摘要
城市浅水湖泊作为城市基础设施的组成部分，在城市生态环境中起着重要的作用。随着城市化进程的加快，城市浅水湖的水环境不断恶化，湖泊水环境治理刻不容缓。开展城市湖泊水环境整治规划是指导水环境治理的前提和关键，而湖泊水环境模拟研究是规划中的一个重要技术手段。
本文针对城市浅水湖泊富营养化加剧现状，结合WASP5模型中有关氮和磷的循环机理，并将该机理写入已有的二维浅水流体水量模型中加以耦合，应用在无结构网格下的有限体积法与黎曼近似解求解的方法，求解湖泊在外驱动作用下的湖泊水动力和水质因子氮和磷的变化。
本文以玄武湖为研究对象，模拟湖泊水动力变化特征以及富营养化因子的变化模拟。在对模型进行合理分析后，分别实施了三种引水方案，从各个方案的模拟结果可以看出，玄武湖富营养盐(总氮、总磷)的浓度在经过各种引水的条件下的浓度较引水前有所降低。
为了进一步研究，在确定一个最好的引调水方案后，将引水能力加大，以研究加大进水量条件下的玄武湖的总磷、总氮的浓度变化情况；另外，还研究了风场对玄武湖的总氮、总磷的浓度变化的影响。
As one of the components of the basic establishments, shallow lake plays an important role in the construction of ecological environment in the cities. With the development of urbanization, the aquatic environment of shallow lake has become worse and worse. Therefore, it is high time to take some measures to amend the aquatic environment. There are many plans in improvement of the aquatic environment. Among of them, simulation of the aquatic environment is an important measure.In this paper, two dimensional shallow flow—pollutants coupled model, which applies uninstructed grid finite volume method and Riemann approximate solver, is used to gain the trend of hydrodynamics and water quality(TN and TP) change under the condition of driving force. Mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorous circle of WASP5 is considered in the water quality part of the model according to nutrition actuality of shallow lake in the cities.Xuanwu Lake is object of research in this paper. Moreover, the change characteristics of hydrodynamics and nutritional facts of Xuanwu Lake are simulated in terms of three transportation schemes. As can be Seen from the results , the relative fall of nitrous concentration and phosphoric concentration, are educed after that all simulate figures are analyzed rationally.The change trend of hydrodynamics and water quality(TN、 TP)is researched under the condition of driving force both increased transportation water and wind field considered in order to farther research.
引文
[1] 逄勇、姚棋濮培民．太湖地区大气-水环境的综合数值研究．北京：气象出版社
[2] 梁瑞驹、仲金华．太湖风声流的三维数值模拟．湖泊科学．1994，6(4)：289-297
[3] 孙卫红．太湖风声流及污染带模拟研究．硕士学位论文．2002
[4] 李炜．环境水力学研究进展．武汉水利电力大学出版社．1999
[5] 吴坚．太湖水动力数值模拟．中科院地理与湖泊研究所硕士论文，1986
[6] 王谦谦．太湖风声流的数值模拟．河海大学学报．1987，15：11-18
[7] 刘启俊．太湖梅梁湾风成流数值模拟．中科院地理与湖泊研究所硕士论文，1993
[8] 吴柄方等．东洞庭湖湖流及风力影响分析．地理学报．1996，54(1)：51-57
[9] 姜家虎．云南抚仙湖、滇池二维分层水质模拟研究．中科院地理与湖泊研究所硕士论文，1991
[10] 杨具瑞、方泽．滇池二维分层水质模拟研究．环境科学学报．2002：533-535
[11] 逄勇、濮培民等．太湖风声流三维数值模拟实验．地理学报．1996：328-332
[12] 黄平、毛荣生．湖泊三维风声流隐式差分模型的研究．湖泊科学．1997，9(1)：15-21
[13] 朱永春、蔡启铭．太湖梅梁湾三维水动力学的研究．海洋与湖沼．1998，29(1)：79-85
[14] 胡维平、秦伯强、濮培民．太湖水个、动力三维数值模拟实验研究—1．风声流及风涌增减水的数值模拟．湖泊科学．1998，10(4)：17-25
[15] 顾丁锡，舒金华，1988．湖水总磷浓度的数学模拟．海洋与湖沼，19(5)：447-453
[16] 金相灿，屠清瑛，1990．湖泊富营养化调查规范(第二版)．北京：中国环境科学出版社．303-316
[17] Steven C C, 1991. Long-term phenomenological model of phosphorus and oxygen for stratified lakes. Water Research, 25(6): 707-715
[18] Cassell E A, Dorioz J M, 1998. Modeling phosphorus dynamics approaches. Journal of Environment Quality, 27(2): 293-298
[19] Diederik T, Van D M, 1991. A simple, dynamic model for the simulation of the release of phosphorus from sediments in shallow, eutrophic systems. Water Research, 25(3) : 737-744
[20] 李勇，王超，2002．城市浅水型湖泊底泥磷释放的环境因子影响实验研究．江苏环境科技．4-6
[21] Ahlgren I, 1977. Role of sediments in the process of recovery of a eutrophicated lake, In: Golterman H L(ed.), Interactions Between Sediments and Fresh Water. The Hague, 172-177
