摘要
本研究通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析，结合测序方法对13个黄牛群体680头公牛或阉牛的Y染色体6个微卫星多态性进行了研究，结果发现，中国地方黄牛的UMN0929、UMN0108、UMN0920、INRA124、UMN2404和UMN0103位点分别有4、5、2、2、5、4个等位基因。其中INRA124、UMN2404和UMN0103位点上的等位基因是区分瘤牛和普通牛的诊断基因，分别为瘤牛和普通牛特有，三个微卫星标记对不同群体或个体的鉴别一致率达到90％以上。
根据等位基因组成计算了基因频率，获得了基因多样性(GD)、多态性信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(E)数据。结果表明，中国黄牛Y-STRs微卫星的平均遗传多样性为0.58，鲁西牛最高为0.65，延边牛最低为0.44，说明鲁西牛的遗传变异程度较大，表明中国黄牛的遗传基础丰富，从而通过牛Y-STRs位点多态性方法检验了中国地方黄牛的遗传多样性。
通过对3个微卫星INR124、UMN2404和UMN0103位点分析并结合前人对15个品种262头公牛Y染色体的形态学研究，揭示了中国黄牛普通牛和瘤牛Y染色体的分布特征以及Y染色体基因的流动迁移模式。北方种群中普通牛Y染色体单倍型频率最高(平均为93.0％)，瘤牛单倍型在南方牛种群中占有优势(平均为90.3％)。中原黄牛品种中同时具有普通牛(平均为49.0％)和瘤牛(平均为51.0％)Y染色体单倍型，瘤牛Y染色体单倍型频率在中原黄牛中呈现出自东向西逐渐降低的趋势，在郏县红牛、鲁西牛、南阳牛、晋南牛、秦川牛和早胜牛群体中瘤牛的比例分别为75.0％，67.0％，66.0％、32.0％、29.0％和6.9％。晋南牛、秦川牛和早胜牛受北方普通牛的遗传影响较大，普通牛起源占主要地位；而郏县红牛、鲁西牛和南阳牛则受南方瘤牛的影响较大，瘤牛起源占主要地位。再次证明，中国黄牛主要血统来源于亚洲原牛和瘤原牛，这可能是这两类牛群在长期的历史进化过程中，分别从东南方向和西北方向进入我国，并在中原地区汇合的。
Y-STR_S基因座的单倍型在个体识别和亲子鉴定的研究方面也有着潜在的应用价值。由单倍型频率可以计算出单倍型的遗传多样性为0.94，对Y染色体来说，此值等于个体识别率和非父排除率，说明Y-STRs具有较高的个体识别率，在非父排除方面有重要作用，表明该系统有较强的个体差异，对于牛的个体鉴定具有十分重要的价值。
通过对三个纯种和两个杂种牛群254头阉牛(秦川牛58头、鲁西牛56头、晋南牛52头、西门塔尔×秦川牛40头、安格斯×秦川牛48头)Y-STRs UMN0929和UMN0108基因座的等位基因与一些肉用性能关系研究，发现牛Y-STRsUMN0929和UMN0108位点与一些肉用性能显著相关。
在UMN0929位点，西门塔尔×秦川牛的肉用指数和胴体重的最小二乘均值最大，分别为4.50kg·cm~(-1)和338.28 kg，鲁西牛最小，分别为3.62 kg·cm~(-1)和269.33kg。秦川牛群中G-190基因的肉用指数和胴体重最大，分别为4.23kg·cm~(-1)和325.40kg，B-178基因的肉用指数和胴体重最小，分别为3.81kg·cm~(-1)和278.07kg。经检验，G-190和E-186基因的肉用指数和胴体重极显著高于B-178基因的牛(P＜0.01)。在UMN0108位点，秦川牛E-189基因的肉用指数和胴体重最大，分别为4.07kg·cm~(-1)和243.30kg，C-185基因的肉用指数和胴体重最小，分别为3.49kg·cm~(-1)和194.90kg。经检验，E-189和F-191基因的肉用指数、胴体重及净肉率极显著高于C-185基因的牛(P＜0.01)。
采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术测定了秦川牛(148头)血红蛋白(Hb)、运铁蛋白(Tf)、后运铁蛋白(PTf)、血清白蛋白(Alb)和后白蛋白(Pa)的遗传多态性。分析了各多态位点不同基因型与秦川牛若干繁殖性状的关系。结果表明：Hb AA型母牛的初情期年龄(AFS)，初产年龄(AFC)极显著早于Hb AB型母牛(P＜0.01)。TfAA型母牛的初情期和初产年龄显著早于TfDD型母牛(P＜0.05)。PTfSS型母牛的初情期显著早于PTfFS型母牛和PTfFF型母牛(P＜0.05)。Alb AA型母牛的初情期显著早于Alb AC型母牛(P＜0.05)。TfA基因对D基因的替代平均效应值初情期提前1.68d，初产年龄提前19.89d。AlbA基因对B基因的替代平均效应值初情期提前8.06d。
Polymorphisms of Six Y chromosomes microsatellites were analyzed among 680 bulls or steers from 13 breeds and 4, 5, 2, 2, 5 and 4 alleles were observed at UMN0929, UMN0108, UMN0920, INRA124, UMN2404 and UMN0103, respectively. INRA124, UMN2404 and UMN0103 are the diagnose genes to distinguish the Bos Taurus and Bos indicus. The alleles specially belong to Bos Taurus and Bos indicus, respectively. Distinguish accord rate for different breeds and different individuals were above 90%.
