城市绿色空间健康效益的社会生态调节因素研究
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摘要
城市绿色空间是城市生态系统服务的重要载体。既往人—境交互视角下的大量研究基本证实了绿色空间的健康效益,但对影响二者间效益转化的调节因素缺乏深入研究。根据社会生态理论与相关研究,从社会人口和物质环境两方面定性分析了调节因素及其作用机制,即社会生态调节因素通过影响使用动机、使用机会或易用性来影响绿色空间使用并由此调节健康效益。进一步,基于城市游园研究案例对此予以实证。结果显示,游园使用具有一定的情绪健康改善作用,但此过程受到使用者年龄、教育程度、收入水平、家庭结构以及游园使用距离等因素的调节。面对不断凸显的公共健康问题和愈发紧缺的绿色空间,未来相关研究的焦点有必要从"绿色空间是否影响健康"的基础研究转向包括调节过程在内的"绿色空间如何影响健康"的应用研究,以有效提升应用实践效率。
Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in urbanized societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. As the main physical carrier of urban ecosystem services and main form of urban nature environment, urban green space plays an important role in people's everyday exposure of nature and has significant impact on public health. In recent decades, large amounts of previous studies have relatively well confirmed the health-promoting effects of urban green space on human-environment interaction dimension such as the use of green space and perceptions of the living environment. For instance,true and quasi-experiments done in laboratory and field settings have proved green space exposure is beneficial to relieving stress, improving mental fatigue, and promoting cognitive ability. And, cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that green space exposure has significant links with physical activity, social interaction and incidence of some lifestyle disease. However,only as far as we know, up to now few studies have focused on "moderators" between green space and human health. Moderators may differ associations between green space and human health, and thus may have significant impact on conversion efficiency of health benefits from green space. Therefore, these factors cannot be ignored in application practice, especially under the rigid constraint of green space from the constant density of urban population and gray land.Based on review of previous studies on green space and human health and taking this past ignored problem as the research orientation, a system qualitative and quantitative analysis of moderators is conducted in the present study. Firstly, we qualitatively analyzes moderators and mechanism of moderation based on social ecological theory and recent related research. Social ecological theory derived from the field of behavior science, key conclusion of which is that people's behavior is not only the result of individual level factors' shape, but also influenced by the environmental factors, and interventions aims to change the population behavior need to consider all the above factors. According to this theory, moderators can be divided into two categories, including social-demographic factors, such as users' gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and physical environment factors, such as green space type and distance and so on. About mechanism of moderation, we presents that social-ecological moderators could ultimately affect the transformation efficiency of health benefits through influencing opportunity of green space use, motivation of green space use, and ease of green space use.Then, in order to verify the above theoretical analysis, we further cite our previous case study of small public urban green space in the center of Chengdu, China. Taking 11 small public urban green spaces as representative cases, and on the basis of proving the health benefits of small public urban green space use, the case study analyzed factors influencing use of small public urban green space and its mechanism by crosssectional method. The step-wise multiple linear regression analysis shows that use of small public urban green space has certain health-promotion effect which indicated by valence. The use frequency of small public urban green space could explain 1.61% of change in valence, use frequency every rised 1 gradient, valence of respondents increased 0.086 gradient. In spite of this, in this case study, health benefits of use of small public urban green space may be moderatored by social-demographic factors such as age, education, income, and family structure of users, and physical environment factors such as distance travelled, which was demonstrated in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Further analysis showed that,compared to distance travelled, the influence of motivations shaped by social-demographic factors on use frequency and further related health benefits is more obvious.In summary, the above theoretical analysis and empirical study case about moderators between green space and human health indicated that,moderators may have important impact on actual conversion of health benefits from urban green space. Considering the emerging and complicate problems of public health and sharply declining of urban green space, the focus of urban green space research oriented by public health in the current and near future need to shift from basic research of "whether green space influences health" to applied research of "how green space influences health" which contain mechanism of moderation, in order to continuously improve conversion efficiency of health benefits from green space.
Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in urbanized societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. As the main physical carrier of urban ecosystem services and main form of urban nature environment, urban green space plays an important role in people's everyday exposure of nature and has significant impact on public health. In recent decades, large amounts of previous studies have relatively well confirmed the health-promoting effects of urban green space on human-environment interaction dimension such as the use of green space and perceptions of the living environment. For instance,true and quasi-experiments done in laboratory and field settings have proved green space exposure is beneficial to relieving stress, improving mental fatigue, and promoting cognitive ability. And, cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that green space exposure has significant links with physical activity, social interaction and incidence of some lifestyle disease. However,only as far as we know, up to now few studies have focused on "moderators" between green space and human health. Moderators may differ associations between green space and human health, and thus may have significant impact on conversion efficiency of health benefits from green space. Therefore, these factors cannot be ignored in application practice, especially under the rigid constraint of green space from the constant density of urban population and gray land.Based on review of previous studies on green space and human health and taking this past ignored problem as the research orientation, a system qualitative and quantitative analysis of moderators is conducted in the present study. Firstly, we qualitatively analyzes moderators and mechanism of moderation based on social ecological theory and recent related research. Social ecological theory derived from the field of behavior science, key conclusion of which is that people's behavior is not only the result of individual level factors' shape, but also influenced by the environmental factors, and interventions aims to change the population behavior need to consider all the above factors. According to this theory, moderators can be divided into two categories, including social-demographic factors, such as users' gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and physical environment factors, such as green space type and distance and so on. About mechanism of moderation, we presents that social-ecological moderators could ultimately affect the transformation efficiency of health benefits through influencing opportunity of green space use, motivation of green space use, and ease of green space use.Then, in order to verify the above theoretical analysis, we further cite our previous case study of small public urban green space in the center of Chengdu, China. Taking 11 small public urban green spaces as representative cases, and on the basis of proving the health benefits of small public urban green space use, the case study analyzed factors influencing use of small public urban green space and its mechanism by crosssectional method. The step-wise multiple linear regression analysis shows that use of small public urban green space has certain health-promotion effect which indicated by valence. The use frequency of small public urban green space could explain 1.61% of change in valence, use frequency every rised 1 gradient, valence of respondents increased 0.086 gradient. In spite of this, in this case study, health benefits of use of small public urban green space may be moderatored by social-demographic factors such as age, education, income, and family structure of users, and physical environment factors such as distance travelled, which was demonstrated in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Further analysis showed that,compared to distance travelled, the influence of motivations shaped by social-demographic factors on use frequency and further related health benefits is more obvious.In summary, the above theoretical analysis and empirical study case about moderators between green space and human health indicated that,moderators may have important impact on actual conversion of health benefits from urban green space. Considering the emerging and complicate problems of public health and sharply declining of urban green space, the focus of urban green space research oriented by public health in the current and near future need to shift from basic research of "whether green space influences health" to applied research of "how green space influences health" which contain mechanism of moderation, in order to continuously improve conversion efficiency of health benefits from green space.
引文
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[2]郭庭鸿,舒波,董靓.自然与健康:自然景观应对压力危机的实证进展及启示[J].中国园林,2018(5):52-56.GUO T H,SHU B,DONG L.Nature and Health:Review of Empirical Studies on the Role of Natural Landscape in Coping with Stress Crisis and Its Enlightenments[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2018(5):52-56.
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[4]闰水玉,朱茜,刘涛,等.基于城市生态系统健康评价的规划响应策略研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2018,33(4):54-59.YAN S Y,ZHU X,LIU T,et al. Research on Planning Response Strategy Based on Urban Ecosystem Health Assessment[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2018,33(4):54-59.
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[7]HASSEN N.Green Space in the City:How Toronto's Green Spaces Promote Mental Health[EB/OL].Wellesley Institute,2016[2016-02-04].http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/healthy-c ommunities/green-spac e-inthe-cit y-how-torontos-green-spacespromote-mental-health/.
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[9]HEGETSCHWEILER K T,DE-VRIES S,ARNBERGER A,et al.Linking Demand and Supply Factors in Identifying Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Infrastructures:A Review of European Studies[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017,21:48-59.
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[13]郭庭鸿,舒波,董靓,等.城市小型公园绿地使用的影响因素:成都实例研究[J].风景园林,2018(12):87-92.GUO T H,SHU B,DONG L,et al.Factors Influencing the Use of Small Public Urban Green Space:A Case Study in Chengdu,China[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(12):87-92.
[14]SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTER U K,RANDRUP T B,et al. Influences on the Use of Urban Green Space:A Case Study in Odense,Denmark[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2010,9(1):25-32.
[15]LENNON M,DOUGLAS O,SCOTT M.Urban Green Space for Health and Wellbeing:Developing an"Affordances"Framework for Planning and Design[J].Journal of Urban Design,2017(1):778-795.
[16]LIN B B,FULLER R A,BUSH R,et al.Opportunity or Orientation?Who Uses Urban Parks and Why[J].Plos One2014,9(1):1-8.
[17]董靓.实现公园城市理念的一种概念性框架[J].园林,2018(11):18-21.DONG L.A Conceptual Framework for Realizing the Idea of Park City[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(11):18-21.
[18]陈筝,董楠楠,刘颂,等.上海城市公园使用对健康影响研究[J].风景园林,2017(9):99-105.CHEN Z,DONG N N,LIU S,et al.Study on the Impacts of Urban Park Use on Public Health in Shanghai[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(9):99-105.
[19]张圆,康健,金虹.高密度城市公共开放空间的恢复性效益研究:以沈阳市为例[J].建筑学报,2015(13):152-157.ZHANG Y,KANG J,JIN H.Study on Restorative Benefits of Public Open Space in High-density City:Take Shenyang as an Example[J]Architectural Journal,2015(13):152157.
[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.CJJ/T85-2017城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.CJJ/T85-2017 Standard for Classification of Urban Green Space[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2017.
[211]PESCHARDT K K,SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTER U K.Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces(SPUGS)[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2012(3):235-244.
[22]谭少华,彭慧蕴.袖珍公园缓解人群精神压力的影响因子研究[J].中国园林,2016(8):65-70.TAN S H,PENG H Y.A Study on Impact Factor of Vest-pocket Park Alleviating of Human[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2016(8):65-70.
