摘要
土地利用变化作为全球变化的主要动因，目前已受到全球变化研究的广泛关注。自1995“国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)”和“全球环境变化人文因素计划(IHDP)”联合提出“土地利用、土地覆盖变化计划(LUCC)”后，该项研究步入了系统有序的研究阶段，并取得了大量的科研成果。但随着研究的日益深入，科学家们愈来愈多的认识到，要全面、深入地了解地球系统的过去、现在和未来，就必须更好地理解区域或者兼具全球意义和区域特色的局地，开展区域或者局地土地利用变化研究已逐渐成为该研究领域的新热点。局地作为响应区域和全球变化的主要场所，人类土地利用活动对其生态系统的干扰不仅影响到区域陆地生态系统的种群动态等诸多方面，而且还影响到区域大气中温室气体的含量。可见，在人类活动所导致的生态环境问题中，人类土地利用活动对局地陆地生态系统的干扰已不是一般的干扰因子，而是起着决定性作用的关键因子。目前正陆续开展一些有关区域土地利用变化的研究项目，这些研究主要集中在热带雨林区、黄土丘壑区、喀斯特地区、经济发达区，但选择兼具全球意义和区域特色的局地进行土地利用变化的研究更少，其主要集中于集约化农区、珠江三角洲和苏锡常经济发达区，很少涉及我国西部生态脆弱区。重庆市作为西部经济建设与发展的中心，快速工业化与城市化一方面加快了农用地与建设用地间交换的频率与广度，另一方面也促使了劳动力在各产业间的流动，特别是农村劳动力向第二、第三产业的流动，土地利用方式与管理实践的改变也将大大加快土地利用类型间的转换。本研究以重庆市沙坪坝区这一局地为研究区，采用土地利用现状数据库(图形库，比例尺：1：10000、属性库、变更库)并结合调查资料与实测数据，运用GIS手段，结合景观格局指数、景观特定组分转移贡献率、生态服务价值和土地经济系数等方法，对沙坪坝区土地利用变化特征、景观格局特征及其生态响应过程进行剖析，并对研究区未来生态服务功能状态进行预测。结果表明：
(1)浅丘地貌区是重庆市沙坪坝区人类土地利用干扰最主要的活动区。研究区由浅丘、中丘和低山三种地貌类型构成，浅丘地貌占绝对优势，占整个研究区面积的56.63％。浅丘地貌区以耕地景观为本底，其他景观镶嵌于这一本底中。耕地面积(耕地中以早地和水田为主)占本地貌区面积的97.00％和占研究区面积的44.59％，受人类土地利用影响与干扰大，景观破碎化程度高，自身生态系统的稳定性和抗胁迫能力较差，是未来土地利用类型间的转换与生态环境变化的敏感区；中丘地貌区内土地利用类型多样，景观类型的本底不明显，各景观要素斑块相互镶嵌，斑块间形状差异明显、相似性差，斑块核心面积较小，斑块边界具有较大的曲折性，景观要素间相互影响明显，物质、能量和信息三者间的交换较复杂；低山地貌区以林地分布为主，林地占本地貌区的51.47％，其景观要素斑块几何形状较复杂、规律性差，斑块间的相似程度低，斑块边界曲折化。由于受人类土地利用活动干扰逐渐减弱，正逐步向原生态状态过渡；廊道对景观生态系统中生态流的作用至关重要，它不仅影响着土地利用类型的分布，而且还是分割景观，造成景观破碎化程度加深的动因。研究区的廊道类型主要有水系、公路与农村道路。廊道密度指数计算结果显示，浅丘(22.5423)＞中丘(19.3281)＞低山(8.2354)，表明浅丘地貌区破碎化程度最高，远远超过其他2种地貌类型，中丘地貌区间于浅丘地貌区和低山地貌区之间，低山地貌区最低。
(2)耕地景观是重庆市沙坪坝区人类土地利用活动最主要的干扰景观类型，人类对其干扰活动受坡度影响明显，各景观要素在各坡度级内分布不同，受人类土地利用干扰程度各异。耕地景观类型主要分布于0°-2°和2°-6°坡度级内，以冬水田景观要素与一般旱地景观要素为主，其他景观要素以镶嵌体形式镶嵌于这两景观要素中，具有高度的异质性。冬水田景观要素接近于水田景观本底，其形状较规整，其斑块面积的离散程度较高。通过梁滩河50 m、100 m、250 m和500 m的缓冲区分析发现，冬水田景观要素斑块的分布与河流缓冲区的距离关系紧密，其斑块个数、要素面积随缓冲区距离的增大而增加，且绝大部分斑块分布在500 m的缓冲区内：一般旱地景观要素斑块大小分布不均匀、边界曲线较平滑。2°-6°坡度级内耕地景观要素是人类土地利用干扰耕地景观要素(特别是菜地)主要活动区，而15°-25°与＞25°两坡度内的耕地景观要素人类土地利用干扰强度却相对较低。由此可见，2°-6°坡度级内的耕地景观要素是研究区实现耕地可持续利用关键区，150°-25°和＞25°坡度级内耕地景观要素由于受人类土地利用活动干扰减弱，正逐步向自然生态过渡，有利于研究区的生态环境的改善。冬水田景观要素斑块主要集中于2°-6°坡度级，人类土地利用干扰最为强烈；两季田景观要素斑块主要分布于2°-6°坡度级内，但0°-2°坡度级内斑块分布最均匀，人类对两季田景观要素的土地利用干扰主要集中于2°-6°坡度级：望天冬水田景观要素斑块在各坡度级内分布差异不明显，斑块形状较复杂，斑块边缘趋于平滑化，人类土地利用干扰相对较低；一般旱地景观要素在各坡度级内均有分布，主要集中于2°-6°、6°-15°和15°-25°坡度级内，总体而言，各坡度级内的一般旱地要素斑块其形状较复杂、边缘曲线较平滑，人类土地利用干扰程度较低，土地利用程度不高；间作果木旱地景观要素斑块主要分布于15°-25°、＞25°两坡度级内，斑块有效面积相当小，人类土地利用干扰强度最低，正逐步向其间作或者套作的果木所属的园地过渡。
