摘要
可交互性、沉浸感和想象力一直是虚拟现实系统所追求的目标,而真实感和实时性是系统构建中的一对矛盾。其中最费时的一个环节是虚拟环境中几何造型的创建。过程建模技术作为建模工具中最具灵活性的技术,在计算机图形学领域中不仅创建了许多自然的纹理、特效的模拟,而且还生成了较为复杂的自然模型,包括树木和建筑等。本文在对其几何造型及其控制等过程建模技术研究的基础上,针对其中的一些关键技术和理论方法作了如下4个方面的工作:
(1)提出了一种结合基于物理和基于过程两种方法的动态植物建模方法。根据阔叶植物的自然属性,利用植物的茎枝和叶片结构的相似性,采用了具有厚度信息的3D叶片建模方法,并通过叶片平行脉位置方向的弹性约束关系来有效控制叶片在风力作用下的动态仿真效果。克服了以往植物建模工作的缺陷:主要集中在对植物器官静态结构的仿真,而通常会忽略树叶或花瓣的厚度信息。
(2)提出一种基于动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)的植物生长建模方法。利用DBN对不确定预测问题较强的描述能力,分析后生成虚拟植物生理生态的网络模型,通过组件接口控制其形态发生模型。由参数L系统和时变L系统结合构成的形态发生模型保证了盆景植物连续的生长特性。既能真实的反映盆景植物的生长变化,又能逼真的模拟其外部形态。
(3)提出一种基于图像特征的建筑过程建模方法。预先建立古塔L系统组件模型库及组件特征库,通过对原始图像的特征点提取获得鉴别能力强的局部区域用于组件特征识别,应用基于多尺度奇异值特征的PSO分类器对特征组件向量加以分类,最后利用装配语法的控制实现快速创建逼真的虚拟古塔3D模型。
(4)面向几何造型中安全问题,提出了一种基于图像局部特征与图像几何正则性的鲁棒数字水印算法。采取的主要方法有:1)利用图像中的局部最稳定特征点生成具有几何不变性的局部特征区域;2)在局部特征分块中快速寻找最佳几何流方向,近似最佳逼近效果。3)设计了一种正交向量盲提取水印。实验结果表明该算法能获得很高的图像质量,且具有较强的抗攻击能力,能有效地对传输中的几何造型图像加以保护。
Interaction, immersive visualization and imagination are the three objectives in the Virtual Reality field. But realistic and real-time usually can not be achieved at the same time. One of the most time consuming aspects in the entire modeling process is the creation of game geometry. Procedural modeling techniques have been used within computer graphics to create natural textures, simulate special effects and generate complex natural models including trees, buildings and so on. As a new modeling technique, procedual modeling technique has gained flourishing development in many fields such as dynamic modeling, ensemble modeling, quick modeling and so on, since 1980s when it began to be applied in the field of computer graphics. This dissertation discusses the principles of Fractal, IFS, dual-scale automation, L-System, shape grammar, split grammar and other well-known procedural modeling techniques. The characteristics, classification, development trend, suitable fields, advantages and disadvantages of procedural modeling are also discussed in detail in this dissertation. According to the research statusof applied fields of procedural modeling techniques, we combined the techniques of computer graphics, pattern recognition, image processing and physical method with the technique of procedural modeling. By exploiting to the fully their favourable conditions and avoid unfavurable theirs, we give a full play to the advantages of procedural modeling technique and the expected simulation effect is achieved. Based on the research of the core techniques and the theoretical methods, the main contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) Researchers have been studying the simulation methods of natural scenery for a long time, which include the simulation methods of dynamic process of natural objects and the simulation methods of the shape of a natural object in virtual environment. There are many instances of dynamic simulation methods where they focused on the posture of small narrow leaves in wind. The disadvantage of proposed dynamic plant methods is that animations of vegetation and foliage are limited to simple textures in non real-time. And they can not simulate vividly the pliability of plants either. Through studying of procedural modeling methods of simulating movement of broad leaves in wind, and by combining procedural modeling methods with physical features effectively, we proposed a physically-based modeling method of plant form.
The disadvantage of partical modeling is that it is difficult to deal with complicated model of tree and the plant deformation by force. To solve these problems as well as to increase the stability of simulation effect, our strategy is to take the stems, branches and leaves as a spring constraint system of multiple connecting rods to model with L-System. First of all, the segments of cylinders and cuboids are the basic units by force, which will save a lot of calculated vertexes. Then according to the Newton Motion Law, the loading procedure of stems, branches and leaves is simplified. We also set up a constraint relation according to the deforming feature of plants and the procedure of force analysis and calculation of plants is also simplified. By using the large time step of Verlet implicit integration method, we can save a lot of computing time. Moreover, the transfer force is introduced to keep the segment methods in accordance with the partical method, and it can generate more realistic movements of the plant. It is the force that the surrounding segments or particals will be affected when any part of them acted by wind. The experimentation indicates that our simulation algorithm has high performance and the shapes of the plant in wind are well comparing with the former methods.
