摘要
瓯江为浙江省第二大江，位于浙江南部，从温州汇入东海。为拓展温州市区的发展空间，实现温州从滨江城市向滨海城市发展的战略目标的需要，自上世纪70年代，提出了瓯江南口封堵工程。该工程的实施，将改变瓯江河口地区的水流运动及水环境状况。因此，建立瓯江河口平面二维水量-水质耦合模型，进行南口工程实施后瓯江河口水环境影响分析，对于瓯江河口及邻近海域水环境保护具有重要的理论价值及实践意义。论文主要研究内容及其成果包括：
(1)系统研究了平面二维水动力模型和水质模型的基本原理和相应的求解方法，选择Delft3D水动力模型和WASP5水质模型用于瓯江河口区域的水量水质数值模拟。
(2)利用瓯江河口区域大潮期和小潮期的流场及其水质监测资料，对建立的瓯江河口水动力模型及水质模型，进行率定和验证。验证结果表明，所建立的模型具有较好的模拟精度，能够作为瓯江河口区域水环境模拟的工具。
(3)利用WASP5水质模型提供的水量数据接口，通过插值法，由水动力模型网格节点的水位和流速推求水质单元体中心点及单元体界面间的平均流量，实现对Delft3D水动力模型和WASP5水质模型的耦合，建立了瓯江河口平面二维水量水质耦合模型。
(4)利用所建立的瓯江河口平面二维水量水质耦合模型，研究了“南口”工程影响下，现状污染排口下的污染带变化情况及其对邻近水域水环境的影响，得出东全堵工程和西全堵工程都会加大污染排口污染带的影响面积，且东全堵工程影响大于西全堵工程，为“南口”工程的“东全堵”、“西全堵”工程方案比选提供了依据。
Oujiang River, which is the second river in Zhejiang Province, is located in south of the Province and converges to the East China Sea through Wenzhou City. In order to develop the Wenzhou city from a riverine city to a coastal city, it was put forwarded that the South branch of Oujiang Estuary should be jamed since the 1970s. The implement of the project will change the water flow movement and the water environment. Therefore, building the plant 2D flow-quality in Oujiang estuary, which can be used to analyse the changes of the water environment, is of great significance for the water environment protection in Oujiang Estuary and sea area near. The main contents and results discussed in this paper are as follows:
(1) The basic principles and the calculation methods of the hydrodynamic model and water quality model were studied. The Delft3D hydrodynamic model and the water quality analysis simulation program 5 are selected to simulate the water quantity and water quality in Oujiang estuary respectively.
(2) The hydrodynamic model and the quality model were verified which use the data of tidal levels, velocities and water quality concentrations. Results shows that the precision of the hydrodynamic model and the quality model which we have built are well and can be used to simulation the water environment in Oujiang estuary area.
(3) The water quality analysis simulation program 5 provide a joint of hydrodynamic data. After we calculate the water level and velocities of grid nodes used the hydrodynamic model, the water level, velocities in segment and the flow between segments can be calculated by interpolation method. Based on the changes, the plant 2D flow-quality in Oujiang estuary would be build.
(4) With the implemention of the project, the changes of contamination zone around discharge outlet and the effects on the water environment in water area nearby were studied. Both east jammed and the west jammed would increase the contaminated areas, and the east jammed larger than the west jammed. The results can be used as references for the comparison and selection of the project which include the east jammed and the west jammed.
引文
[1] 黄胜，卢启苗．河口动力学[M]．北京：水利电力出版社，1995．
[2] 叶笃正，符宗斌，董文杰．全球变化科学进展与未来趋势．地球科学进展[J]，2002，17(4)：467-469．
[3] 严恺主编．中国海岸工程[M]．河海大学出版社，1992．
[4] 严凯主编，梁其荀副主编．海岸工程[M]．海洋出版社，2002．
[5] 严凯主编，中国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告[M]．海洋出版社，1991．
[6] Sladkevich, M., Militeev, A.N. et al., Simulation of transport phenomean in shallow aquatic Environment[J]. J. Hydraulic Ene, 2000.126.2.123-136.
[7] 车进胜，周作付．河口海岸水动力模拟技术研究的进展[J]．台湾海峡，2003，22(1)：125-219．
[8] DAVIES A M. Review of recent developments in tidal hydrodynamic modeling[J]. J Hydr Engrg, 1997, 123(4): 278-292.