(3)土地利用模式对紫色土肥力影响差异大，其土地经济系数响应明显，土壤的保肥供肥能力越强，土地经济系数越大。土地利用模式对紫色土壤肥力变化影响不同，合理土地利用模式不会导致土壤肥力退化，造成耕地质量下降。粮、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(FEV)＞菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(VEV)＞果、粮、菜间、套土地利用模式(FFV)＞粮、豆、粮间、套土地利用模式(FLF)＞单一土地利用模式(MONO)；土壤有机质含量变化表现为，粮、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(FEV)＞菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(PEV)＞果、粮、菜间、套土地利用模式(FFV)＞粮、豆、粮间、套土地利用模式(FLF)；菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式下土壤全氮含量增幅最大，达55.55％；粮、经、菜间、套土地利用模式下土壤碱解氮含量增幅最大，达124.02％；果、粮、菜间、套作土地利用模式下速效磷的含量增幅最大，达140.74％；钾含量在不同利用模式下其增加幅度相一致，间于20％-35％间；粮、豆、粮间、套作(FLF)、粮、经、菜间、套作(FEV)、菜、经、菜间、套作(VEV)、果、粮、菜间、套作(FFV)四种土地利用模式下土壤中有效锌含量均接近土壤有效缺锌临界值(≤1.00 mg.kg~(-1))；有效铜、有效硼、有效钼的含量均低于我国土壤缺铜、缺硼、缺钼的临界值，缺铜临界值≤2.00 mg.kg~(-1)，缺硼临界值＜0.25 mg.kg~(-1)和缺钼临界值＜0.15 mg.kg~(-1)；通过土地经济系数的计算发现，菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(PEV)＞果、粮、菜间、套作(FFV)＞果、粮、菜间、套作(FFV)＞粮、经、菜间、套作(FEV)＞粮、豆、粮间、套作(FLF)＞单一土地利用模式(MONO)；菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(VEV)下的土地经济系数最高，达0.791，而单一土地利用模式(MONO)下的土地经济最低，为0.429。通过土地利用模式下土壤性质变化情况及其土地经济系数分析发现，菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(VEV)为最优土地利用模式，在相同物化投入条件下，菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(VEV)土地经济效益高，或者在一定产量水平下，菜、经、菜间、套土地利用模式(VEV)的物化投入最小。
(4)工业化、城市化和劳动力流动是诱发沙坪坝区土地利用变化最主要驱动力；城市等人文景观增加，林地、园地和水域等生态用地增加以及人类对坡耕地干扰活动的减弱是研究区最主要生态响应过程。农田景观减少，城市景观等人为景观不断扩展，人为景观的生态作用将有所提高。1996-2006年10年间，建设用地总量由原来的6574.53 hm~2增加到2006年11891.08 hm~2，增长到原来的1.81倍，其中95％来源于耕地。农用地与建设用地在研究区未来土地类型转移过程中仍将持续，且这一矛盾体间的竞争还将加剧，如何协调这对矛盾体，控制建设用地外延性扩张，合理保护耕地是研究区未来土地利用的重心；大量的农村劳动力由第一产业向第二、三产业转移，农业兼业户(同时从事农业和非农业、但农业劳力投入多的农业兼业户)、非农业兼业户(投入非农业劳力多的非农兼业户)和非农业户(家庭劳力全部以非农业为主业)增加，这导致农村非农就业比例的提高以及农户对土地信赖性的减弱，农业市场成为了农户土地利用方式选择的向标，加快了农用地内部间的转移和农户土地利用方式、模式的选择。农业结构调整是研究区土地利用变化又一重要驱动因素；农用地与建设用地间的转移加快了城市等人文景观的增加与聚集，这一生态响应过程将对沙坪坝区生态环境变化造成负面影响。林地和园地等生态用地的增加和人类土地利用活动对坡耕地干扰强度的减弱这一生态响应过程有利于研究区生态环境的改善。
(5)生态服务价值总量降低，空间分布差异明显，各镇对研究区生态服务价值总量贡献程度不一。Costanza等人赋予各种土地利用类型的生态服务价值系数是在全球尺度上进行，将之应用于局地尺度发现，赋予各种土地利用类型生态服务价值系数的大小对区域总的生态服务价值变化影响不明显，但单位面积上每一类生态系统的某种生态服务功能的价值估算仍有一定差异。通过敏感度分析发现，采用Costanza等赋予耕地、林地和园地的生态服务价值系数较接近于区域真实值，其耕地、园地和林地生物量价值总和的生态服务价值系数分别为92 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)、302 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)和302 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)，但水域生物量价值总和的生态服务价值略高于沙坪坝区的真实值。通过重新赋值与敏感度分析，研究区水域的生态服务价值系数为Coataaza等人提出的赋予水域生态服务价值系数的30％，即5665 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)，更接近于研究区水域生态服务价值的真实值。重庆市沙坪坝区在1996-2006年间生态服务价值从$1.50×10~7降低到$1.40×10~7，净损失$1.00×10~6，平均土地净损失生态服务价值25.54 $·hm~(-2)。10年间生态服务价值总量降低的有6个镇，它们分别是虎溪镇、陈家镇、覃家岗镇、曾家镇、青木关镇和凤凰镇；生态服务价值增加的为井口镇、回龙坝镇、歌乐山镇、中梁镇、西永镇和土主镇5个镇；变化幅度在±20％-±40％有6个镇，其中增加幅度最高的是土主镇，10年间生态服务价值总量增加了36.18％，减少幅度最大的为虎溪镇，10年间生态服务价值总量减少了62.68％；井口镇和回龙坝镇10年其生态服务价值总量变化幅度相对较小，其中井口镇10年间减少了-0.03％，回龙坝镇10年间增加了4.00％。据2006年的各镇生态服务价值总量空间分布发现，歌乐山镇和中梁镇对研究区(12镇)的生态服务价值总量贡献率较高分别达到了10.00％、11.27％，而虎溪镇为最低，为1.91％。根据生态服务价值量的空间分布及变化情况，结合不同利用模式对沙坪坝区紫色土肥力的影响和导致土地利用变化主要驱动力分析可以预测，沙坪坝区自然生态系统未来可表现为四种类型：Ⅰ、生态系统稳定区。主要集中于井口镇与回龙坝镇两镇；Ⅱ、先降后升区。主要集中于覃家岗镇和虎溪镇；Ⅲ、生态系统敏感区。该区主要集中于陈家桥镇、曾家镇和土主镇。Ⅳ、持续增长区。该区主要集中于歌乐山镇和中梁镇。
