摘要
针对江道演变复杂，工程布局及控导工程结构尺寸难以计算的抚远28公里长江段的防护整治工程，按天然情况和10个不同整治方案利用河流泥沙准二维数学模型、河流泥沙平面二维数学模型和河道三维水流数学模型结合进行三维整体的数值模拟。并引进水气两相流的VOF模型，与K-ε模型结合的方法进行计算模拟。数值求解采用SIMPLE算法的改进形式SIMPLEC算法。网格划分则采用了非结构化混合网格以增强对复杂边界的自适应性。模型通过验证计算表明，模拟精度较高，为工程措施的科学决策提供了重要依据。经对多个整治方案的模拟计算与分析，表明漏水口子河道整治采用分流鱼嘴工程和南汊固床工程相结合的整治工程措施是合理可行的，通过模型计算研究还提出了南汊固床工程采用复式断面形式的改进方案建议，该方案保证了南汊枯期通航和不断流，而且对南汊及抚远镇的保护具有正面作用。
本研究是三维数学模型对较长河段水流、泥沙、河床运动模拟计算分析的一次尝试，其对今后进一步深入研究和应用三维模型解决工程实际问题，完善模拟方法、提高模拟水平，真正发挥数学模型其省时、省力、灵活方便和模拟细腻等在研究水沙运动规律和河床变形等方面研究中优势具有重要的意义。
The task of the study is to research model test available for some key rivers with complicated river regimes and large land areas involved, conforming to the instructions given by Prime Minister Zhu Rongji after hearing the reports on Heilongjiang provincial border rivers protection projects during his inspection in Heilongjiang Province in July 2002, the general assignments made by the State Council on early-stage tasks of controlling the border rivers with severe territorial soil losses, and the examination views given by the Ministry of Water Resources about the Proposal on the Near-term Key Protection Works on Border Rivers with Severe Territorial Soil Losses in Heilongjiang Province, in order to provide credible basis for engineering design. The findings of the study, which were obtained through analogue calculation and analysis based on sediment mathematical models available for Fuyuan reach of Heilongjiang Main River, will provide scientific basis for the design and implementation of the regulation and protection works for the border rivers with severe territorial soil losses.
The studies on modern sediment mathematical models began later than those on the models of other subjects for about ten to twenty years. At present, through more than thirty years of efforts made by hydrological specialists, both the one-dimensional model and the two-dimensional model had been applied in the cases of river bed deformation near hydraulic structure or river work, river bed deformation caused by shaping sediment alluvium dissipation, growth and movement in natural rivers, main branch's development and variation in a branching river, cross flood plain movement downstream, river bend scour and silting, shallow shoal evolution, river discharge and flood forecast, and flood routing in retarding basin etc. In fact the movements of flow and sediment always vary along with three space directions including route, depth and width, which belong to three-dimensional questions. Three-dimensional model is seldom applied now due to its complication and requirements on calculation means.
Aiming at the 28km long river regulation and protection works on Fuyuan reach where the river evolutions are complicated and the dimensions of control works are difficult to calculate, this dissertation is to study three-dimensional numerical analogue not only under natural conditions but also under ten regulation schemes, using the river sediment quasi-two-dimensional model associated with the river sediment plane two-dimensional model and the river three-dimensional model. At the same time, the method combing the VOF model of water and gas currents and the K- ?model is also introduced into the calculation and analogue. The SIMPLEC method, which was improved based on the SIMPLE method, is adopted to find the numerical value answers, and the non-structured mixed grid is adopted for grid partition to enhance its self-adaptability to complicated border conditions. Through checking computations, it was shown that the analogue accuracy of the model was quite high, which can provide important basis for scientific decision-making on engineering measures. Through analogue calculation and analysis of many regulation schemes, it was shown that combining the diversion weir works with the bed fixing works at the south branch is reasonable and feasible in the implementation of Loushuikouzi river regulation works. In addition, it is suggested that the bed fixing works at the south branch should adopt the improved compound section scheme. The improved scheme can ensure the south branch to be open to navigation and the flow here not to be broken in low water seasons, and it will have active effect on protecting the south branch and Fuyuan Town.
