摘要
目前,我国大部分油田进入石油开采的中后期,采油废水外排量也越来越大,采油废水的达标排放问题已成为制约油田可持续发展的因素之一。如何经济而有效的去除外排采油废水中的污染物是油田迫切需要解决的课题。本文结合粉煤灰呈碱性且具有吸附作用的特性,提出了利用粉煤灰对采油废水进行预处理,以有效去除其中的污染物,为后续生化处理提供基础,并实现废物综合利用。
本文对粉煤灰处理采油废水的动力学进行了研究,摸清了粉煤灰处理采油废水的机理。通过实验室内摇床吸附试验和现场机械搅拌试验对粉煤灰吸附采油废水中石油类、COD、挥发酚、氨氮等污染物的去除规律及其去除效果进行了研究,绘制了粉煤灰对采油废水中COD、石油类、挥发酚和氨氮的吸附等温线,并对吸附过程进行了分析讨论,研究了微生物被粉煤灰吸附的有机物的降解作用及微生物在贮灰层中分布规律,为现场试验方案和操作参数的确定提供依据。
本文通过研究、试验,确定了灰水比、搅拌时间、搅拌强度、PH值等实现粉煤灰最大处理能力的较优工况参数为:粉煤灰先与冲灰水混合再与采油废水混合,粉煤灰(g):冲灰水(mL):采油废水(mL)为1:20:50,搅拌15min,200r/min,原水pH值不调,此条件下,粉煤灰对采油废水中石油类、COD、挥发酚去除率分别为80%、20%和10%。对石油类和COD的吸附量为0.91mg/g和1.34mg/g。实验研究表明:随着采油废水的增加,胜利电厂粉煤灰对COD的最大吸附量为10.1mg/g,对石油类的最大吸附量为1.4 mg/g。
实验表明,粉煤灰直接与采油废水混合时,粉煤灰吸附去除采油废水COD较佳的操作参数为:灰(g)水(mL)比为1:30,PH值为10,温度为35℃,振摇48h,120r/min;COD平均吸附量为1.0mg/g,COD去除率达40%;由于粉煤灰和采油废水均为多组分体系,在固液界面发生多种吸附作用,导致COD吸附等温线呈跳跃状;粉煤灰先与冲灰水混合再与采油废水混合处理采油废水的效果好于粉煤灰直接与采油废水混合。
根据实验结果,对”粉煤灰+氧化塘”处理现河采油废水工程的工艺参数进行了改进,使处理负荷由10000m3/d增加到22000m3/d,一年的运行结果表明,经改造后的工程运行良好,经济效益明显,出水水质能够稳定达到《山东省半岛流域水污染物综合排放标准》的要求。
研究表明,本工程采取了防渗措施后,工程运行在一定程度上减轻了当地土壤的盐渍化状况,工程运行对其周围地下水有一定影响,但对其周围地表水环境影响不大。
通过对处理采油废水后的粉煤灰的性质进行监测分析表明,采油废水对粉煤灰的浸出毒性和再利用途径均没有影响。处理采油废水后的粉煤灰在贮灰场堆放沥水后,可作为“粉煤灰烧结空心砌块”、“掺少量普通水泥的粉煤灰空心砌块”、“回填工程”和“筑路工程”的原材料进行再利用。
At present, most of the oilfields in china increasing year by year and the efflux of the production waste water becomes more and more. The problem of oilfield wastewater discharging below standard has become one of the factors constraining the sustainable development of oilfields. And the cost high affects the application of treatment. The urgent issue of oilfield is how to reduce the contamination of oilfield wastewater economically and effectively.Because the fly ash has features of alkalescency and sorption,The author proposed the pretreatment of oilfield wastewater by fly ash and could reduce the contamination availably and achieve muti-use of waste.
It studies the dynamics of oilfield waste water treatment by fly ash and find out the mechanism of oilfield treatment by fly ash in this paper. Through the experiment of adsorption in lab and mechanical stirring, we researched the rule and effect of oil COD volatile phenol NH3-N adsorption in oilfield wastewater by fly ash and protract the adsorption isotherm. After that, we researched the degradation function of organic matter on fly ash by animalcule and the midsplit rule in ash of animalcule. It provides the basis for the experiment program and the determination of operating parameters.