(2) The shape simulation methods of natural scenery also has been attracting the eyes of researchers, especially for the virtual plant.Virtual plant is a virtual model of plant which is built by computer based on the analysis of plants of the real world. The modeling of virtual plant includes the research of structure mechanism, growth process and the environment interaction of plants. Because the applied fields are different, the functions and implementations of software which includes procedural modeling technique are also different. The computer model used to build plant shape can be divided into two main classes. The first one is morphology generating model which generates computer shapes being approximate to the real plant in a visual perspective. This model focuses on the visual verisimilitude. By analyzing the geometric features of the structure of plants, it can draw beautiful shapes of many kinds of plants without knowing much knowledge of the botany. Another class of model is based on the knowledge of physiological ecology of plants. It main studies subjects are crops. According to the changing law when plants growing as well as a lot of experiment data, it imitates the natural growing process of plants. Though the software which can simulate the shape of plants is becoming more and more mature, software that can be used in the field of agriculture is still in the phase of studying.
In orer to combine the external morphology with the physiological ecology of plants and to simplify the modeling process, we proposed a new procedural modeling method which is based on Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). It utilizes the powerful ability of describing uncertain prediction problems of DBN, and infers and generates an ecological network model of virtual plant to control its morphogenetic model by component interfaces. The morphogenetic model by combining parametric L-system and timed L-system guarantee the continuous growth property of virtual plant. Through comparing with the experiment data of Jichun’s wheat height of Intelligent Agriculture Information Technology Application Demonstration Project, the reliability of simulation value of physiological ecology turns to be high. In order to reduce the complexity of parameter operation, storage space and computing time, we proposed a concept of Component Box L-System (CBL-System). The experimental results indicate that this approach is both effective and realistic.
(3) Recently the study of architecture modeling by researchers is becoming more and more attractive. With the development of computer technology, more and more new techniques have been implemented in building construction. There are three kinds of common computer techniques involved: Digital Input Method (DIM), IBR (IBM) technology and 3D Modeling technology. The cost of the hardware (especially the scanners) restricts the broad implementation of DIM. The efficiency of IBR is not satisfied. 3D Modeling Technology includes manual modeling and automated modeling. Although manual modeling generates the most accurate and complicated models, it is comparatively time-consuming and professional knowledge in modeling field is required for the users. Then many researchers focus on the automated modeling method, but slow modeling and unautomatic modeling are the shortcomings of these methods.
So we proposed a hybrid modeling method of ancient architectural of China base on local feature. To implement this modeling system, we have built a feature component model library of CAP by L system in advance. The Singular Value Decoposition (SVD) is inadequate in the detail of description and efficient identification information. Feature points have been detected by feature extraction algorithm in order to solve the problem of SVD. After obtaining the local feature regions with strong component recognition ability, these regions are presented to the Multi-scale SVD linear discriminant analysis (MSVD) algorithm which can retain both the good characteristics of SVD and the overall and partial information of images. Feature component vectors are classified by PSO-Classifier based on MSVD. Experiments have proved that this method has not only a good ability to identify categories, but also benefited the modeling speed and automation of modeling.
In addition, we also introduced an assembly grammar to generate generation rules automatically. We integrated split grammar and stochastic L-system into the assembly grammar, which ensures the selection of feature components and the control of model assembly. Experiments show that the stability of the efficiency of the system can simulate realistic virtual display of the ancient architecture.
(4) For the geometric models in the form of digital images transmitted through the network, we have studied the watermarking method of digital images. At present, digital watermarking methods have some shortcomings as follows: 1) the stability of the image feature point extracted is unstable, which will reduce the resistance to the attacks of random cropping attack of digital watermarking. 2) They can not use the features of image content to decide the embedded size of watermarking adaptively, which will reduce the ability of resistance to scaling attack. 3) They do not deal with the watermarking effectively and safely, which will reduce the security level of watermarking. To deal with the disadvantages described above, we proposed a method which is based on multiple scales space theory and intrinsic geometric regularity of image. This method can resist general geometric attacks including global affine transformation, loss compression, and noise and so on. It is strong robust second generation of blind watermarking algorithm. The realization process is based on Harris-Affine method to extract the feature points of image, and then use these points to build local feature regions which can be resistant to translation, rotating, scaling, and affine transformation. And we can treat the local feature regions as repeated embedded regions of watermarking. Then we can use approximation error criterion to find out the best geometric flow direction. Then we can trace the Bandelet base to inhibit the affect of noise. Last, according to the characteristics of orthogonal vectors, we embed the blind watermarking into the local feature regions to increase the security level of the whole system. We experimented under 17 kinds of attacks. The result shows that this method can resist the general signal processing attacks and geometric attack which includes rotating, scaling, cropping and linear transformation attacks. Under the image processing attacks or geometric attacks or the combination of the two, the detection side can detect the feature points and the geometric flow direction robustly. This method has advantages especially in compression and de-noising. It can protect effectively the geometric model which is being transmitted.
As discussed above, the studies of this dissertation have enriched procedural modeling technique and the applied fields. They also have certain theoretical meaning and application value. We also provided effective means for the 3D computer modeling technique and its security.
引文
[1]刘华,面向域的快速造型技术研究[D],博士学位论文,2007.
[2] Autodesk 3ds Max software. Autodesk inc. [CP/DK], http:// usa.autodesk.com/.
