不同施肥模式对黄瓜产量、品质及养分利用的影响
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摘要
针对目前菜地肥料用量大、浅层施用、肥料利用率低等问题,采用盆栽与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了不同施肥模式对黄瓜产量、品质及养分利用的影响。结果表明:氮肥施在5～15 cm且磷、钾和生物菌肥施在15～30 cm土层的T5处理扩大了根系的分布,且黄瓜总根长和表面积最大;其产量分别较不施肥(T1)、推荐配方肥用量施在5～15 cm(T3)和推荐配方肥用量施在15～30 cm(T4)提高50.9%、16.9%和13.7%。与农民习惯施肥(T2)相比,T5处理的黄瓜根系总根长和表面积分别提高18.6%、17.8%,产量增加7.8%,可溶性糖和Vc含量分别显著提高12.8%和16.6%;硝酸盐明显降低38.1%;氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提升63.4、111.8、61.5 kg/kg;氮、磷、钾肥生产效率分别增加160.3、294.1、163.6 kg/kg。因此,氮肥施在5～15 cm且磷、钾和生物菌肥施在15～30 cm土层的T5处理既改善黄瓜根系形态,增加产量,又改善其品质,促进养分利用。
In view of the problems of large amount of fertilizer application, shallow fertilization and low fertilizer utilization rate in vegetable fields, the effects of different fertilization modes on cucumber yield, quality and nutrient utilization were studied under the conditions of pot culture and indoor analysis. The results showed that when N fertilizer was applied at 5-15 cm, and P, K and biobacterial fertilizer applied at soil depth of 15-30 cm, the total root length and surface area of cucumber were the largest. The cucumber production increased by 50.9%, 16.9% and 13.7% compared with the non-fertilization(T1), recommended formula fertilizer application at 5-15 cm(T3) and recommended formula fertilizer application at 15-30 cm(T4), respectively. Compared with the farmers' habitual fertilization(T2), total root length and surface area of cucumber roots in T5 treatment were enhanced by 18.6% and 17.8%, yield raised by 7.8%, soluble sugar and Vc increased by 12.8% and 16.6%, while nitrate reduced by 61.5%. The agronomic efficiencies of N, P and K increased by 63.4, 111.8 and 61.5 kg/kg respectively, and the production efficiency of N, P and K increased by 160.3, 294.1 and 163.6 kg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the T5 treatment of N fertilizer applied in 5-15 cm and P, K and biobacterial fertilizer used in 15-30 cm can not only increase root morphology and yield, but also improve quality and nutrient utilization of cucumber.
In view of the problems of large amount of fertilizer application, shallow fertilization and low fertilizer utilization rate in vegetable fields, the effects of different fertilization modes on cucumber yield, quality and nutrient utilization were studied under the conditions of pot culture and indoor analysis. The results showed that when N fertilizer was applied at 5-15 cm, and P, K and biobacterial fertilizer applied at soil depth of 15-30 cm, the total root length and surface area of cucumber were the largest. The cucumber production increased by 50.9%, 16.9% and 13.7% compared with the non-fertilization(T1), recommended formula fertilizer application at 5-15 cm(T3) and recommended formula fertilizer application at 15-30 cm(T4), respectively. Compared with the farmers' habitual fertilization(T2), total root length and surface area of cucumber roots in T5 treatment were enhanced by 18.6% and 17.8%, yield raised by 7.8%, soluble sugar and Vc increased by 12.8% and 16.6%, while nitrate reduced by 61.5%. The agronomic efficiencies of N, P and K increased by 63.4, 111.8 and 61.5 kg/kg respectively, and the production efficiency of N, P and K increased by 160.3, 294.1 and 163.6 kg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the T5 treatment of N fertilizer applied in 5-15 cm and P, K and biobacterial fertilizer used in 15-30 cm can not only increase root morphology and yield, but also improve quality and nutrient utilization of cucumber.
引文
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[17]宁川川,王建武,蔡昆争.有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):175-181.
[18]王梦雅,符云鹏,贾辉,等.不同菌肥对土壤养分、酶活性和微生物功能多样性的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2018,39(1):57-63.
[19]曾研华,吴建富,曾勇军,等.机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2018,44(3):454-462.
[20]汪峰,李国安,王丽丽,等.减量施氮对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3627-3633.
[2]张维理,徐爱国,张认连,等.土壤分类研究回顾与中国土壤分类系统的修编[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(16):214-230.
[3]于红梅,王志刚,葛建军,等.适量施肥提高土壤残留硝态氮利用率及菠菜产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(16):121-128.
[4]严铁宁,胥志文.改进施肥方法促进肥料利用率提高的探索[J].陕西农业科学,2013,59(1):123-125.
[5]杨宁,王勇,王克安.不同灌溉方式对设施土壤性状及黄瓜产量品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2018,50(3):61-65.
[6]吴欣怡.氮肥减量对设施番茄产量品质的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[7]马俊艳.设施菜地土壤耕层增厚及土壤培肥机制研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
[8]刘建霞,李博文,刘文菊.不同种植年限黄瓜温室土壤理化性质的变化规律[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):164-168.
[9]Ling P P,Ruzhitsky V N.Machine vision techniques for measuring the canopy of tomato seedling[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1996,65(2):85-95.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11]沙凌杰,李正英,朱丽,等.反射仪-硝酸根试纸法现场速测蔬菜硝酸盐水平及其应用[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(5):994-999.
[12]杜欢,马彤彤,郭帅,等.大麦近等基因系苗期根系形态及叶片渗透调节物质对PEG胁迫的响应[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(13):2423-2432.
[13]黄国勤,王兴祥,钱海燕,等.施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策[J].生态环境学报,2004,13(4):656-660.
[14]宋以玲,于建,陈士更,等.化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜生长及土壤微生物和酶活性影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):352-360.
[15]辛业全,黄洪海,万惠娥,等.水土流失区旱地合理深施肥料的增产效益[J].水土保持通报,1986(1):20-26.
[16]王应君,王淑珍,郑义.肥料深施对小麦生育性状、养分吸收及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(9):276-280.
[17]宁川川,王建武,蔡昆争.有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):175-181.
[18]王梦雅,符云鹏,贾辉,等.不同菌肥对土壤养分、酶活性和微生物功能多样性的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2018,39(1):57-63.
[19]曾研华,吴建富,曾勇军,等.机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2018,44(3):454-462.
[20]汪峰,李国安,王丽丽,等.减量施氮对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3627-3633.