Through experiments and researches, we identified the better working condition parameters of gray-water ratio, stirring time, stirring intensity, pH value Etc. which achieve the greatest ability to deal with fly ash(are): fly ash mixtured with the ash-water first and then mixed with the produced water: Fly Ash (g): ash-water (mL): produced water (mL) was 1:20:50, stirring 15min, 200r/min, do not change the pH value of former water. In this case, the removal rates of oil in the wastewater, COD, and volatile phenol that removed by fly cash are 80%, 20% and 10% respectively. The adsorption capacity of oil and COD is 0.91mg / g and 1.34mg / g respectively, The absorption of Ammonia is negative.
The experiment shows that: With the increasing of produced water, the biggest adsorption of COD and oil which was adsorpted by fly ash in SL power plant is 10.1mg / g and 1.4 mg / g respectively.
The experimental results show that : the better operating parameters to remove COD in oil wastewater is adsorped by fly ash ,which is mixed with produced water(,is): ash (g) Water (mL) ratio is 1:30, pH=10, temperature of 35℃,shaking 48h, 120r/min; the average of COD adsorption capacity is 1.0mg / g, and COD removal rate reaches 40%. It leads to COD adsorption isotherm jumping like. Because fly ash and produced water are multi-component system, which has a variety of solid-liquid interface adsorption.
Tests showed that the treatment of fly ash that mixed with the ash-water first and then with oil produced water is better than that mixed with produced water directly.
According to the experimental results, after improving the treatment process parameters of the "Fly + oxidation pond project" in Xianhe oil waste water, the processing load increased from the 10000 Cubic meters / day to 22,000 Cubic meters / day, One-year’s running shows that it runs well, and has a obvious economic benefits, water quality can stably reach the "Shandong Peninsula General Basin water pollutant discharge standard" requirements.
Studies have shown that the project has taken the anti-seepage measures, and also has reduced the local conditions of soil salinization to a certain extent. The operation has some influences on the surrounding groundwater but has no influences on the surface water around.
According to analysis of the feature of fly ash which is used to treat produced water, the produced water has no effect on the leaching toxicity of fly ash and reuse of channels. After the fly cash which was used to treat produced water is piled up and the water is leaked at storage yard , it can be used as "fly ash sintered hollow block", "mixed a small amount of ordinary fly ash cement hollow block", "backfilling works" and "roads Project "of raw materials for reuse.
引文
[1] Yamamoto K,HiasaM,Mahmood T,MatsuoT.Direct solid liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an actived sludge aeration tank Wal.[J] Sci.Tech.1989.21:43-54.
[2] Reis J.C.Overview of the environmental issues facing the upstream petroleum industry[J].SPE Annual Technical Conforenee and Exhibition,1993,SPE 26336:57-6l.
[3] Walling C.,et a1.The ferric ion catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in perchloric acid solution. [J] InL J.Chem.Kim,l974,6:507-5l2.
[4] Eisenhauer H.R.J.Chemical removal of ABC from wastewater effluent -s. [J] Journal WPCF,1965,37:l567-1571.
[5] Yang Min,Gao Yingxin.Treatment of oilfield wastewater with Success -ive treatment of coagulation and Fenton’s process.IW A 3rd Conference on Oxidation Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment. [J]Germany:2003.
[6] Lawrence A.W,Miller J.A.,Miller D.L.,et a1.Regional assessment of produced water treatment and disposal practices and research needs.[J] SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference,1995,SPE 029729:373-392.
[7] Ji G.D.,Sun T.H.,Zhou Q.X.,et a1.Constructed subsurface flow wetland for treating heavy oil produced water of the Liaohe Oilfield in China. [J]Ecological Engineering,2002,18(4):459-465.