[3] Autodesk Maya. Autodesk inc. [CP/DK], http://usa.autodesk.com/
[4] Modeling software ArchiCAD[CP/DK], http://www.graphisoft.co m/
[5] Solid Edge software. Ugs company[CP/DK], http://www.ugs.com/
[6] Pro/ENGINEER software. Parametric technology corporationy[CP/DK], http://www.ptc.com
[7] SolidWorks software. Solidworks corporation[CP/DK], http://www.solidworks.com/
[8]孙家广.计算机辅助设计技术基础[M].清华大学出版社, 2000.
[9] Thomas W. Sederberg and Scott R. Parry. Free-form deformation of solid geometric models. In SIGGRAPH’86: Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 151-160, New York, NY, USA, 1986, ACM Press.
[10]许栋.微分网格处理技术[D].浙江大学博士学位论文, 2006.
[11] Sabine Coquillart. Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling. In SIGGRAPH’90: Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 187-196, New York, NY, USA, 1990, ACM Press.
[12] Ron MacCracken and Kenneth I. Joy. Free-form deformations with lattices of arbitrary topology. In SIGGRAPH’96: Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 181-188, New York, NY, USA, 1996, ACM Press.
[13] Alan H. Barr. Global and local deformations of solid primitives. In SIGGRAPH’84: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 21-30, New York, NY, USA, 1984, ACM Press.
[14] Yu-Kuang Chang and Alyn P. Rockwood. A generalized de casteljau approach to 3D free-form deformation. In SIGGRAPH’94: Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 257-260, New York, NY, USA, 1994, ACM Press.
[15] Karan Singh and Eugene Fiume. Wires: a geometric deformation technique. In SIGGRAPH’98: Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 405-414, New York, NY, USA, 1998, ACM Press.
[16] G. H. Bendels R. Klein. Mesh forging: editing of 3D-meshes using implicitly defined occluders. In SGP’03 Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Geometry processing[C], 207-217, Aire-la-ville, Switaerland, Switzerland, 2003. Eurographics Association.
[17] William M. Hsu, John F. Hughes, and Henry Kaufman. Direct manipulation of free-form deformations. In SIGGRAPH’92: Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 177-184, New York, NY, USA, 1992, ACM Press.
[18] Denis Zorin, Peter Schroder, and Wim Sweldens. Interactive multi-resolution mesh editing. Computer Graphics[C], 31(Annual conference Series):259-268,1997.
[19] Michael Lounsbery, Tony D. DeRose, and Joe Warren. Multi-resolution analysis for surfaces of arbitrary topological type. ACM Trans. Graph[C], 16(1):34-73,1997.
[20] Igor Guskov,Kiril Vidimce, Wim Sweldens, and Peter Schroder. Normal meshes. In SIGGRAPH’00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 95-102, New York, NY, USA, 2000, ACM Press.
[21] Tom Duchamp, Hugues Hoppe, Michael Lounsbery, Matthias Eck, Tony DeRose and Werner Stuetzle. Multi-resolution analysis of arbitrary meshes. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH’95[C], 173-182, New York, NY, USA, 1995, ACM Press.
[22] Igor Guskov, Wim Sweldens, and Peter Schroder. Multi-resolution signal processing for meshes, In SIGGRAPH’99: Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 325-334, New York, NY, USA, 1999, ACM Press.
[23] Mario Botsch and Leif Kobbelt. An intuitive framework for real-time freeform modeling. ACM Trans. Graph[C], 23(3):630-634, 2004
[24] Leif Kobbelt, Swen Campagna, Jens Vorsatz, and Hans-Peter Seidel. Interactive multi-resolution modeling on arbitrary meshes. In SIGGRAPH’98: Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 105-114, New York, NY, USA, 1998, ACM Press.
[25] Yizhou Yu, Kun Zhou, Dong Xu, Xiaohan Shi, Hujun Bao, Baaining Guo, and Heung-Yeung Shum. Mesh editing with poisson-based gradient field manipulation. ACM Trans. Graph[C], 23(3):644-651, 2004
[26] O. Sorkine, D. Cohen-Or, Y.Lipman, M. Alexa, C. Rossl, and H.-P Seidel. Laplacian surface editing. In SGP’04: Proceedings of the 2004 Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Geometry processing[C], 175-184, New York, NY, USA, 2004, ACM Press.
[27] Hugues Hoppe, Tony DeRose, Tom Duchamp, John McDonald, and Werner Stuetzle. Surface reconstruction from unorganized points. In ACM SIGRAPH’92[C], 71-78, 1992.
[28] Tamal K. Dey. Curve and surface reconstruction[D]. Cambridge University Press., Cambridge, UK, 2004.
[29] S.K. Lodha and R. Franke,“Scattered Data Techniques for Surfaces,”Proc. Dagstuhl Conf. Scientific Visualization[C], 182-222, 1999.
[30] Robert Mencl and Heinrich Muller. Interpolation and approximation of surfaces from tree-dimensional scattered data points. In Scientific Visualization Conference[C], 223, 1997
[31] I. Kardos, L. Hajder, and D. Chetverikov. Bone surface reconstruction from ct/mr images using fast marching and level set methods. In Joint Hungarian-Austrian Conference on Image Processing and Pattern Recognition[C], 41-48, 2005
[32] Stephen Aylward and Gordon Kindlmann. Hot topics in 3D medical visualization. In course notes 33. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005[C], ACM Press, 2005.