[9] RALPH T, SMITHPE. A survey of three dimensional numerical estuarine models[J]. Estuarine and coastal modeling, 1989, 1-15.
[10] Ambrose, R. B. et al., 1993. THE DYNAMIC ESTUARY MODEL-HYDRODYNAMICS PROGRAM, DYNHYD5-MODEL DOCUMENTATION AND USER MANUAL[M], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA. EPA/600/3-87-039.
[11] Feigner and Harris. 1970. Documentation Report-FWQA Dynamic Estuary Model[M]. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration.
[12] Roesch, S.E., L.J. Clark, and M.M. Bray. 1979. User's Manual for the Dynamic (Potomac) Estuary Model[M]. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD. EPA-903/9-79-001.
[13] 李孟国，曹祖德．海岸河口潮流数值模拟的研究与进展[J]．海洋学报，1999，21(1)：111-125．
[14] 李炜．环境水力学进展[M]．武汉：武汉水利电力大学出版社．1999．
[15] MELLOR G L, EZER T, OEY L Y. The pressure gradient conundrum of sigma coordinate ocean models[J]. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 1994, (11): 1126-1134.
[16] CASULLI V, CHENG R. Semi-implicit finite difference methods for three dimensional shallow water flow[J]. Inter J for Num Methods in Fliuds, 1992, 15: 629-648.
[17] 张存智．黄海北部海域三维潮流数值模型[J]．海洋预报，2000，17(1)：1-120．
[18] 朱建荣，沈焕庭，朱首贤．三维陆架模式及其应用[J]．青岛海洋大学学报，1997，27(2)：145-156．
[19] Leendertse J J. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas [M]. Santa Manica: The Rord Corporation, 1973, 78-86.
[20] Philips N A. A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting[J]. J. of Meteorology, 14, 1957, 184-185.
[21] Burchard H, Petersen O. Hybridization between σ-and z-coordinates for improving the internal pressure gradient calculations in marine models with steep botton slopes[J]. Inter. J. For Numer. Meth. In Fluids, 1997,25, 1003-1023.
[22] Muin M, Spaulding M. Three- dimensional boundary- fitted circulation model[J]. J. of Hydr. Engrg, 1997,123(1):2-12.
[23] Blurnberg A F, Mellor G L. Diagnostic and prognostic numerical circulation studies of the South Atlantic Bight [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1983, 88(C): 4579-4592.
[24] 刘成，李行伟，韦鹤平，王兆印．长江口水动力及污水稀释扩散模拟[J]．海洋与湖沼，2003，34(5)：474-483．
[25] Delft3D-FLOW User Manual[M], WL| Delft Hydraulics, 2003.
[26] Del ft3D-FLOW User Manual[M], WL| Delft Hydraulics, 2005.
[27] 申宏伟．Delft3d软件在水利工程中的数值模拟[J]．水利科技与经济，2005，11(7)：440-442．
[28] 黄赛花，孙志林，祝丽丽．潮汐河口动床洪水的数值模拟[J]．水利发电学报，2006，25(5)：46-50．
[29] 毛献忠，陈甫源，余祈文等．堵港蓄淡水库水体淡化预测研究[J]．水利学报，2004，7：80-85．
[30] 张学庆，孙英兰．三维质点追踪模型及其在胶南海域的应用．水科学进展，2006，17(6)：873-876．
[31] 张学庆，孙英兰．胶南近岸海域三维潮流数值模拟．中国海洋大学学报，2005，35(4)：579-582．
[32] 朱建荣，朱首贤．ECOM模式的改进及在长江河口、杭州湾及邻近海区的应用[J]．海洋与湖沼，2003，34(4)：364-374．
[33] Backhaus J O. Asemi-implicit scheme for the shallow water equations for application to shelf sea modeling [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1983, 4(2): 243-254.