综上所述，本研究为局地土地利用变化及生态效应研究提供了一新的视角：土壤-土地利用类型-人为土地利用干扰活动区．局地配置。这一视觉为厘定基于生态可持续性局地土地利用空间格局提供了理论框架。同时，“三效益”的统一是土地利用最终目的，定量化土地利用所诱发的生态效益，不仅为编制局地土地利用总体规划优化土地利用结构提供理论基础，而且还为制定土地政策规范土地利用行为实现土地可持续利用提供了实践参考。当然，土地利用变化所波及的生态效应是多方面的，而这一过程对影响环境过程和属性的土地利用动态起决定性作用。长期定位、定量研究土地利用变化所诱发的诸如水文效应、物种种群动态变化、土地利用类型生物量间的转换以及自然生态系统与城市等人文生态系统的生态盈亏平衡将是实现未来局地生态系统的稳定与持续发展研究的新途径。
Land use change, one of the primary causes of global environmental change, has caused many concerns of global change researches. Since the project of land use/cover change (LUCC) was put forward by international global biological project (IGBP) and international human diathesis project (IHDP) in 1995 the project has stepped into the phase of systematic research, and has achieved great deal. However, with the insight into this field, scientists have increasingly realized that the study on land use change at the regional or local level is a key to understand deeply the past, current and future situation of the research in the earth system, and the study on the region or local land use change has become a new hot spot. Local level is treated as a primary place responding to the changes of regional and global level. The disturbance of human land use at local level affects not only the dynamic of population of regional terrestrial ecosystem, but also the content of greenhouse gasses in atmosphere. Thus, the activities in human land use has not been ecumenical factor other key factor in disturbing terrestrial ecosystem at the local level. Now some researches in regional LUC are being carried out mainly in the areas of the tropical rain forest, the loess plateau, the karsts and in the economically developed areas; but the researches bearing the global and regional features in the intensive farming areas, Zhujiang Delta and in such economically-developed areas as Suzhou, Wuxi and Changshu are not enough; practically the researches in western ecologically fragile areas in China are much less. Chongqing, as the center of western economic construction and development, its industrialization and urbanization speeds the frequency and extent of transformation between agricultural land and construction land, spur the flow of labor among the different industries as well, especially the flow of labors from rural areas to the secondary industry and tertiary industry. The changes of the patterns and management of land use will accelerate the transformation among land use categories too. Taking Shapingba district in Chongqing as a study area, combining the current data of land use with the socio-economic materials, adopting GIS, landscape pattern metrics, conversion-out and conversion-in contribution rate, ecological service value and land economic coefficient and analyzing its characteristics of land use change, landscape patterns as well as the process of ecological response, this paper predicts the future changes of ecological service functions in Shapingba district. The results indicate as follows:
(1) The shallow hilly geomorphology zone was the dominant active area disturbed in human land use. The geomorphology type in Shapingba district consists of shallow hill, meso-hill and hill, herein shallow hill was in absolute dominance with the proportion of 56.63 % of study area. The cultivated land with about proportion of 97.00% of shallow hill zone and with about 44.59% of study area was the substratum in which other landscapes were inlaid. Because the cultivated land was disturbed and influenced dramatically, the fragmentation of landscape was high, and stability and resilience of ecology were worse. So the shallow hill zone will be the sensitive place where land use categories transformed and ecological environment changed. In meso-hill geomorphology zone, there were few land use types and inconspicuous substratum of landscape class. Patches of diversified landscape class were inlaid one another. Meanwhile patches possessed lower geometrical similarity, irregular characteristics of shape, zigzag borderline, and lower core area. Owe to interactional function among various landscape classes, exchanges among substance, energy and information were complicated. In the hill geomorphology zone, woodland with 51.47 % was the main land use type. Its patches had complicated shape of geometry, irregular characteristics of shape, zigzag borderline, and lower geometrical similarity. Because of lower disturbance of human land use for landscape, it is transiting to proto-ecosystem gradually. Corridor plays an important part in the ecological flow in landscape ecological system. It not only influences the distribution of land use types, but also worsens landscape and results in fragmentation of landscape. In the study area, the distribution of corridor consisted of water system, road and county road. According to the results of corridor index calculated, the relationship among the geomorphology types was shallow hill zone (22.5423)> meso-hill zone (19.3281) > hill zone (8.2354). The fragmentation of shallow hill zone was the highest, the meso-hill zone higher, and the hill zone the lowest.