[33] Marc Levoy, Kari Pulli, Brian Curless, Szymon Rusinkiewica, David Koller, Lucas Pereira, Matt Ginzton, Sean Anderson, James Davis, Jeremy Ginsberg, Jonathan Shade, and Duane Fulk. The digital Michelangelo project: 3D scanning of large statues. In SIGGRAPH’00, Computer Graphics proceedings[C], 131-144. ACM Press/ ACM SIGGRAPH, 2000.
[34] David Koller, Michael Turitzin, Marc Levoy, Marco Tarini, Giuseppe Croccia, Paolo Cignoni, and Roberto Scopigno. Protected interactive 3D graphics via remote rendering. ACM Trans. Graph[C], 23(3):695-703, 2004.
[35] Fausto Bernardini, Chandrajit L. Bajaj, Jindong Chen, and Daniel Schikore. Automatic reconstruction of 3D(cad) models from digital scans. International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications[J], 9:327-369,1999.
[36] Jianbing Huang and Chia-Hsiang Menq. Automatic cad model reconstruction from multiple point clouds for reverse engineering. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering[J], 2:160-170, 2002.
[37] Jean-Yves Bouguet and Pietro Perona. 3Dphotography on your desk. In ICCV’98: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Vision[C], 43, Washington, DC, USA, 1998. IEEE Computer Society.
[38] Marc Proesmans and Luc Van Gool. Reading between the lines– a method for extracting dynamic 3Dwith texture. In VRST’97: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, 95-102, New York , NY, USA, 1997[C]. ACM Press.
[39] Camillo J. Taylor Paul E. Debevec and Jitendra Malik. Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: A hybrid geometry and image-based approach. Technical Report[R] UCB/CSD-96-893, EECS department, University of California, Berkeley, 1996.
[40] M. Pollefeys, Self-calibration and metric 3D reconstruction from uncalibrated image sequences, Ph.D. Thesis, ESAT-PSI, K.U.Leuven, 1999, Scientific Prize BARCO 1999[D]
[41] M. Pollefeys, R. Koch, M. Vergauwen, B. Deknuydt, L. Van Gool, Three-dimensional scene reconstruction from images, proceedings SPIE Electronic Imaging, Three-Dimensional Image Capture and Applications III[C], SPIE Proceedings series Vol. 3958, pp.215-226, 2000
[42] R. Koch, M. Pollefeys and L. Van Gool, Automatic 3D Model Acquisition from Uncalibrated Image Sequences, Computer Graphics [C], pp.597-604, Hannover, 1998.
[43] R. Koch, M. Pollefeys, L. Van Gool, Realistic surface reconstruction of 3D scenes from uncalibrated image sequences, Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation[J], Vol. 11, 115-127, 2000.
[44] Guy Godin, J. Angelo Beraldin, John Taylro, Luc Gournoyer, Marc Rioux, Sabry EI-Hakim, Rejean Baribeau, Francois, Blais, Pierre Boulanger, Jacques Domey, and Michel Picard. Active optical 3D imaging for heritage applications. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl.[C], 22(5):24-36, 2002.
[45] F LEYMARIE. The shape lab: New technology and software for archaeologists. In Computing Archaeology for Understanding the Past, BAR International Series No. 931, Archaeopress, Oxford, UK,2001[C].
[46] M. Vergauwen, M. Pollefeys, L. Van Gool, Calibration and 3D measurements from Martian Terrain Images, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp 2153-2158, Seoul, Korea, IEEE Computer Society Press, 2001[C].
[47] M. Vergauwen, M. Pollefeys, L. Van Gool. A stereo vision system for support of planetary surface exploration, special issue Machine Vision and Applications, Vol. 14(1):5-14, 2003[J].
[48] M. Vergauwen, M. Pollefeys, R. Moreas, F. Xu, G. Visentin, L. Van Gool and H. Van Brussel. Calibration, Terrain Reconstruction and Path Planning for a Planetary Exploration System, Proc. i-SAIRAS 2001[C/OL].[2006-10-04]http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.3966
[49] David S. Ebert; F Kenton Musgrave; Darwyn Peachy; Ken Perlin; Steven Worley; Texturing & Modelling-- A Procedural Approach[M]. Morgan Kaufmann: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003.
[50] Ken Perlin. Making Noise[C/OL], [1999-12-12]. http://www.noisemachine.com/talk1/index.html.
[51] Interactive Data Visualization Inc.. SpeedTree RT.[P/OL] 2008-2-20[2008-2-20]. http://www.speedtree.com
[52] Perlin, K., An Image Synthesizer , SIGGRAPH 85[C], 1985:287-296
[53] Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A., Hanan, J. S., et al. The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag[J], 1990.
[54] David S. Ebert. Volumetric modeling with implicit functions: a cloud is born. ACM SIGGRAPH 97 Visual Proceedings: The art and interdisciplinary programs of SINGGRAPH’97, 147, New York, NY, USA, 1997[C], ACM Press.