[34] 宋志尧，薛鸿超等．潮汐动力场准三维数值模拟[J]．海洋工程，1998，16(3)：54-61．
[35] 赵士清．长江口三维潮流数值模拟[J]．水利水运研究，1985，1：18-20．
[36] 刘桦，何友声．长江口水环境数值模拟研究[J]．水动力学研究与进展，2000，15(1)：17-30．
[37] 徐祖信，华祖林．长江口南支三维水动力及污染物输送数值模拟[J]．同济大学学报，2003，31(2)：239-243．
[38] 于凤香，宋志尧，李瑞杰．长江口三维潮流数值计算及动力分析．海洋湖沼通报，2003，3：14-23．
[39] 韩国其，汪德灌，许协庆．潮汐河口三维水流数值模拟[J]．水利学报，1989，12：54-60．
[40] 窦振兴，杨连武，Ozerj．渤海湾三维潮流数值模拟[J]．海洋学报，1993，15(5)：1-15．
[41] 张越美，孙英兰．渤海湾三维变动边界潮流数值模拟[J]．青岛海洋大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，32(3)：337-344．
[42] 李孟国，曹祖德．海岸河口潮流数值模拟的研究与进展[J]．海洋学报，1999，21(1)：112-125．
[43] 汪德爟．计算水力学理论与应用[M]．南京：河海大学出版社，1989．
[44] 远航，于定勇．潮流与泥沙数值模拟回顾与进展．海洋科学进展，2004，22(1)：97-106．
[45] 董文军．河口近岸区三维潮流及悬沙扩散的一种分步模型[J]．天津大学学报，1995，32(3)：346-349．
[46] 周华君．长江口最大浑浊带特性研究和三维水流泥沙数值模拟[D]．河海大学博士论文． 1992．
[47] 孙洪亮，黄卫民．北部湾潮汐潮流的三维数值模拟[J]_海洋学报，2001，3：1-8．
[48] 韩国其，汪德爟．取水池内三维流场的数值计算[J]．河海大学学报，1990，20(1)：23-27．
[49] 谭维炎．计算浅水动力学-有限体积法的应用[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1997．
[50] Con_nor, J. J., Brebbia, C. A. Finite Element Techniques for Fluid Flow.Newness- Butterworths Pub[M]. London, 1976.
[51] 张涤明，乔林．近海环流三维样条分层有限元模式[J]．水动力学研究与进展，1988，3(2)： 83-93．
[52] Lynch, D. R., Werner, F. E. Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamics on FiniteElements. Part 2: Non-Linear Time-Stepping Model[J]. Num. Methods in Fluids, 1991,12(6): 507-533.
[53] Naimic, C. J., Blain, C. A., Lunch, D. R. Seasonal Mean Circulation in theYellow Sea, a Model-Generated Climatology[J]. Continental Shell Research, 2001.
[54] 吕玉麟，赖国璋．近海浅水环流问题的数值模拟[J]．大连工学院学报，1981，20(1)：39-52．
[55] 谭维炎，赵律棣．二维浅水渐变不恒定明流的有限元算法及程序包[J]．水利学报，1984， 15(1)：1-13．
[56] Fortunato, A. B., Baptista, A. M., Luettich, R. A. A Three-Dimensional Model of Tidal Currents in the Mouth of the Tagus Estuary[J]. continental ShellResearch, 1997, 17(14): 1689-1714.
[57] [Chau, K. W., Jiang, Y. W. 3D Numerical Model For Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2001, 127(1): 72-82.
[58] Chen, C. S., Liu, H. D., Bearksley, R. C. An Unsturctured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equation Ocean Model: Application toCoastal Ocean and Estuaries[J]. Journal of Atmosphric and Ocean Technology, 2003, 20: 159-186.
[59] 王晓建，张廷芳．非正交网格有限体积法在三维潮流场计算中的应用[J]．水动力学研究与进展，1997，12(1)：57-61．
[60] 李绍武，卢丽锋，时钟．河口准三维涌潮数学模型研究[J]．水动力学研究与进展，2004，19(4)：408-415．
[61] 张鸿星，褚君达．潮汐河口污染带影响因素研究．水资源保护，2003，5：35-39．
[62] 林秉南，赵雪华等．河口建坝对毗邻海湾潮波影响的计算[J]．水利学报，1980，(2)：16-26．
[63] 孙平锋，椒江口二维潮流泥沙数学模型研究及其应用，浙江大学硕士论文，2006．
[64] 时常明．水环境数学模型的研究进展[J]．环境科学进展，1993，1(1)：74-80．
[65] 傅国伟．河流水质数学模型及其模拟计算[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1987：59-60．
[66] 徐祖信，廖振良．水质数学模型研究的发展阶段与空间层次[J]．上海环境科学，2003，22(2)： 79-85．
[67] Grenney, W. J., Teusher, M. C., Dixon, L. S. WPCF, 1978, 50(1): 151-157.