[22] Kamp N L, 1978. Modeling the temporal variation in sediment phosphorus fractions. In: Golterman H L(ed.), Interactions Between Sediments and Fresh Water. The Hague, 277-285
[23] Lung W S, Canale R P, Freodman P L, 1976. Phosphorus models for eutrophic lakes. Water Research, 10(8): 1101-1114
[24] Welch E B, Spyridakis D E, Shuster J I, 1986. Declining lake sediments phosphorus release and oxygen diversion。 Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(1): 92-96
[25] Bault J M, 1998. A model of phytoplankton development in the Lot river [France]: simulation of scenaries. Water Research, 33(4): 1065-1079
[26] Jφrgensen S E, 1983. Application of Ecological Modeling in Environmental Management, part A. New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 227-279
[27] 刘元波，陈伟民，2000．湖泊藻类动态模拟．湖泊科学，12(2)：171-176
[28] Di Toro D M, 1980. Applicability of cellular equilibrium and Monod theory to phytoplankton growth kinetics. Ecological Modeling, 8(1):201-218
[29] Chen C W, Orlob C T, 1975. Ecological simulation for aquatic environments. In: Pattern B C(ed.), System Analysis and Simulation in Ecology. New York: Academic press, (3)
[30] Janse J H, 1992. A mathematical model of the phosphorus cycle in lake hoosdrecht and simulation of additional measures. Hydrobiologia, 133(1):119-136
[31] Nyholm N, 1988. A simulation model for phytoplankton growth and nutrient cycling in eutrophic shallow lakes. Ecological Modeling, 4(3): 279-310
[32] Robert P, Kees K, Lambertus L, 1996. Primary production estimation from continuous oxygen measurements in relation to external nutrient input. Water Research, 30(3): 625-643
[33] Thomas J R, Victor J B, 1995. A preliminary modeling analysis of water quality in lake OKEECHOBEE, Florida: calibration results. Water Research, 29(12): 2755-2766
[3
[34] Chen Y, FalconerRA. Modifiedformsofthethird-orderconvectionsecond-orderdiffusionschemefortheadvection-diffusionequation[J]. Advancesin Water Resources, 1994,(17):147-170.
[35] 阮景荣，蔡庆华，刘建康，1988．武汉东湖的磷-浮游植物动态模型．水生生物学报，12(4)：289-307
[36] 刘玉生，唐宗武，韩梅，邹兰，郑丙辉，1991．滇池富营养化生态动力学模型及其应用．环境科学研究，4(6)：1-8
[37] 宋永昌，王云，戚仁海，1991．淀山湖富营养化及其防治研究．上海：华东师范大学出版社，157-180
[38] 胡维平，秦伯强，濮培民，2000．太湖水动力学三维数值试验研究—3．马山围垦对太湖风生流的影响．湖泊科学，12(4)：335-342
[39] Molen D T, 1994. Mathematical modeling as a tool for management in eutrophication control of shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia, 22(2): 275-284
[40] Riley M J, Stefan H G, 1988. MINLAKE, a dynamic lake water quality simulation model. Ecological Modeling, 4(2): 155-162
[41] Spencer A P, Eugene B W, 1999. Sample representativeness: A must for reliable regional lake condition estimates. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(10):155-164
[42] SmithLH, ChengRT. Tidalandtidallyaveragedcirculationcharacteristicsof Suisun Bay, California[J].Water Resources Research, 1987,23(1):143-155
[43] KingIP, NortonWR. RecentapplicationofRMA' sfiniteelementmodelsfortwo-dimensionalhydrodynamicsandwaterqualityin Finite Elementin Water Resources[C].International Conference, 2DLondon, Pentech Press, London, 1978,(2):81-99
[44] ThomasWA, McAnallyJr. User' smanualforthegeneralizedcomputerprogramsystem:openchannelflowandsedimentation, TABS-2[M].USArmy Corps Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1990.
