ability of some commercial banks is bad, and the competition ability is weak. With the entrance into WTO, the step of opening to the outside world of the bank industry is faster than before. At present, several foreign commercial banks have gradually entered into our country's financial market. With the entrance of mighty foreign commercial banks, there is“catfish effects”which will promote the competition of the banking industry and it will also impact the banking industry in the long term. After 2006, especially, with the expiration of financial protection, there are many changes in the banking market.
Facing the complexion of opportunity and challenge, How to implement the reforms in the bank in order to promote the China commercial bank performance? How to make clear the relations among the measures on the reform of the banks? This paper mainly studies the relation among the bank reforms in the view of promoting bank performance. From the former experiences, the bank reform is a long, systemic work and it can not be accomplished in an action. The relation between the bank reform and financial reform, the relation between the
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4. 《The Banker》2005 July;
5. 《中国的银行业》、《中国金融展望》1994-2000 各期;
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7. 《中国人民银行统计季报》2003-2005 年各期;
8. 谢平、焦瑾璞(2002):《中国商业银行改革》,经济科学出版社,2002 年版;焦瑾璞(2002):《中国银行业国际竞争力研究》,中国时代经济出版社,2002 年版。