[23]郭庭鸿.面向公众健康的高密度城市小型公园绿地研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2018.GUO T H.Research of Small Public Urban Green Space in Hign-density City for Public Health[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2018.
[2]郭庭鸿,舒波,董靓.自然与健康:自然景观应对压力危机的实证进展及启示[J].中国园林,2018(5):52-56.GUO T H,SHU B,DONG L.Nature and Health:Review of Empirical Studies on the Role of Natural Landscape in Coping with Stress Crisis and Its Enlightenments[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2018(5):52-56.
[3]张俊彦,唐宜君.健康的城市生态与健康的人[J].景观设计学,2015(1):45-53.ZHANG J Y,TANG Y J.Connecting Healthy Urban City with Human Health[J].Landscape Architecture Frontiers,2015(1):45-53.
[4]闰水玉,朱茜,刘涛,等.基于城市生态系统健康评价的规划响应策略研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2018,33(4):54-59.YAN S Y,ZHU X,LIU T,et al. Research on Planning Response Strategy Based on Urban Ecosystem Health Assessment[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2018,33(4):54-59.
[5]HARTIG T,MITCHELL R,DE-VRIES S, et al.Nature and Health[J].Annual Review of Public Health,2014(1):207-228.
[6] Hitchings R.Studying the Preoccupations that Prevent People from Going into Green Space[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,118(5):98-102.
[7]HASSEN N.Green Space in the City:How Toronto's Green Spaces Promote Mental Health[EB/OL].Wellesley Institute,2016[2016-02-04].http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/healthy-c ommunities/green-spac e-inthe-cit y-how-torontos-green-spacespromote-mental-health/.
[8]MAAS J,VERHEIJ R A,DE-VRIES S,et al. Morbidity is Related to a Green Living Environment[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2009,63(12):967-973.
[9]HEGETSCHWEILER K T,DE-VRIES S,ARNBERGER A,et al.Linking Demand and Supply Factors in Identifying Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Infrastructures:A Review of European Studies[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017,21:48-59.
[10]LACHOWYCZ K,JONES A P.Towards a Better Understanding of the Relationship between Greenspace and Health:Development of a Theoretical Framework[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,118(3):62-69.
[11]BELL S L,PHOENIX C,LOVELL R,et al.Green Space,Health and Wellbeing:Making Space for Individual Agency[J].Health&Place,2014,30:287-292.
[12]郭庭鸿,舒波,董靓.从城市自然到居民健康的生态系统文化服务路径[J].中国城市林业,2018(2):33-37.GUO T H,SHU B,DONG L.Cultural Ecosystems Service Pathways between Urban Nature and Public Health[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2018(2):33-37.
[13]郭庭鸿,舒波,董靓,等.城市小型公园绿地使用的影响因素:成都实例研究[J].风景园林,2018(12):87-92.GUO T H,SHU B,DONG L,et al.Factors Influencing the Use of Small Public Urban Green Space:A Case Study in Chengdu,China[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(12):87-92.
[14]SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTER U K,RANDRUP T B,et al. Influences on the Use of Urban Green Space:A Case Study in Odense,Denmark[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2010,9(1):25-32.
[15]LENNON M,DOUGLAS O,SCOTT M.Urban Green Space for Health and Wellbeing:Developing an"Affordances"Framework for Planning and Design[J].Journal of Urban Design,2017(1):778-795.
[16]LIN B B,FULLER R A,BUSH R,et al.Opportunity or Orientation?Who Uses Urban Parks and Why[J].Plos One2014,9(1):1-8.
[17]董靓.实现公园城市理念的一种概念性框架[J].园林,2018(11):18-21.DONG L.A Conceptual Framework for Realizing the Idea of Park City[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(11):18-21.
[18]陈筝,董楠楠,刘颂,等.上海城市公园使用对健康影响研究[J].风景园林,2017(9):99-105.CHEN Z,DONG N N,LIU S,et al.Study on the Impacts of Urban Park Use on Public Health in Shanghai[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(9):99-105.
[19]张圆,康健,金虹.高密度城市公共开放空间的恢复性效益研究:以沈阳市为例[J].建筑学报,2015(13):152-157.ZHANG Y,KANG J,JIN H.Study on Restorative Benefits of Public Open Space in High-density City:Take Shenyang as an Example[J]Architectural Journal,2015(13):152157.
[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.CJJ/T85-2017城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China.CJJ/T85-2017 Standard for Classification of Urban Green Space[S].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2017.
[211]PESCHARDT K K,SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTER U K.Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces(SPUGS)[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2012(3):235-244.
[22]谭少华,彭慧蕴.袖珍公园缓解人群精神压力的影响因子研究[J].中国园林,2016(8):65-70.TAN S H,PENG H Y.A Study on Impact Factor of Vest-pocket Park Alleviating of Human[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2016(8):65-70.
[23]郭庭鸿.面向公众健康的高密度城市小型公园绿地研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2018.GUO T H.Research of Small Public Urban Green Space in Hign-density City for Public Health[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2018.