[55] David S. Ebert, F. Kenton Musgrave, Darwyn Peachey, Ken Perlin, and Steven Worley. Texturing and Modeling: A Procedural Approach, AP Professional, July 1998. [M/OL] [2008-06-14] http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~ebert/book/book.html
[56] Aristid Lindenmayer. Mathematical models for cellular interaction in development I andⅡ. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 18:280-315, 1968[J].
[57] Prusinkiewicz P., Lindenmayer A., Hanan J., Developmental models of herbaceous plants for computer imagery purpose. Computer Graphics[C], 1988,22(4):141-150
[58] Viennot X. G., Eyrolles G., Combinatorial analysis of ramified patterns and computer imagery of trees. Computer graphics[C],1989,23(3):31-39
[59] Hammel M. S., Prusinkiewicz P., Wyvill B., Modeling compound leaves using implicit contours. Proceeding of computer graphics international’92[C], Tokyo, Japan, 1992:199-212
[60] Radomir Mech and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewica. Visual models of plants interacting with their environment. In SIGGRAPH’96: Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics, and interactive techniques[C], 397-410, New York, NY, USA, 1996, ACM Press.
[61] Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A., Hanan, J. S., et al.; The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag[J], 1990.
[62] Peter Wonka, Michael Wimmer, Francois Sillion, and William Ribarsky. Instant architecture[C]. ACM Trans. Graph., 22(3): 669-677,2003.
[63] Yoav I. H. Parish and Pascal Muller. Procedural modeling of cities. In SIGGRAPH’01: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], 301-308, New York,NY, USA, 2001, ACM Press.
[64] Pascal Muller, Peter Wonka, Simon Haegler, Andreas Ulmer, and Luc Van Gool. Procedural modeling of buildings. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2006[C], SESSION: Shape modeling and textures, 614-623, 2006
[65] Side Effects Software [P/OL].Manufacturer of Houdini. [2005-5-7].http://www.sidefx.com.
[66] Tomas Akenine-Moller, Eric Haines, Real-Time Rendering[M/OL]. A K Peters, Ltd. 2002. [2002-9-18]. http://www.realtimerendering.com/
[67] International Scene Organization.[M/OL].[2004-3-4]. http://scene.org/awards.php
[68] John Spitzer, Simon Green and NVIDIA Corporation; Noise and Procedural Techniques[C]. In Proceedings of Game Developers Conference 2003
[69] Benoit B. Mandelbrot. The Fractal Geometry of Nature[M]. W.H. Freeman & Co. 1982.
[70] Michael F. Barnsley; Fractals Everywhere[M]. Morgan Kaufman 1993.
[71]刘华杰.分形艺术(电子版)[M].长沙,湖南电子音像出版社, 1997
[72]赵星,熊范纶,淮晓永,一种新的植物枝条弯曲生成算法[J],中国科学技术大学学报,2001, 31(6):714-720
[73]赵星.实于植物学的虚拟植物生长研究[D],中国科技大学博士学位论文,合肥,2001.
[74] Prusinkiewicz, P., Hammel M., Hanan, J. Visual model of plant development. Handbook of formal language, Apringer-Verlag[J], 1996.397-410
[75]陆汝钤,张文妍.广义L系统[J].中国科学(E辑), 2002,32(4):530-540
[76] Mech R., Prusinkiewicz, P. Visual models of plants interacting with their environment. Computer Graphics[C], 1996,30(3):397-410
[77] Prusinkiewicz, P., Hammel M., Mjolsness E. Animation of plant development. Computer Graphics[C], 1993, 27(3):351-360
[78] Pascal Mueller. City Engine Wiki [J/OL]. 2006, http://www.vision.ee.ethz.ch/~pmueller/wiki/CityEngine/Front
[79] G.Siny. Ice-ray: a note on Chinese lattice designs. Environment and Planning B [J],4,1977
[80] Stiny, G., and Mitchell, W. I., The palladian grammar. Environment and Planning B [J] 5,1978, 5-18
[81] Stiny,G.,Introduction to shape and shape grammars. Environment and Planning B 7 [J], 1980, 343-361.
[82] Naomi Ando, Nobuhiro Yamahata, Ayuta Masumi, and Masahiro Chatani. Shape grammer and form properties of architectural figures. Journal for Geometry and Graphics[J], 5,2001.
[83] T.W.Knight. Color grammars: designing with lines and colors. Environment and Planning B [J]:Planning and Design, 16, 1989
[84] T.W.Knight. Designning with grammars. In G.N. Schmitt, editor, In CAAD futures’91, Computer-Aided Architectural Design[M], 33-48,1992.
[85]潘去鹤.智能CAD方法与模型[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
[86] Kelly, G. and McCabe, H. A Survey of Procedural Techniques for City Generation[J], ITB Journal, Issue 14, December 2006.
[87] Reeves W T, Blau R. Approximate and Probabilistic Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Structured Particle Systems[C]. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 85) (S0097-8930), San Francisco, California, 1985, 19(3):313-322.
[88] Weber, J., Penn, J. Creation and rendering of realistic trees. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'95 (Los Angeles, California, 6-11.August 1995),ACM SIGGRAPH[C], New York, 1995, 119-128
[89] Massall D., Fussel D. S., Campbell A. T., Multiresolution rendering of complex botanical scenes. In:Pr oceddings of Graphics Interface 97[C],1997:97-104.