(2) Cultivated land landscape was the primary disturbance landscape type disturbed by human land use in Shapingba district, Chongqing. The disturbance of human land use was affected obviously by gradient. Various landscape elements were distributed and disturbed differently in the gradient of 0°-2°, 2°-6°, 6°-150,15°-250, and >25°. Cultivated land distributed mainly in the gradient of 0°-2°and 2°-6°consisted of landscape elements of winter water-stored paddy field and dry land. Due to other landscape elements inlaid in it, cultivated land landscape had high heterogeneity. Moreover, winter water-stored paddy field was close to substratum of paddy land landscape. Its patches possessed regular characteristics of shape and high discrete degree. By Buffer analysis of 50 m, 100 m, 250 m and 500m of Liangtan River, the distribution of patches of winter water-stored paddy field landscape element closely related to distance of Buffer zone of river. The number of patches and area of element rise along with the increase of distance of Buffer zone, and the patches of winter water-stored paddy field landscape element distributed mostly in the Buffer zone of 500m. As a whole, the patches of dry land landscape element scattered irregularly in dry land landscape class. The distribution of the patches of upland field was asymmetry and its borderline was relatively smooth. It is obvious that the gradient is a crucially restrictive factor, which human activities of land use disturb cultivated land landscape class. The region of human's disturbance lay mostly in 2°-6°gradient. But it was disturbed mildly under 15°-25°and >25°gradient. Subsequently, the cultivated land with 2°-6°gradient will be a key to carry out land sustainable use, and with 15°-25°and >25°slope degrees to improve ecological environment in the study area. The patches of winter water-stored paddy field landscape element lay mainly in slop gradient of 2°-6°and disturbed intensively by human land use. The patches of irrigable paddy field distributed also in the same slop gradient and were disturbed intensively by human land use. However, the patches distributing in the gradient of 0°-2°were even. The patches of rain-fed winter water-stored paddy field distributed evenly in the five gradients of 0°-2°, 2°-6°, 6°-15°, 15°-25°, and >25°. Their patches possessed the features of complicated shapes, smooth borderline, and low human disturbance. Though the patches of upland field distributed in the five gradients of 0°-2°, 2°-6°, 6°-15°, 15°-25°, and >25°, they concentrated in the three gradients of 6°-15°, 2°-6°and 15°-25°. As a whole, they had the features of complicated shape, smooth borderline, lower disturbance for human land use and lower land use. But the patches of fruit-tree inter-planting dry land distributed in the gradient of 15°-25°and >25°, and possessed low core areas. Due to lower human disturbance, fruit-tree inter-planting dryland will be gradually transiting to fruit-tree inter-planting garden plot correspondingly.