[8] Murray Guide C.,Heatley J.E.,Karanfil T.,et a1.Performance of a hybrid reverse osmosis-constructed wet land treatment system for brackish oil field produced water. [J]Water Research,2003,37(3):705-713
[9] Caswell P.C.,Gelb Dan,Marinello S.A.,et a1.Component perform ance evaluation of constructed surface flow and wetlands cells for produced water treatment in the pitchfork field,W yoming.[J]SPE Annual Technical Conferenee and Exhibition,1992,SPE 24808:435-444.
[10] De Leon N.,Camacho F.,Ceci N.,et a1.Wedands as evaporation and treatment system for produced water.[J]SPE Annual Technical Conferenee and Exhibition,2000.487-491.
[11] Yriex C,Gonzalez C,Deroux J M ,Lacoste C,leybrosJ.Countercurrent Liquid/Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Organic Water-Pollutants by Gc/Ms[J]. Wat Res,1996,30(8):1791-1800.
[12] Deroux J M,Gonzalez C,CIoirec P Le.Analysis of extractable organic compounds in water by gas chromatograpHy mass spectrometry:applicat -ions to surface water[J].Talanta,1996,43:365-380.
[13] Yamamoto K,Hiasa M.Mahmood T and Matsuo T.Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an actived sludge aeration tank[J]. Wat.Sci.Tech.1989 21:43-54.
[14] Zaidi et al,Recent advances in the application of membrane technology for removal of oil andsuspended solids from produced water. [J]Environmental Science and Research,1992,46(produced water):489-501.
[15] adian E.S,et a1.Treating of produced water for surface discharge at the anlm gas condensate field. [J]SPE Paper 28946,Presented,at the SPE International Symposium on Oil field Chemistry,San Antonio Texas,1995.
[16] Madian E.S et al,Treating of produced water for surface discharge at the Arun Gas Condensate Fie1d. [J]SPE paper 38799.Presented at the 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference,San Antonio Texas,USA(5-8 October 1997).
[17]李秀珍,李斌莲,于晓丽,谢萍,高含氯采油废水生物治理技术研究.[J]油气田环境保护,2002,12(2):17-19.
[18]董晓丹,王恩德.化学破乳絮凝与SBR二段法处理采油污水的试验研究.[J]环境污染与防治,2004,26(1): 14-15.
[19]李艳红,解庆林,游少鸿,王敦球,张学洪.高温高盐采油废水的生物处理.[J]桂林工学院学报,2006,26(2):234-238.
[20] Walling,C.Fenton’s reagent revisited. [J]Acc.Chem.Res,.1975,8:125-l3l.
[21] Le ni,0.,Oliveros,E.,Braun,A.M.PHotochemical proeesses for water treatment. [J]Chem.Rev.,1993,93:671-698.
[22] Walling,C.,Kato,S.The oxidation of alcohols by Fenton’S Reagent-the efect of copper ion. [J]J.Am.Che m .Soc.,1971,93:4275-4281.
[23] Durham D K.Advances in water clarifier chemistry for treatment of produced water on Gulf of Mexico and North Sea offshore production faci -lities[J].SPE 26008,1993.
[24] Taylor K C,R A Burke.Development of a flow injection analysis method for the determination of acrylamide copolymers in brines[J].Joumal of Petroleum Science and engineering,1998,21(2):129-139.
[25] Scoggins M W.Determ ination of water solubh polymers containing primary amide groups using the triiodide method [J].Society of petroleum enginearjournal,1997,(6):151-155.
[26] Taylor K C,Burke R A,Nasr-El-Din H A,et al.Development of a flow injection analysis method for the determination of acrylamide copolymers in brines[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,1998,21(2):129-139.
[27] Yen-shin lai,Juo-chiun lin.New hybrid fuzzy controller for direct torque control induction motor drives[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electroncs,2003,18(5):1211-l219.
[28] Martin T Hagan.Neural Network Design[M].NewYork:PWS Publishing Company,1996.201-205,23O-233.
[29] Madian E S,et a1.Treating of Produced Water for Surface Discharge at the Arun Gas Field[C].The SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry,San Antonio Texas,USA,1995.
[30] Campos,J.C.Borges,R.M.H.Oliveira A.M.Filho.Oilfield wastewater trea -tment by combinedmicrofiltration and biological processes[J].Water Research,2002, (36):95-104.