[90] Gardner G. Y., Simulation of natural scenes using textured quadric surfaces. Computer Graphics[C], 198 4, 18(3):11-20
[91] Kajiya J. T., Kay T. L., Rendering fur with three dimensional texture. Computer Graphics[C], 1989,23(3):271-289
[92] Neyret F., A general and multiscale model for volumetric texture. In :Proceddings of Graphics Interface 95[C],1995:83-91.
[93] Kay T. L., Kajiya J. T., Ray tracing complex scenes. Computer Graphics[C], 1986, 20(4):269-278
[94] Hart J. C., Defanti T. A., Efficient anti-aliased rendering of 3D linear fractals. Computer Graphics[C], 1991,25(3):91-100
[95] Hart J. C., The object instancing paradigm for linear fractal modeling. Proceedings of Graphics Interface[C], 1992,92:224-231
[96]胡包钢,赵星,严红平,deR effyeP h,B laiseF ,熊范纶,王一鸣,植物生长建造模与可视化——回顾与展望,自动化学报[J],2001,27(6):816-835.
[97]陈彦云,严涛,张晓鹏,吴恩华。基于分类及环境特征的树木真实感绘制。软件学报[J],2001, 12(1):65-73
[98] Tsuyoshi Honjo, En-Mi Lim. Visualization of landscape by VRML system. Landscape and UrbanPlanning[J],2001,55:175-183
[99] Fuhrer, M., Jensen, W. H., and Prusinkiewicz, P., Modeling Hairy Plants. In Proceedings of Pacific Graphics 2004[C], pp.217-226.
[100] Prusinkiewicz, P., Mndermann, L., Karwowski, R., and Lane, B.,“The use of positional information in the modeling of plants.”In Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques[C], ACM Press, 2001, 289-300.
[101] Oppenheimer, P. E.,“Real time design and animation of fractal plants and trees.”[C] ACM Press, 1986, 55-64.
[102] Wong, C. J., Datta, A.,“Animating Real-time Realistic Movements in Small Plants.”[C], ACM press, 2004, 182-189.
[103] Sakaguchi, T., and Ohya, J,“Modeling and animation of botanical trees for interactive virtual environments.”In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology [C], ACM Press, 1999, 139-146.
[104] Wejchert J., Haumann D., Animation aerodynamics. Computer Graphics[C] (SIGGRAPH'91), 1991,25(4):19-22
[105] Mikio Shinya. Alain fournire stochastic motion—motion under the influence of wind EUROGRAPHICS[C],1992,11(3):119-128
[106] Deussen, O., Colditz, C., Stamminger, M., and Drettakis, G. 2002. Interactive visualization of complex plant ecosystems. In Proc. IEEE Visualization[C], 2002, 219-226.
[107] Shinya M., Fournier A.. Stochastic motion-motion under the influence of wind. Computer Graphics Forum(Proceedings of Eurographics) [C] , 1992, Vol.11, No.3, Pages: 119-128.
[108] Stam, J.. Stochastic Dynamics. Simulating the Effects of Turbulence on Flexible Structures[J]. Computer Graphics Forum (EUROGRAPHICS’97 Proceedings), 16(3): 159–164, 1997.
[109]冯金辉,陈彦云,严涛等.树在风中的摇曳——基于动力学的计算机动画。计算机学报[J],1998,21(9):769-773
[110]冯金辉,严涛,陈彦云,吴恩华。树木的整体性运动及树内部风场的研究。软件学报[J],2000,11(3):363-367
[111] Liu Y. Q., Liu X. H., Wu E. H., Real-Time 3D Fluid Simulation on GPU with Complex Obstacles, Pacific Graphics 2004, Oct. 2004, IEEE Computer Society[C], Seoul, Korea, 247-256.
[112] Dunn, F., Parberry, L., 3D Math Primer for Games and Graphics Development[M].
[113] Cheng C. Y., Shi J. Y., Xu Y. Q., Shum H. Y., Physically-based Real-time Animation of Draped Cloth, Proceedings Computer Graphics International 2001[C], Hong Kong.257
[114] Weisstein, E. W., 2003. Cantilever– from eric weisstein’s world of physics[CP/DK]. http://Scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Cantilever.html.
[115] Cox, S.,2003. Uvmapper [CP/DK]. http://www.uvmapper.com
[116] Jakobsen, T.,“Advanced Character Physics.”[C] In Proceedings of Game Developers Conference, 2001, 383-401.
[117] Enhua Wu, Yanyun Chen, Tao Yan and Jinghui Feng. Reconstruction and Physically-based Animation of Trees from Static Images[C]. Computer Animation and Simulation’99 (Proc. of Eurographics Animation Workshop 1999), Springer, 157–166. Italy, Sept., 1999.
[118] Lindenmayer, A., Mathmatical Models for Cellular Interaction in Development[J]. Parts I and II, Journal of Theoretical Biology (S0022-5193), 1968, 18:280-315.
[119] Anon M, Kunii T L. Botanical Tree Image Generation[J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications(S0272-1716), Minneapolis,. Minnesota, 1984, 4(5): 10-34.
