摘要
在对蓝浆果产业在我国发展的意义的论述,以及对国外相关产业和科技研究综述基础上,本文对原产北美的兔眼蓝浆果在我国南方红黄壤地区引种初期阶段的适栽区域和引进品种若干生物学特性进行了比较研究。包括原产地和引种地的气候、土壤等生态条件以及生长结实表现的对比分析、品种资源的分子鉴定和果实保鲜贮藏研究,为进一步的产业化发展提供相应的科学技术基础。文末对产业发展的前景及需注意的问题提出了建议。
1.兔眼蓝浆果的栽培区划和若干生物学特性的比较研究
1.1兔眼蓝浆果的引种和适栽区研究
以生境因子分析法为理论基础,在全面分析我国各地生态条件和现有引种状况以后,提出了兔眼蓝浆果在我国南方具有更大发展潜力的论点。通过对兔眼蓝浆果原产地和引种地的气候、土壤等生态条件以及生长结实表现的对比分析,指出:1)我国南方亚热带红黄壤酸性土地区,包括长江中下游平原,东部长江以南到南岭之间的江南丘陵、浙闽山地、桂中北、粤北以及四川盆地和贵州高原部分地区、云南高原海拔2000m左右的地区,其气候和土壤等生态条件都能较好的满足兔眼蓝浆果生长发育的要求,是适宜发展区域;2)江南丘陵的秋、伏旱与贵州日照时数偏低等因子均未构成栽培上的限制性因素;3)由于南方发展区域广阔、气候复杂和土壤类型多样等特点,因此大范围、多点试验是必要的。在强调发展兔眼蓝浆果种植业优越性的同时,也对生态安全问题进行了论述。
1.2兔眼蓝浆果引进品种果实花色苷含量和成分的比较分析
1.2.1兔眼蓝浆果引进引进品种果实花色苷含量的紫外分光光度法测定比较
利用紫外分光光度法测定了由美国引种到南京地区种植的12个兔眼蓝浆果品种果实花色苷含量,结果表明不同品种间花色苷的含量有很大差异,其中‘Centurion'、‘Delite'和‘Woodard'3个品种花色苷的含量较高。
1.2.2兔眼蓝浆果果实提取物花色苷主要种类的HPLC分析
利用HPLC技术对由美国引种到南京地区种植的兔眼蓝浆果果实的花色苷成分与欧洲越桔色素提取物Myrtocyan花色苷进行对比分析,色谱分析结果表明,从所含花色苷的种类来看,引种兔眼蓝浆果的花青素提取物中花色苷种类与对照品Myrtocyan基本一致;兔眼蓝浆果色素提取物中花色苷的总量比。欧洲越桔色素提取物Myrtocyan低,用矢车菊定-3-O-葡萄糖苷标准品做对照,测得的样品花色苷含量仅为3.13%。根据色谱图中各峰的相对面积可以看出,兔眼蓝浆果与Myrtocyan各花色苷间的相对含量的差异,尤其是第1(飞燕草定-3-0-半乳糖苷)、3(飞燕草定-3-0-葡萄糖苷)、4(矢车菊定-3-0-半乳糖苷)、5(飞燕草定-3-0-阿拉伯糖苷)、6(矢车菊定-3-0-葡萄糖苷)和16(锦葵定-3-0-葡萄糖苷)号峰的值比Myrtocyan低。
1.3杂种后代果实品质评价和种质鉴定及其亲缘关系的ISSR分析
1.3.1杂种后代果实品质的评价
对6个品种间杂种自由授粉的实生优选系果实的总糖含量、总酸含量、糖酸比、矿质元素和氨基酸组分与含量进行了分析.其中,NJ1和NJ8的总糖含量分别达到13.91%和8.64%,有可能作为鲜果品种;NJ1的含糖量与现有的推广品种相比,也是相当高的.NJ9含酸量较高,达到1.12%,有可能成为加工品种;NJ4可以作为高氨基酸含量育种材料。
1.3.2蓝浆果的种质鉴定及其亲缘关系的ISSR分析
利用ISSR分子标记对由北美引种到南京的7个南方高丛蓝浆果品种(V.darrowi x corymbosum)、9个南方高丛蓝浆果实生选择系和12个兔眼蓝浆果品种(V.ashei),共28份材料进行分子鉴别和亲缘关系分析。10个引物共扩增出98条谱带,其中37条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比为37.8%。利用其中8个引物扩增的17条多态带可以区分19个品种和9个实生选择系。利用POPGENE1.31软件进行了Nei's遗传距离计算。利用UPGMA法构建了聚类树状图。聚类结果将各类群分别单独聚成一大支,证实了它们的亲缘关系。同时显示实生选择系间的遗传差异相对较大,其中7个与南方高丛蓝浆果品种聚为一支,而其余2个与兔眼蓝浆果品种聚为另一大支。但是在同一类群内各品种间的遗传关系与谱系数据不完全相吻合,本试验所用的ISSR引物不足以用来估算兔眼蓝浆果品种以下的分类单位。
2果实保鲜贮藏技术
2.1不同薄膜包装处理对蓝浆果果实贮藏期间品质和贮藏期的影响
研究了在2℃条件下,不同薄膜包装对蓝浆果果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物、维生素C、乙醛、乙醇、原果胶和花色苷的含量,以及呼吸强度、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和果胶甲酯酶(PE)活性、失重率、腐烂率变化的影响。试验结果表明,薄膜包装对降低果实失重率和腐烂率具有较好的效果;对降低呼吸强度、抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和果胶酯酶(PE)的活性以及花色苷含量的下降有一定效果;对减缓贮藏期间可溶性固形物、维生素C和原果胶含量的下降无明显影响。总体看来,0.08mm聚乙烯塑料薄膜(PE)袋适合作为贮藏30d的包装材料。
2.2薄膜包装蓝浆果贮藏适宜温度的研究
分别研究了-1℃、0℃和2℃三种温度处理和不同品种(‘Tifblue'和‘Brightwell')对0.05mm聚氯乙烯塑料薄膜保鲜袋包装的蓝浆果果实贮藏性的影响。试验结果表明,在贮藏期达90d的长期贮藏时,-1℃低温显著抑制蓝浆果果实的腐烂率,仅有4.8%;品种间贮藏性有差异,‘Tifblue'的耐贮性优于‘Brightwell'。
3科学地导向蓝浆果产业化发展
在结语与讨论部分,以美国佛罗里达的“低谷教训”为诫,指出:我国南方蓝浆果产业化过程中应注意防止一哄而上的错误倾向;要重视产业的规模化和保证产品质量;先示范后推广,使农民的生产走上良性循环。