[31]邹克华,隋峰,曹明伟,张圆,唐运平.高温优势菌生物膜法处理采油废水.[J]城市环境与城市生态,2002 ,15(5):32-33.
[32]杨二辉,李大平,赵长洪,田崇民,何晓红.高温优势菌生物膜法处理含油污水的中试.[J]环境工程,2004,22(3):11-13.
[33]崔俊华.高效率原油降解菌和内循环3-PBFB处理油田采出水的研究.[J]环境科学学报, 2002,22(4):465-468.
[34]苏德林,王建龙,刘凯文,周定.ABR—BAF工艺处理采油废水的中试研究. [J]中国给水排水,2006,22(1):22-26.
[35]张华,陈俊,刘宇明,解庆林,游少鸿,张学洪.高盐高氯采油废水处理工程实践.[J]中国给水排水,2006,22(24):71-73.
[36]田慧颖,张兴文,张捍民,乔森,刘占广,冯久鸿.MBR一BAF系统处理辽河油田采油污水的研究. [J]膜科学与技术,2004,24(4):48-51.
[37]赵昕,汪严明,叶正芳,倪晋仁.固定化曝气生物滤池处理采油废水.[J]环境科学,2006,27(6):1155-1161.
[38] Hussain A,Rochford D B.Enhancing Produced Water Quality in Kuwait Oil Company[C].The 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference,San Antonio Texas,USA ,1997.
[39] Hjelmas T A,et a1.Produced Water Reinjection:Experiences from Performance Measurements on Ula in the North Sea[C].The Intemational Conference on Health, Safety & Environment,New Orleans Louisana, USA,1996.
[40] Koren A,Nadav N.Mechanical vapour compression to treat oil field produced water[J].Desalination,1994,98(1-3):41-48.
[41] AliSA,HenryLR,Darlington JW,etal.New filtration process cuts cont -aminants from offshore produced water[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1998, 96 (44): 73-78.
[42] Tellez G T,Nirmalakhandan N,Gardea Torresdey J L.Performance evaluation of an activated sludge system for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield produced water[J].Advances in Environ -mental Research,2002,6(4):455-470.
[43] Campos J C,Borges R M H,Oliveira Filho A M,et al. Oilfield wastewater treatment by combined microfiltration and biological process[J]. Water Research,2002,3(1):95-104.
[44] Murray Gulde C,Heatley JE,KaranfilT,etal.Performance of a hybrid reverse osmosis-constructed wetland treatment system for brackish oil field produced water[J].Water Research,2003,37(3):705-713.
[45] Freire D D C,CammarotaM C.Biological treatment oil field wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor[J].Environmental Technology.2001,22 (10):1125-1135.
[46] Wang Jianlong,HuangYongheng.Performance and chaacteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,93:205- 208.
[47] Ali S,James R B,StepHen R C.Water Res,1997,31(4):787-798.
[48] Zepp R G,Faust B C,Hoigne J.Environ Sci Technol,1992,26(2):313-319.
[49] Safarzadeh-Amiri A,Bolton J R,Cater S R.Solar Energy,1996,56(5):439-443.
[50] Arora M L et al,Technology evaluation of sequencing batch reactors. [J]Journal WPCF,1985,57(8):867
[51] Reis J.C.Overview of the environmental issues facing the upstream petroleum industry.SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 1993, SPE 26336:57-61.
[52] Walling C.,et al.The ferric ion catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in perchloric acid solution·Int·J·Chem·Kim.,1974,6:507-512.
[53]邓述波等.油田采出水的特性及处理技术. [J]工业水处理,2000, 20(7) : 10-12.
[54]杜卫东,陆晓华,张士权,范俊欣,李斌莲.采油废水COD处理设计和试验研究.[J]油气田环境保护,2000,10(1):17-19.
[55]竺建荣等.厌-好氧交替工艺处理辽河油田废水的试验. [J]环境科学,1999, 20(1) : 62-20.
[56]李安婕,刘红,王文燕,全向春,张单,李宗良.生物活性炭流化床净化采油废水的性能及特征. [J]环境科学,2006,27(5):918-923.