(3) Land use pattern influenced differently purple soil fertility. Its land economic coefficient responded to purple soil fertility obviously, i.e., high abilities of soil conservation fertility and soil fertility supply will have high land economic coefficient. Rational land use pattern does not result in quality degeneration of soil fertility and cultivated land. The results were as follow: food crop intercropping economic crop relay cropping vegetable (FEV)> vegetable intercropping economic crop relay cropping vegetable (VEV) > fruitage intercropping food crop relay cropping vegetable (FFV) > food crop intercropping legume relay cropping food crop (FLF) > Mono-cropping (MONO). The changes of extent of soil organic matters were FEV > VEV > FFV > FLF. The amplitude-change of soil total N was the highest up to 55.55 % under VEV, alkaline hydrolysis N up to 124.02 % under FEV, and quick result P up to 140.74% under FFV. However, the extent of soil K changed consistently base on five land use patterns, and amplitude-change was between 20 % and 35 %. The extent of soil effectual Zn was close to critical value (≤1.00 mg.kg~(-1)) of Zn-lacking under FLF, FEV, VEV, and FFV. But extent of effectual B, effectual Cu and effectual Mo was all low critical value (<2.00 mg.kg~(-1)) of Cu-lacking, critical value (< 0.25 mg.kg~(-1)) of B-lacking, critical value (< 0.15 mg.kg~(-1)) of Mo-lacking. By calculating land economic coefficient of different land use pattern, the result was VEV> FFV> FFV> FEV> FLF> MONO. VEV had the best soil characteristic, its land economic coefficient was 0.791, inferior to none correspondingly. However, MONO was 0.429, the lowest one. In the study area, VEV is optimum land use pattern. In a word, land economic benefit of VEV is the highest under the same matter-devotion, or matter-devotion of VEV is the lowest under the certainty yield.
(4) In Shapingba district, Chongqing, urbanization, industrialization and labor transformation were important driving forces for inducing land use change in study area. The ecological response process to land use change laid mainly in the increase of city landscape and ecological land, and weakening of the disturbance of land use for slope-cultivated land. Due to the decrease of paddy land and dry land landscape and the increase of artificial landscape of city landscape and so on, ecological function of artificial landscape will be strengthened. During 1996-2006, construction land rose from 6574.53 hm~2 to 11891.08 hm~2, 1.81 times of the past. The conversion-in areas possessing about 95% was subject to the cultivated land. The trend transforming from agricultural land to construction land will continue in Shapingba district, Chongqing. Moreover, the competition of a contradiction will be impetuous increasingly. How to balance the contradiction, control urban sprawl and protect cultivated land will be a keystone of future land use in the study area. More and more rural labors are transforming from first industry to second and third industry, labors of concurrent-agro-industry, non-concurrent-agro-industry and non-agro-industry increased, which led to the following results: the proportion of employment of rural non-agricultural population increased; the farmers' independence on land weakened; rural market became the orientation of choosing land use patterns; the transformation of inter-agricultural land and the choices of land use patterns were speeded. The regulation of agricultural structure in study area is one of primary driving forces. The transformation between agricultural and constructional lands speeded the increase and accumulation of such artificial landscapes as city. The process of eco-response will cause negative influence on the eco-environment in the Shapingba district. The process of eco-response, the increasing of such eco-lands as woodland and garden land and the weakening of the disturbance of activities of human land use, benefited improving the eco-environment in study area.