[120] Prusinkiewicz P, Hammel M. Automata, Language, and Iterated Function Systems[C]// In:Hart JC,Musgrave FK.Fractal Modeling in 3D Computer Graphics and Imagery. ACM SIGGRAPH: Course Note,1991:115-143.
[121] de Reflye Ph, Houlher F Modeling Plant Growth and Architecture: Some Recent Advances and Applications to Agronomy and Forestry[J]. Current Science(S0011-3891), 1997, 73(11):984-992.
[122]赵星,Ph. de Reffye,熊范纶,胡包钢,展志岗,虚拟植物生长的双尺度自动机模型[J],计算机学报, 2001, 24(6):608-61.
[123] Lintermann B., Deussen O., Interactive modeling of branching structures. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications[C], 1999,19(1):56-65
[124] Jaeger M., de Reffye P., Basic concepts of computer simulation of plant growth. J Biosci[C], 1992,17:275-291
[125] Kurth, W: Growth Grammar Interpreter GROGRA 2.4: A software tool for the 3-dimensional interpretation of stochastic, sensitive growth grammars in the context of plant modelling. Introduction and Reference Manual. Berichte des Forschungszentrums Waldbkosysteme der Universitat Gotingen, Reihe B ,1994, [D]
[126] Wemecke, P., Buck-Sorlin,G. H., Diepenbrock, W., Combining process-with architectural models: Thesimulation tool VICA. SAMS( Systems-Analysis-Modelling- Simulation) [C],2000, 39:235-277 .
[127]丁维龙,虚拟植物生长模型及其与智能系统集成研究[D],博士学位论文,2004
[128] Pearl J. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference[M]. Palo Alto, CA, USA. : Morgan Kaufmann, 1988, 117-133.
[129] Dean, T. and Kanazawa K. A Model for Reasoning About Persistence and Causation[J]. Computational Intelligence (S0824-7935), 1989, 5(3):142-150.
[130] Murphy, K., Dynamic Bayesian Networks: Representation, Inference and Learning[D], University of California, Berkeley, US, 2002
[131]冯利平,高亮之,金之庆等.小麦发育期动态模拟模型的研究(J).作物学报, 1997, 23 (4): 418-422.
[132] M. Levoy, K. Pulli, B. Curless, S. Rusinkiewicz, D. Koller, L. Pereira, M. Ginzton, S. Anderson, J. Davis, J. Ginsberg, J. Shade, and D. Fulk,“The Digital Michelangelo Project: 3D scanning of large statues,”in SIGGRAPH 2000, Computer Graphics Proceedings[C], Annual Conference Series, pp. 131–144, Addison Wesley, July, 2000
[133] X. Y. Fang , W. Yan , Z. G. Pan,‘EasyPanorama:A new panorama authoring system”,Fourth International Conference on Virtual Reality and its Application in Industry[C]. Tianjin, Oct. 2003
[134] Byong Mok Oh, Max Chen,“Image-Based Modeling and Photo Editing, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 01, Los Angeles[C], CA, USA, pp. 433-442, Aug.,2001
[135] Paul E. Debevec, Camillo J. Taylor and Jitendra Malik: Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: A hybrid geometry- and image-based approach. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, ACM Press[C], H. ushmeier, Ed., pp.11-20.
[136] Paul Debevec, Yizhou Yu and George Borshukov: Efficient View-Dependent Image-Based Rendering with Projective Texture-Mapping. Proceedings of 9th Eurographics[C], Workshop on Rendering, Vienna, Austria, June 1998, pp.105-116.
[137] L. McMillan and G. Bishop,“Plenoptic modeling: An image-based rendering system,”Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 95[C], Los Angeles, CA, USA, Aug., pp. 39-46, 1995
[138] I. Yoav, H. Parish, M. Pascal,“Procedural modeling of cities”, SIGGRAPH'01[C], pp.301-308, 2001
[139] Wonka P., and Wimmer M., etc., Instant Architecture, ACM Transactions on Graphics[C], 2003, 4(22):669-677
[140] Przemyslaw.P, James.M and Měch.R.: Synthetic topiary. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1994, ACM Press[C], A.Glassner, Ed, pp. 351-358.
[141] Przemyslaw.P, Lars Mündermann, Radoslaw Karwowski, and Brendan Lane: The use of positional information in the modeling of plants. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001[C], ACM Press, pp. 289-300.
[142] Prusinkiewicz P. and Lindenmayer A.: The algorithmic beauty of plants. Springer-Verlag, NewYork,Inc. 1990[J]. New York,USA.
[143] Aliaga, D.G.; Rosen, P.A.; Bekins, D.R., Style grammars for interactive visualization of architecture, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics[C], 2007.13, 4, 786-797
[144] Liu Y., Xu C. F., Pan Z., Pan Y. H.‘Semantic modeling project, building vernacular house of southeast China’, In Proceedings of VRCAI 2004 - ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry[C], 2004, pp. 412-418
[145] Du, Z., Li, D., Zhu, Y., Zhu, Q.‘3DGIS-Based Reconstruction and Visualization of Timber-frame Building Cluster’. Journal of System Simulation[J]. 2006, 18(7):1184-1189
[146] Stiny: G. Introduction to shape and shape grammars. Environment and Planning [J]B 7 ,1980, Pion Ltd, London, England. pp. 349- 351.