[57]杨彦希,尹萍.一株高效脱酚菌芽糖假丝酵母10—4的研究. [J]微生物学通报,1995,22(4):208-211.
[58]柯嘉康.废水生物处理. [J]生物学教学,1990,4:1-12.
[59]程林波,张鸿涛.废水中聚丙烯酰胺的生物降解试验研究初探.[J]工程与技术,2004(1):20-23.
[60]李秀珍,李斌莲,于晓丽,谢萍,高含氯采油废水生物治理技术研究.[J]油气田环境保护,2002,12(2):17-19.
[61] Eisenhauer H.R.J.Chemical removal of ABC from wastewater effluents. [J]Journal WPCF,1965,37:1567-1571.
[62] Yang Min,Gao Yingxin.Treatment of oilfield wastewater with succe -ssive treatment of coagulation and Fenton’s process. [C]IWA 3rd Con -ference on Oxidation Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treat -ment.Germany: 2003.
[63] Lawrence A.W.,Miller J.A.,Miller D.L.,et al.Regional assessment of produced water treatment and disposal practices and research needs. [C] SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference,1995,SPE 029729:373-392.
[64] Ji G.D.,Sun T.H.,Zhou Q.X.,et al.Constructedsubsurface flow wetland for treating heavy oil-producedwater of the Liaohe Oilfield in China. [C] Ecological Engneering,2002,18(4):459-465.
[65] Murray-Gulde C.,Heatley J.E.,Karanfil T.,etal Performance of a hybrid reverse osmosis-constructed wetland treatment system for brackish oil field produced water. Water Research,2003, 37(3): 705-713.
[66] Caswell P.C.,Gelb Dan,Marinello S.A.,et al.Component performance evaluation of constructed surface flow and wetlands cells for produced water treatment in the pitchfork field,Wyoming.SPE Annual Technical Coference and Exhibition,1992,SPE 24808:435-444.
[67] De Leon N.,Camacho F.,Ceci N.,et al.Wetlands as evaporation and treatment system for producedwater SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,2000.487-491.
[68] Ji G D,Sun T H.Constructed subsurface flow wetland for treating heavy oil-produced water of the Liaohe Oilfield in China.Ecological Engineering,2002,18:459-465.
[69] Tellez G T,Nirmalakhandan N,Gardea T,et al.Performance evaluation of an activated sludge system for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield produced water. Advances in Environmental Research,2002,6(4):455-470.
[70] Amann R I,Ludwig W,Schleifer K H.PHylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol.Rev.,1995,59(1):143-169.
[71]籍国东,孙铁珩,常士俊等,自由表面流人工湿地处理超稠油废水.[J]环境科学,2001,22(4):95-99.
[72]李发永,李阳初,蒋成新.超滤法处理低渗透油田回注污水的应用研究. [J]油气田环境保护, 1995,(03):7-11.
[73]王生春,刘国华.聚丙烯中空纤维微孔滤膜在油田含油污水处理中的应用. [J]膜科学与技术,1998,(02):28-32.
[74]王怀林,王亿川,蒋建胜.陶瓷微滤膜用于油田采出水处理的研究. [J]膜科学与技术,1998,18(2):59-64.
[75]樊栓狮,王金渠.无机膜处理含油废水. [J]大连理工大学学报,2000,(01):61-63.
[76]张裕卿,张裕媛.用于含油废水处理的复合膜研制. [J]中国给水排水,2004,(04):58-60.
[77]杨云霞,张晓健.我国主要油田污水处理技术现状及问题. [J]油气田地面工程[J],2001,20(1):4～5.
[78]陶丽英,王文海,刘梅英,苏永渤.化学絮凝法处理采油废水的研究.[J]环境保护科学,2004,30(122):13-15.
[79]谢加才,王正江.稠油污水处理中高效净水剂的研究与应用. [J]工业水处理,2001,21(11):17-21.
[80]汪严明,赵昕,徐丽娜倪晋仁.Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理油田采油废水的研究. [J]环境污染治理技术与设备,2004,5(11):74-78.