[68] Chapm S C, PelletierG J. QUAL2K: A Modeling and Steam Framework for Simulating River Water Quality Documentation and User's Manual[Z]. Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, 2003.
[69] Cormolly, J. P., Windfield, R. A User's Guide for WASTOX, a Framework for Modeling the Fate of Toxic Chemicals in Aquatic Environment, Part Ⅰ: Exposure Connentration, US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-60013-84—077. 1984.
[70] 陈美丹，姚琪，徐爱兰．WASP水质模型及其研究进展[J]．水利科技与经济．2006，12(7)：420-423．
[71] 唐迎洲，阮晓红，王文远．WASP5水质模型在平原河网区的应用．水资源保护，2006， t22(6)：43-47．
[72] 杨家宽，肖波，刘年丰等．WASP6预测南水北调后襄樊段的水质[J]．中国给水排水，2005，21(9)：103-104．
[73] 廖振良，林卫青，徐祖信．WASP-5系统及其述评[J]．上海环境科学，2001，20(1)：3-6．
[74] TimA. Wool, RobertB. Ambrose, JamesL. Martin, et al. Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) Version 6.0 DRAFT: User's Manual [M]. Atlanta: US Environmental Protection Agency, MS Tetre Tech. 2001.
[75] 逢勇．太湖地区大气-水环境的综合数值研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1998，50-55．
[76] US Army Corps of Engineering, Waterways Experiment Station. CE-QUAL-R1: A Numerical one-dimensional model of reservoir waterquality, user. Manual [A]. In: Instruction Report E-87-1 [R]. Vicksburg: Mississippi Environmental Laboratory, 1986.
[77] US Army Corps of Engineering, Waterways Experiment Station. CE-QUAL-RIVI: A dynamic one-dimensional (longitudinal) waterquality model for streams, user manual [A]. In: Instruction Report E-90-1[R]. Vicksburg: Mississippi Environmental Laboratory, 1986.
[78] US Army Corps of Engineering, Hydrological Engineerin Center. Waterquality for river reservoir systems (WQRRS) user manual [M]. Reved. California: CPD-8, Davis, 1985.
[79] 赵棣华，李提来，陆家驹．长江江苏段二维水流-水质模拟[J]．水利学报，2003，6：72-78．
[80] 李继选，王军．水环境数学模型研究进展．水资源保护，2006，22(1)：9-15．
[81] 金士博 W．水环境数学模型[M]．北京，中国建筑工业出版社，1987．
[82] 程声通，陈毓敏．环境系统分析[M]．北京，高等教育出版社，1990．
[83] Thomann R V. The Future "Golden Age" of Predictive Models for Surface Water Quality and Ecosystem Management [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1998, 124(2): 94-103.
[84] Ambrose, R. B. Jr, Wool, T. A., Martin, J. L. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program. WASP5, Part A: Model Documentation[M]. Athens, Georgia: U S Environmental Protection Agency. 202. 1993.
[85] Robert B.Ambrose, et al. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program,WASP5,Part B:Model The WASP5 Input Dataset[M]. 1993, Enviroment Research Laboratory Athens, Georgia 30605.
[86] S. E. Jogensen, Mathematical Submodels in Water Quality Systems, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1989.
[87] Cover, A. P.1979.Selection the Proper Reaeration Coefficient for Use in Water Quality Models.Presented at the U.S.EPA Conference on Environmental Simulation Modeling, 1979.4, 19-22. Cincinnati, Ohio.
[88] O'Connor, D.J., Journal of Environmental Engineering,Vol. 109, No.9:731-752, 1983.
[89] 陆永军等．波浪与潮流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型[J]．泥沙研究，2005，12(6)：1-12．
[90] 陆永军等．强潮河口围海工程对水动力环境的影响[J]．海洋工程，2002，20(4)：17-15．
[91] 严晓焰，张云莲．瓯江河口水动力条件和泥沙运移特征分析[J]．浙江水利水电专科学校学报，1999，11(2)：18-20．
[92] 李孟国，王正林．瓯江口潮流数值模拟[J]．长江科学院院报，2002，19(2)：19-22．