(5) The total ecological service value was descent, the differentiation of its spatial distribution was obvious, and the contribution of the towns to it was various. Ecological service value coefficient assigning different categories of land use raised by Costanza was generally adopted at the global level. If we adopted it at the local level, ecological service value coefficient assigning different categories of land use had little influence on the total ecological service value, and the total change of ecological service value was inelastic in the region, but ecological service value coefficient assigning every category was different. By sensitivity analysis, this paper determined the dependence of our estimates of changes in ecosystem service values on the applied coefficients. The ecosystem vale coefficients for cropland, temperate/boreal forest, and laker/rivers were each adjusted by 50 %. The relatively low Coefficients of Sensitivity values reflected the fact that the coefficient values for cultivated land (92 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)), garden land(302 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)), for woodland(302 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)) were close to regional actualities. However, the coefficient values for water land, compared to the coefficient of the laker/river (8498 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1)) assigned by Costanza et al. was more than the actual one. By rectifying 30 percent of the previous coefficient by 5667 $·hm~(-2)·yr~(-1), it will be very close to the actual one. During 1996-2006, the ecological service value reduced from $ 1.50 million to $ 1.40 million, the net loss reached $ 0.10 million in the region. Accordingly, each hectare land suffered an average loss of $ 25.54 in the Shapingba district, Chongqing. There were eleven towns whose ecological service value hardly changed from 1996 to 2006 in Shapingba district, Chongqing, in which the value of six towns descended, i.e. Huxi town, Chenjiaqiao town, Qijiagan town, Zengjia town, Qingmuguan town, and Fenghuang town, and the other five towns rose, i.e. Jingkou town, Huilongba town, Zhongliang town, Xiyong town, and Tuzhu town. This paper found that six towns' ecological service value changed between by 20 % and by 40 %. In Tuzhu town, the increase of ecological service value was the highest during 1996-2006, i.e. 36.18 %, but in Huxi town the decrease of ecological service vale was the most considerable, i.e. 62.68 %. However, in both Jingkou town and Huilongba town, the changes of ecological service vale were less obvious, just -0.03 % and 4.00 % respectively. According to its spatial distribution of ecological service value in 2006, the contribution rate of Geleshan town and Zhongliang town was higher, i.e. 10.00 % and 11.27 % respectively, but Huxi town the lowest, i.e. 1.91 %. According to the spatial distribution of ecological service value and its changes, combining the influence of different land use patterns on the fertility of purple soil and the analysis of driving force leading to land use changes, this paper predicted that the future natural eco-system had four trends as follows: (1) the stable zone of eco-system, mainly in Jingkou town and Huilongba town; (2) descend-to-rise zone, mainly in Qinjiagang town and Huxi town; (3) eco-system sensitive zone, mainly in Chenjiaqiao town, Zengjia town and Tuzhu town; (4) sustainably-increased zone, mainly in Geleshan town and Zhongliang town.
To sum up, the study provides a new perspective for the research of land use change and eco-benefit: soil—land use category—disturbance zone of primary human land use activities—configuration at the local level. This perspective offers theoretical framework in differentiating land use pattern based on eco-system sustainable land use at the local level. In the meantime, the integration of economic, ecological and social benefits is the final goal of land use. The eco-system benefit from the quantification of land use provides not only theoretical basis for constituting the total land use planning and optimizing land use structure, but also practical reference for constituting land policy and normalizing land use behavior to realize the suitability of land use. Meanwhile, the eco-response caused by land use change is multi-dimension, and this process plays a decisive role in the course and attributes of influencing environments and the dynamic of land use. The hydrological effect, the dynamic change of species, the transformation among biomass of land use category and the profits-and-losses balance of natural and artificial eco-system caused by long-term location, quantification study of land use change is a new solution to realizing the stability and sustainability of eco-system at the local level.
引文
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