[81]仝坤,王琦.Fenton试剂降低采油污水COD的研究与应用. [J]特种油气藏,2O06,13(2).
[82]刘金库,王健,鲁红生,李培武.光助Fenton氧化-混凝法联合处理含聚合物油田污水技术.[J]精细石油化工进展,2005,6(4):4-6.
[83]王连生.负载活性炭催化氧化处理有机废水技术简介.[J]天津化工,2006,20(2):60-61.
[84]王蓉沙等.电絮凝法处理油田废水. [J]环境科学研究,1999, 12(4) : 30-32.
[85]韩洪军.含油废水电解气浮的理论和试验. [J]环境工程,1992, 11(6) : 7-11.
[86]董晓丹,王晨煜,王丹丽,王恩德.新型破乳剂用于采油废水处理的试验研究. [J]工业水处理,2002,22(10).
[87]朱王步瑶,赵振国.界面化学基础. [M]北京:化学工业出版社,1996.
[88]赵国玺.表面活性剂物理化学. [M]北京:北京大学出版社,1991.66～74
[89] JAMES.W.McBain, C.W.Humpreys. The microtome method of the determination of the absolute amount of adsorption. [J]The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1932, 36:300～312
[90] G?sta Nilsson. The adsorption of tritiated sodium dodecyl sulfate at the solutions surface measured with a windowless, high humidith gas, flow proportional counter. [J]The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1957,61(9):1135～1142
[91] S.D.Forrester, C.H.Giles. One hundred years of solute-solvent adsorption isotherm studies. [J] Chemistry & Industry. 1972, 8:318～325
[92]宋世谟,王正烈,李文斌.物理化学(下册). [M]北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[93]张自杰,林荣忱,金儒霖.排水工程(下册). [M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[94] Irving Langmuir. The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. [J] The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1916,38(1):2221～2295
[95] Irving Langmuir. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. [J]The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1918,40(7):1361～1403
[96]许保玖.给水处理理论. [M]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.423
[97]韩东,沈平平.表面活性剂驱油原理及应用. [M]北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
[98] F.Z.Saleeb, J.A.Kitchener. The effect of graphitization on the adsorption of surfactants by carbon blacks. [J] Journal of Chemical Society. 1965,911～917
[99] C.J.Radke, J.M.Prausnitz. Thermodynamics of multi-solute adsorption from dilute liquid solutions. [J] A. I. Ch. E. Journal. 1972,18(4):761～768
[100] E.H.卢开森-闰德斯.阳离子表面活性剂表面活性剂作用的物理化学. [M]北京:轻工业出版社,1988.
[101]傅鹰.化学热力学导论. [M]北京:科学出版社,1963.
[102]沈学优,马战宇,陈平,竺立峰,方婧.表面活性剂对极性有机物在沉积物上吸附的影响. [J]环境科学,2003,24(5):131～135
[103]魏宏斌,郭藏生,徐建伟.阴、阳离子表面活性剂在矿物粘土表面的混合吸附. [J]同济大学学报,1996,24(3):269～274
[104]北原文雄,玉井康腾,早野茂夫,原一郎.表面活性剂. [M]北京:化学工业出版社,1991.497～499
[105]承德华通环保仪器厂.污水COD速测仪使用说明书. 4～5
[106]许保玖,龙腾锐.当代给水与废水处理原理. [M]北京:高等教育出版社,2000.122
[107]杨承志.化学驱油过程中表面活性剂损失的机理及抑制途径. [J]油田化学,1985,2(1):9～20
[108]段世铎,谭逸玲.界面化学. [M]北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[109] C.H.Giles, T.H.MacEwan, S.N.Nakhwa, D.Smith. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface area of solids. [J] Journal of The Chemical Society. 1960,(10):3973～3993
[110] C.H.Giles, R.B.McKay, W.Good. Complex-formation between a variety of organic solutes in carbon tetrachloride. [J] Journal of The Chemical Society. 1961,(12):5434～5438
[111]《化学工程手册》编辑委员会化学工程手册(第10篇)传质[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1982:17-35.