This study is an attempt of applying three-dimensional mathematical model in analogue calculation and analysis of flow, sediment and riverbed movements in a long river reach. It is very important for the future thorough research, and has great significance for promoting the application of the three-dimensional model to reso
引文
1、谢鉴衡，魏良琰，河流泥沙数学模型的回顾与展望，泥沙研究，1987，3期
2、谢鉴衡，河流模拟，1990，中国水利水电出版社，北京
3、张瑞瑾，谢鉴衡，河流泥沙动力学，1989，中国水利水电出版社，北京
4、杨国录，河流数学模型，1993，中国海洋出版社，北京
5、谭维炎，计算浅水动力学——有限体积法的应用，1998，清华大学出版社，北京
6、陈景仁，湍流模型及有限分析法，1989，上海交通大学出版社，上海
7、周建军，平面二维泥沙数学模型研究及其在三峡工程中的初步应用，1990．9，中国水利水电科学研究院，北京
8、李义天，赵明登，曹志芳，河道平面二维水沙数学模型，2001．12，中国水利水电出版社，北京
9、黄金池，王兆印，刘之平等，水流冲刷与管道埋设，1998．10，中国建材工业出版社，北京
10、Chou P. Y. On Velocity Correlations and the Solutions of the equation Of Turbulent luction. Quart. J. Appl. Math. Vol. 3, 1995, p38-54
11、曹祖得，王运洪，水动力泥沙数值模拟，1994，天津大学出版社，天津
12、张海燕，河床演变工程学，1990，科学出版社，北京
13、徐长发，实用偏微分方程数值解法，1990，华中理工大学出版社，武汉
14、Launder, B. E. and Spalding, D. B. The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. Vol. 3, 1974, p269-289
15、刘培斌，孙东坡，杨明，倒虹吸工程河段洪水与河床变形的数值模拟，泥沙研 究，1999，4期：64-69
16、孙东坡，彭文启，刘培斌，河流交叉工程平面二维水沙数值模拟，水利学报， 1999，2期：62-67
17、hayashi T. S. Resistance to Flow in Alluvial channels. proc of the 4th. ISRS. Beijing, 1989
18、J. R. Barton and P. N. Lin. A study of the Sediment Transport in Alluvial channels, corp of Engineers Department of Omaha Nebraska U. S. A. march, 1955
19、秦荣昱，王崇浩等，动床水流卡门常数K的物理意义及其应用，水利学报，1995，1期
20、胡四一，谭维炎，无结构网格上二维浅水流动的数学模拟，水科学进展，1995，3期
21、苏铭德，黄素逸，计算流体力学基础，1997，清华大学出版社，北京
22、李义天，河流平面二维水流数学模型的特性，武汉水利电力学院学报，1989，1期
23、Zhao Mingdeng, Grid Generation and Numerical Simulation of 2-D River Flow, Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, 2001, 13(2)
24、邓军，明渠水气二相流流速分布研究，水力发电，2002，4期
25、陈群，戴光清，鱼背山水库岸边阶梯溢洪道流场三维数值模拟，水力发电，2002，3期
26、彭静，玉井信行，河原能久，丁坝坝头冲淤的三维数值模拟，泥沙研究，2002，1期
27、赵明登，李义天，二维泥沙数学模型及工程应用问题探讨，泥沙研究，2002，1期
28、余明辉，杨国录，刘高峰，刘建军，非均匀泥沙水流挟沙力公式的初步研究，泥沙研究，2001，3期
29、梁国亭，高 堂懿梁，梁跃平，龚坚，非恒定流泥沙数学模型原理及其应用，泥沙研究，1999，4期
30、Yanenko. N. N. Numerical Mathods in Fluid Dynamics. Moscow: MIR Publisher, 1986
31、金忠青，N-S方程的数值解和紊流模型，1989，河海大学出版社，南京