[45] LinPN, ShenHW.2-Dflowwithsedimentbycharacteristicsmethod[J]. JHydr Engrg ASCE, 1984, 110(5):615-626
[46] QIChen, ZHAODi-hua, Tabios, etal. 2Dcouoledwaterqualitymodelforindustrialeff luenttransport[A]. Proceedingsof 1998 International Water Resources Engineering Conference[C]. Tennessee, USA, 1998.
[4
[47] ZhaoDH, LaiJS, SHenHW.Atwo-dimensionalcontaminanttransportmodelwithhigh-resolutionupwindschemes[A].Proc, ASCE1994 Confon Hydr Engrg Buffalo[C].New York, 1994. 135-139
[48] Roe P L. Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors and difference schemes[J]. J of Comput Phys, Vol. 43, 1981:357-372
[49] Van Leer B, Thomas J L, Roe P L, Newasome T W. A comparison of numerical flux formulas for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. AIAA 87-1104
[50] Harten A, Lax P D, van Leer B, On upstream differencing and Godunov-type schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws [J], SIAM Rev, Vol .25, 1983:35-61
[51] 谭维炎，胡四一．计算浅水动力学的新方向．水科学进展．1992，3(4)：310-318
[52] 马洪明 感潮河口数值模拟及动网格研究 河海大学硕士学位论文 2002．4
[53] 杨丽 河网与湖泊耦联的水力水质数值模拟的研究与应用河海大学硕士学位论文 2003．4
[54] TanWeiYan Shallowwaterhydrodynamics[M]Elservier Oceanography Series, POBo x211,1000AEA materdam, The Nether Lands, 1992,347-348
[55] Zhao DH, Shen HW, Lai JS. TabiosⅢGQ, Approximate Remann Solvers in FVM or 2D hydrauloc Shock Waves Modelling [J] Hydr Engrg ASCE, 1996,122(12):693-702
[56] 胡维平，濮培民，秦伯强，1998．太湖水动力学三维数值试验研究—1．风生流和风涌增减水的三维数值模拟．湖泊科学，10(4)：17-25
[57] 赵棣华，戚晨，庾维德，等平面二维水流水质有限体积法及黎曼近似解模型[J]水科学进展，2000，11(4)：368-373．
[58] Zhao DH, Shen HW, Lai JS. TabiosⅢGQ, Approximate Remann Solvers in FVM or 2D hydrauloc Shock Waves Modelling [J] Hydr Engrg
[59] 朱广伟，秦伯强，高光．浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放的重要因子——铁和水动力．农业环境科学学报．2003．22(6)：762-764
[60] 秦伯强，范成新．大型浅水湖泊内源营养盐释放的概念性模式探讨．中国环境科学．2002．22(2)：150-153
[61] 宫莹．城市小型浅水湖泊水环境预测方法应用研究．硕士毕业论文
[62] 徐轶群，熊慧欣，赵秀兰．底泥磷的吸附与释放研究进展．重庆环境科学．2003．25(11)：147-149
[63] 徐骏．杭州西湖底泥磷分级分布．湖泊科学．2001．3(13)：247-254
[64] 谭维炎．计算浅水动力学—有限体积法的应用．清华大学出版社．1998．9
[65] 裴洪平，王维维，何金土，周宏．杭州西湖引水后生态系统中磷循环模型．生态学报．1998．18(6)：648-653
[66] 李文朝，尹澄清，陈开宁，吴庆龙，潘继征，1999．关于湖泊沉积物磷释放及其测定方法雏议．湖泊科学，11(4)：296-302
[67] 秦伯强，1998．太湖水环境面临的主要问题、研究动态与初步进展．湖泊科学，10(4)：1-7
[68] 屠清瑛，顾丁锡，尹澄清，徐卓然，韩久智，1990．巢湖—富营养化研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社，101-125
[69] Cerco C F, Cole F, 1993. Three dimensional eutrophication model of Chesapeake bay. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 19(6): 1006-1025
[70] Gardiner J, 1997. Environmental modeling in the hydrological cycle: what the client needs. Water and Environmental Management, 11(1): 105-108
[71] Helen B, Stephen J, John A N, 1996. Predicting epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations using an improved diatom-based transfer function and its application to lake eutrophication management. Environmental Science & Technology, 30(10): 1935-1942
[72] Janse J H, Ellen V D, Tom A, 1998. A model study in the stability of the macrophyte-dominated state as affected by biological factors. Water Research, 32(9): 2696-2706
[73] Jφrgensen S E, 1995. State-the-art management of models for lakes and Reservoirs. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management, 1(2): 79～87
[74] Kang R J, James R T, Lung W S, 1998. Assessing Lake OKEECHOBEE eutrophication with water-quality models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 124(1): 22-30