Based on the summarization of the significance of the blueberry development in China and the situation of worldwide blueberry production and researches,the results of studies on the introduction,cultivar comparison of blueberry in the southern China have been presented in this paper.Studies included mainly two aspects:1) researches on the comparison of climatic,soil type and some biological characters among cultivars between native and introduction regions;2) the storability of fresh fruits.
1.Studies on suitable growing regions and some biological characters of Rabbiteyes blueberry in southern China
1.1 Studies on the introduction and suitable growing regions of Rabbiteyes blueberry
According to the theory of "Ecological Factor Analysis Method",the ecological conditions of blueberry growing areas in China have been analyzed and the situation of introduction has been reviewed.It has been suggested that there was a greater potentiality for the development of blueberry in the southern of China than that in other regions.With the comparisons of the ecological factors between native and introduction regions of Rabbiteyes blueberry and the biological characters of the flowering and fruiting,it was pointed out that:1) the subtropical red and yellow soil regions in southern China were suitable area for Rabbiteyes blueberry growing.The regions included the plains in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,the hilly areas on the south of Yangtze River,the mountainous areas in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces,the middle and northern parts of Guangxi,the northern part of Guangdong, the Sichuan Basin,some parts of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau at the elevation of about 2000m;2) both the drought season in the hilly areas in southern part of Yangtzi River and the less sunshine hours in Guizhou region were not the restrict factors for blueberry growing and 3) owing to the huge territory for blueberry growing and the complexity of climatic conditions and the various types of soil,it was necessary to have many experimental plots over a wide range of geographic features.The advantages of development of Rabbiteyes blueberry was emphasized as well as the ecological security of blueberry growing were discussed.
1.2 The total anthocyanins qualitative & quantitative analysis of Rabiteyes blueberries produced in China
1.2.1 The comparative researches on the content of total anthocyanins of rabiteye blueberries
The quality & quantity of total anthocyanins of 12 Rabbiteyes blueberry cultivars introduced from the US were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry.The result showed that there was an obvious difference among cultivars,cultivars 'Centurion', 'Delite' and 'Woodard' presented higher quantity than the others.