Gene Diversity index (GD), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective number of allele (E) and haplotype data were estimated of the six Y chromosome microsatellites. It showed that the average genetic diversity of Y-STRs of Chinese yellow cattle was 0.58, it was the highest in Luxi cattle (0.65) and the lowest in Yanbian cattle (0.44) and it showed that the degree of genetic variance was high in Luxi cattle and the genetic base is abundance in Chinese yellow cattle. The gene diversity of Chinese yellow cattle was proved through Y-STRs polymorphism.
Based on the investigation of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Y chromosome minisatellites makers of INRA124, UMN2404 and UMN0103, in conjunction with the published data resulted from the study of Y chromosome morphologies of 262 bulls from 15 breeds, we revealed the characteristic of the distribution and genetic introgression of male indicine and taurine of Y chromosome in Chinese yellow cattle.
The haplotype frequency of Y chromosome of Bos taurus was high in north breeds population (93.0%), and that of Bos indicus is high in south breeds populations(90.3%). There were both Y chromosome haplotype of Bos Taurus and Bos indicus in Chinese yellow cattle of central area. The haplotype frequency of Y chromosome of Bos indicus presented depressed trend from east to west in Chinese yellow cattle of central area, it was 75%, 67%, 66%, 32%, 29% and 6.9% in Jiaxian, Luxi, Nanyang, Jinnan, Qinchuan and Zaosheng cattle, respectively. The genetic influence of Bos Taurus is bigger than that of Bos indicus in Jinnan, Qinchuan and Zaosheng cattle, and on the contrary in Jiaxian, Luxi and Nanyang cattle. The Bos Taurus origin is the highest flight in the former breeds and the Bos indicus is the highest flight in the latter breeds.
The haplotype of Y-STR had potential application value in individual identity and parentage test. The haplotype genetic diversity was figured out by haplotype frequency and it was 0.94 and the individual identify rate and non-father eliminate rate was the same. It showed that Y-STR had important role in non-father eliminate and it had high distinguish rate. It showed that the system had strong individual difference and it had important role for individual identify of cattle. The relationship between the alleles of Y-STRs UMN0929 and UMN0108 and some beef performance of 254 steers in three pure cattle and two hybrid cattle (Qinchuan 58, Luxi56, Jinnan52, hybrid of Simmental and Qinchuan 40, hybrid of Angus and Qinchuan 48) was studied. It showed that Y-STRs UMN0929 and UMN0108 had significant correlation with some beef performances.
The least square means of BPI and CW of hybrids of Simmental and Qinchuan were the biggest, and it were 4.50 (kg·cm-1) and 338.28 kg, respectively, Luxi's were the smallest, and it were 3.62 (kg·cm-1) and 269.33kg, respectively in UMN0929.
The least square means of BPI and CW of G-190 of UMN0929 in Qinchuan were the biggest, and it were 4.23 (kg·cm-1) and 325.40 kg, respectively. It were the smallest, and it were 3.81 (kg·cm-1) and 278.07kg of B-178, respectively. The BPI and CW of G-190 and E-186 were higher significantly than that of B-178 (P＜0.01). The least square means of BPI and CW of E-189 of UMN0108 in Qinchuan were the biggest, and it were 4.07 (kg·cm-1) and 243.30 kg, respectively. It were the smallest in C-185, and it were 3.49 (kg·cm-1) and 194.90kg, respectively. The BPI, CW and NR of E-189 and F-191 were higher significantly than that of C-185 (P＜0.01).
Haemoglobin(Hb), transferring(Tf) post transferring(PTf), albumin(Alb), post albumin(Pa) polymorphism in the blood of 148 individuals in Qinchuan were investigated by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in this study. Date on their phenotypes and gene frequency of the five polymorphic loci were tabulated. Relationships between genetic markers and reproductive performance were analyzed by least square. The results revealed that AFS and AFC of Hb AA were remarkable earlier than Hb AB's. AFS and AFC of Tf AA were remarkable earlier than Tf DD's. AFS of PT_f SS were remarkable earlier than PT_f FS's and PT_f FF'S. AFS of Alb AA was remarkable earlier than Alb AC's. CI of Pa AA were remarkable shorter than PaBB's. The gene replacement average benefit of Tf A substitute TfD were AFS1. 68 days and AFC19.89 days. The gene replacement average benefit of AlbA substitute AlbB were AFS8.06 days.
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