[147] Stiny G.and W. J. Mitchell: The Palladian grammar. Environment and Planning B [J]5 1978, Pion Ltd, London, England. pp.5-18.
[148] W.Knight: T., Designing with Grammars. In CAAD futures’91 Ed G. N. Schmitt, Computer-Aided Architectural Design (Verlag Viewag, Weisbaden)[C], 1992, pp.33-48.
[149] Muller P., Wonka P., Haegler S., Ulmer A., and Gool L. V., Procedural modeling of buildings. In SIGGRAPH 2006: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, ACM Press[C]. 2006. 614–623
[150] Muller P., Zeng, G., Wonka P., and Gool L. V., 2007. Image-based procedural modeling of facades. ACM Trans. Graph[C]., 26, 3, 85
[151]桑子长、徐彩霞、李疯。中国名塔。重庆出版社,2005.
[152] Liang S. C.,‘Chinese Architecture’, Dover Publications[M], 2005
[153] A. Cescatti. Modelling the radiative transfer in discontinuous canopies of asymmetric crowns. I. Model structure and algorithms. Ecological Modeling[C]. 1997,101(2):263-274,
[154] Hong Z. Q., Algebraic feature extraction of image for recognition. Rattern Recognition[J], 1991, 24(3):211-219.
[155]洪子泉,杨静宇.用于图像识别的图像代数特征提取[J],自动化学报,1992,18(2):233-237.
[156] Tian Y., Tan T N, Wang Y. H., Wang Y. H. et al. Do singular values contain adequate information forrecognition? Pattern Recognition[C], 2003, 36(3):649-655.
[157]孙继广.矩阵扰动分析[M](第二版).北京:科学出版社,2001.
[158]王蕴红,谭铁牛,朱勇.基于奇异值分解和数据融合的脸像鉴别.计算机学报,2000, 23(6):649-653.
[159] Yu Meng, Wenhui Li, Wu Guo, Yan Wang, Tianzhu Wang. Temporal Texture Synthesis Algorithm Using Genetic Algorithm., Journal of Computational Information Systems[J], 2006, 2(2): 847~853
[160] Prabhakar S., Henderson R. M. Automatic form feature recognition using neural network based techniques on boundary representations of solid models. Computer-Aided Design[J]. 1992, 24 (7) 381-.393
[161] Liu H., Wang Q., Hua W., Zhou D., and Bao H. J., Building Chinese Ancient Architectures in Seconds, ICCS 2005[C], LNCS 3515, pp. 248–255, 2005.
[162] Bas P, Chassery M. J. and Macq B. Geometrically Invariant Water marking Using Feature Points [J]. IEEE Trans. Image Process, Sep. 2002, 11 (9): 1014 -1028.
[163] Tang CW and Hang HM. A Feature - Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Scheme [J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2003, 51 (4): 950 - 959.
[164] Weinheimer J., Qi X J, Qi J. Towards a robust feature-based watermark. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing[C]. New York, USA, 2006. 1401-1404
[165] Lee H. Y., Kim H. S., Lee H. K. Robust image watermarking using local invariant features. Optical Engineering[J], 2006, 45(3): 037002 (1-10)
[166] Wong. P and Oscor.C.,‘A Blind watermarking technique in JPEG compression domain’, IEEE proceedings of Intl.Conference on Image Processing. [C], 2002, pp.497–500.
[167] Crowley J. A Representation for Visual Information: [D]. Carnegie Mellon University, 1981.
[168] K Mikolajczyk, Cordelia Schmid. Scale & Affine Invariant Interest Point Detectors [J]. International Journal of Computer Vision (S0920-5691), 2004, 60(1): 63-86.
[169] K Mikolajczyk, T Tuytelaars, C Schmid, et al. A Comparison of Affine Region Detectors [J]. International Journal of Computer Vision (S0920-5691), 2005, 65(1): 43-72.
[170] K Mikolajczyk, Cordelia Schmid. A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (S0162-8828), 2005, 27(10): 1615-1630.
[171] Adam Baumberg. Reliable Feature Matching Across Widely Separated Views[C]. IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA. USA: IEEE, 2000: 774-781.
[172] Xiangyang, W., Limin, H., Jun, W., Feautre-based digital image watermarking scheme robust togeometric attacks[J]. ACTA Automatic Sinica (in Chinese). 2008, 34(1):1-6
[173] Peyre G, Mallat S. Discrete bandelets with geometric orthogonal filters[C]. Proceedings of ICIP, 2005.
[174] Peyre G, Mallat S. Surface compression with geometric bandelets[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2005, 14( 3)
[175] Le Pennec E, Mallat S. Image compression with geometrical wavelets[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vancouver, Canada, 2000: 661- 664.
[176] Le Pennec E, Mallat S.Bandelet image approximation and compression[J].SIAM Journal of Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 2005, 4( 3) : 992- 1039.
[177] Le Pennec E, Mallat S.Sparse geometric image representation with Bandelets[J].IEEE Trans on Image Processing, 2005, 14( 4) : 423- 438.