1.2.2 The comparative researches on the components of total anthocyanins of rabiteye blueberries
The comparative research on the components of total anthocyanins of Rabiteyes blueberries produced in China and the bilberry,'Myrtocyan',native products from Europe,were analyzed by HPLC method.The result showed that there were 16 components were found from bilberry,'Myrtocyan'.Among them there were 14 components also found in Rabbiteyes blueberries except peonidin-3-o-arabinoside and another unknown one.Besides,there were also two unknown components from Rabbiteyes blueberry that could not found in bilberry,'Myrtocyan'.It came out the conclusion that the elements of anthocyanins of Rabbiteyes blueberry produced in China were basically similar to bilberry,'Myrtocyan',but the quantity was much less.
1.3 Evaluation on fruit quality of artificial hybrids and studies on its distinction and identification of genetic relationship of cultivar germplasm by ISSR marker
1.3.1 Evaluation on fruit quality of selections generated from complicatedly hybrid cultivars
Fruit quality including total sugar,total acids and sugar acid ratio,contents and composition of mineral elements and amino acids were determined on six promising selections generated from complicatedly hybrid cultivars and these selections have been considered as ecologically adaptive ones.The result showed that the fruit quality of the selections has basically reached the level of commercial cultivars. Among them the NJ1 and NJ8 with high sugar content,13.91%and 8.64% respectively,could be used as fresh cultivars.The NJ9 with high acid content,1.12%, could be used for processing purposes.The NJ4 could be used as parental material in breeding program for high amino acids content in the future.
1.3.2 Distinction and identification of genetic relationship of cultivar germplasm by ISSR marker
Seven southern highbush blueberry cultivars(V.darrowi x corymbosum),nine promising selections from southern highbush blueberry and Rabbiteyes blueberry seedlings,and 12 Rabbiteyes blueberry cultivars(V.ashei),totally 28 genotypes, were examined by ISSR markers to construct DNA fingerprinting figure to distinguish these genotypes and analyze there genetic relationship.There were 98 bands obtained by ten primers,of which 37 were polymorphic.The percentage of polymorphic bands was 37.8%.Then 17 polymorphic bands from eight premiers were chosen to construct a DNA fingerprinting figure to distinguish among the genotypes.POPGENE 1.31 software was used to calculate the Nei's genetic distance and a dendrogram was constructed based on UPGMA cluster analysis.The cultivar groups were grouped out separately as expected.The result indicated also that the genetic distances among promising selections from seedlings were relatively higher than that of common cultivar group,and seven selections were grouped with highbush blueberry group.On the other hands,two were included in Rabbiteyes blueberry group.However,estimation of relative genetic distance between genotypes within one cultivar group did not agree well with known pedigree data and,thus,it indicated that the data of ISSR markers used in this study did not accurately assess the genetic relationships within the cultivar group.
2.Studies on fruit storage technique
2.1 Effect of different packaging treatments on physiology and storage period of blueberry fruits
In order to investigate the physiological changes on the storage period of blueberry fruits produced in the southern China,and to provide scientific basis for suitable packaging materials,the quantity changes of the total soluble solids,vitamin C, acetaldehyde,ethanol,protopectin,total anthocyanins,respiration rate,the activity of polygalacturonase(PG) and pectinesterase(PE),the percentage of weight loss and the percentage of fruit rotten were treated by different packaging plastic membrane under 2℃.The results showed that plastic membrane packaging used in this experiment obviously decreased the percentage of weight loss and the percentage of fruit rotten.These packaging methods also decreased to a certain extent the respiration rate and slow down the reduction of anthocyanin content as well as inhibiting polygalacturonase(PG) and pectinesterase(PE) activitiy.But the decreasing of the contents of total soluble solid,vitamin C and protopectin were slightly affected by packaging membrane.In general,the 0.08 mm polyethylene membrane bag was comparatively suitable packaging material for 30 days storage.
2.2 Studies on suitable storage temperature
The effect of storage experiments of blueberries packed with 0.05 mm polyethylene(PE) membrane by using chemicals of CT_1,CT_2 and CT_5 and sodium diacetate with two cultivars,'Tifblue' and 'Brightwell',were conducted under three different temperatures,-1℃,0℃and 2℃.The result showed that for 90 days storage under -1℃the percentage of fruit rotten could be controlled at 4.8%.There were difference of storage period between cultivars and cultivar,the 'Tifblue' was better than that of 'Brightwell'.
3.Scientific guide for the development of blueberry growing
It was extremely important to extend blueberry growing in order and scientifically. The lesson of so-called "valley emotion" of blueberry growing in the early days in Florida,USA should be keep in our mind and carefully avoided.Commercial growing in large scale and quality guarantee were essentials for smooth and rapid development of blueberry growing.It is important,at first,to have model orchards to show the cultivated practice to the farmers before growing blueberries properly.
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