摘要
民族文化的发展向来具有内、外两个因素,文化的内在因素是文化传承的根本,文化的外在因素对民族文化发展壮大具有至关重要的作用。当今世界,民族文化林立,但凡强大一点的民族,都或多或少吸收外来文化精华,固步自封抑或夜郎自大无益于民族文化的交流和发展。作为世界文化重要组成部分的中华民族文化,底蕴深厚、历史悠久,并一直就有借鉴外来文化发展、完善自己的传统。在此过程中,翻译起到了至关重要的作用。因此,翻译与文化及语言的关系颇受关注,尤其是20世纪90年代翻译研究的文化转向后,学者们纷纷从不同角度针对不同历史时期的翻译活动展开了大量理论和实证研究。
笔者拟选取翻译与民族文化(尤其是语言)的关系作为研究视角,从汉语言的角度对翻译与文化建构的重大关系进行了专门研究。研究发现:汉唐时期的佛经翻译、晚清时期的西学东渐和改革开放以来的翻译发展是中华民族文化翻译、吸收外来文化的三个关键时期,对于中华文化的建构功不可没。
汉唐时期的佛经翻译引发了较大的关注。笔者选取汉唐时期佛经翻译与民族文化的关系作为研究对象,对这一时期佛经翻译为汉语词汇、句法、原文结构和文学流派带来的重要影响进行了专门研究。研究发现,汉代到唐代的佛经翻译为汉语输入了大量佛教词汇、语法,不仅极大丰富了汉语言文化的内涵,而且加强了汉民族文化与相关民族文化的沟通、交流,为中华民族文化的融合、发展起到了重大的推动作用。
19世纪末20世纪初的翻译奠定了白话文的基本地位。相当长的时期内,文言文字才是中华民族文化的主要承载。晚清时期,国门大开,中华民族文化与西方文明发生了大面积的碰撞。借助翻译的表达,中华民族从西方文明汲取了大量的文化因子,不仅带来了民主和科技的意识,还从语言、文字等方面对自己的民族文化进行了重构,突出的标志就是白话文的扩大使用。可以说,白话文的扩大使用,奠定了现代汉语的基础,极大推动了汉语言文化的发展,算得上中华民族文化的重大建构。
改革开放以来的翻译工作进一步丰富了现代汉语言文化的词汇和机制。改革开放30年的重大意义,绝不只是GDP抑或国家地位的上升,汉语言文化通过翻译工作吸取外来文化获得极大发展也是不争的事实。其中,被字结构的出现就是典型的事例。当然,翻译从来就是双向的选择,随着中华民族文化的极大发展,汉语言文化的国际地位日益增强,孔子学院和对外汉语教学工作的迅速发展均为最佳例证。
总之,文化多元是世界文明的必然趋势。在多元系统和目的理论的指导下,结合汉语言文化借助翻译获得极大发展的众多事实,本研究表明:一方面,翻译对于文化(尤其语言)的词汇、语法、结构和文学流派等具有重大的建构性作用;另一方面,任何一种强大的文化,都不能固步自封,应当以多元、发展的思维翻译、汲取其他文化抑或文明的成果,汉语言文化也不例外。
Translation plays a key role in the development and construction of the national culture. National culture’s development always has its internal and external driving force. The former serves as the basis of cultural inheritance and the latter plays an inseparable part in its progress. Nowadays, the great variety of national cultures, as long as they are brilliant ones, have been and will keep learning from other cultures, otherwise, they will lose the driving force for further advancement. As an important member of this big family, Chinese culture has always been benefiting from this good tradition. In this process, translation has played a critical role. This significance has drawn huge attention to the relationship between translation, culture and language, especially after the cultural turn in translation studies in 1990s, when many scholars have begun to involve themselves in this research from both theoretical and practical aspects.
Focusing on the relationship between translation and Chinese language, the author looks into the important connection between translation and cultural constructions, then works out there are three key periods in the development of cultural translation and culture of China: Buddhist scriptures translation in the Han and Tang Dynasties, the introduction of Western learning to the East in late Qing Dynasty and translation development since reform and opening up.
Almost a thousand years of Buddhist scriptures translation truly has exerted an invaluable influence on Chinese language and the literature, multiplying Chinese vocabulary and the expression law, and impacting impressively on Chinese construction of words as well as the syntax. In addition, the Buddhist scriptures translation turned out not only to facilitate Chinese language style and the literature style change, enriching Chinese language and culture, also to foster communication between Han nation and other nations, propelling China nations integration and development.
Driven by the translation in late 19th century and early 20th century, vernacular established its fundamental position in modern Chinese culture. In quite a long period, classic Chinese has been the major carrier of the Chinese national culture. Late Qing Dynasty witnessed great cultural shock between the eastern and the western civilization. With translation as its medium, new cultural elements flooded into China, such as democracy and science, restructuring Chinese national culture from many aspects, including language and literature, with the spreading of vernacular as its most prominent feature, that is, the extending of vernacular contributed to establish the foundation of modern Chinese and greatly promoted the development of Chinese culture and its restructuring.
Since China’s reform and opening up, prosperous translations have further added greatly to the vocabulary and mechanism of modern Chinese language and culture. The great achievements we have made recent 30 years are far more than boosting of GDP or international influence, also introducing foreign cultures into China, among which the invention of the BEI structure is a typical example. Definitely translation has always been a two-way option. The rapid development of Chinese national culture, especially the increasing popularity of Chinese language around the world is the best evidence.
In conclusion, cultural diversity is the irreversible trend in the development of world civilization. The analysis of this thesis proves that: on the one hand, translation plays a critical role in the evolution of language including its vocabulary, grammar, structure, and cultural schools; on the other hand, all cultures, to take advantage of advancement, must learn from other cultures, and Chinese language and culture without exceptions.
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