4种麦秸还田/玉米播种模式比较
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摘要
为充分利用秸秆资源,更好发挥现代农机装备作用,设置4种小麦秸秆还田/玉米播种模式,研究耕层土壤含水量、有机质质量分数、玉米播种质量、生长发育、产量和经济效益差异。结果表明:秸秆粉碎免耕播种保墒效果好,植株抗倒,但秸秆抛撒不匀常造成播种机入土部件挂草壅堵、缺苗断垄。翻埋秸秆旋耕播种当季有机质增加较多,但保墒效果差,倒伏风险较大,环节多成本高。秸秆打捆免耕播种还田量少,但出苗较好,保墒、抗倒,产量较高,且增加了秸秆收入。洁区播种可一次完成小麦秸秆粉碎、玉米播种、秸秆覆盖,且播种质量高、保墒抗倒效果好,增产明显,经济效益最佳。说明提高播种质量、确保单位面积穗数是玉米高产的基础,播种区域相对"洁净"是提高播种质量的关键,秸秆覆盖起到蓄水保墒作用,免耕播种玉米抗倒能力强,洁区播种模式实现了以上要素的结合,节本增效显著,值得大力推广。
In order to make full use of straw resources and better play the role of modern agricultural machinery and equipment, four wheat straw returning/maize sowing patterns were set up to study the difference of soil moisture content, organic mass fraction, sowing quality, maize growth, yield and economic efficiency. The results showed that: straw power and no-tillage planting had good effect on moisture conservation, and the plants were resistant to lodging, but the uneven dispersion straw often caused the planter to hang grass and block the sowing ports;the effect of moisture conservation by burying the straw was poor,but it had the higher risk of lodging and the high cost;the emergence of straw baling and no-tillage planting were better, the moisture conservation of soil was better, the plant was resistant to lodging, and the yield was higher, and the straw income was increased;sowing in the clean area could complete wheat straw grinding, maize sowing and straw mulching at one time, and the emergence quality was high, the moisture conservation of soil was better, the plant resistant to lodging was good, the increase of the yield was obvious, and the economic benefit was best. In conclusion,the foundation for high yield of maize is laid to improve the quality of sowing and ensure the number of panicles per unit area.The key to improve the quality of sowing is keep relatively clean in the planting area. The straw coverage plays the role of water storage and preservation. Planting maize with no-tillage is resistant to lodging.The patterns of the sowing in clean area has combinned all above element,this cost-saving synergy is remarkable and is very worth promoting.
In order to make full use of straw resources and better play the role of modern agricultural machinery and equipment, four wheat straw returning/maize sowing patterns were set up to study the difference of soil moisture content, organic mass fraction, sowing quality, maize growth, yield and economic efficiency. The results showed that: straw power and no-tillage planting had good effect on moisture conservation, and the plants were resistant to lodging, but the uneven dispersion straw often caused the planter to hang grass and block the sowing ports;the effect of moisture conservation by burying the straw was poor,but it had the higher risk of lodging and the high cost;the emergence of straw baling and no-tillage planting were better, the moisture conservation of soil was better, the plant was resistant to lodging, and the yield was higher, and the straw income was increased;sowing in the clean area could complete wheat straw grinding, maize sowing and straw mulching at one time, and the emergence quality was high, the moisture conservation of soil was better, the plant resistant to lodging was good, the increase of the yield was obvious, and the economic benefit was best. In conclusion,the foundation for high yield of maize is laid to improve the quality of sowing and ensure the number of panicles per unit area.The key to improve the quality of sowing is keep relatively clean in the planting area. The straw coverage plays the role of water storage and preservation. Planting maize with no-tillage is resistant to lodging.The patterns of the sowing in clean area has combinned all above element,this cost-saving synergy is remarkable and is very worth promoting.
引文
[1]刘继元,崔中凯,马继春,等.黄淮海地区小麦玉米接茬轮作机械化生产问题与对策[J].农机化研究,2016(5):259-263.LIU J Y,CUI ZH K,MA J CH,et al.Problems and countermeasures of wheat corn rotation production mechanization for main crops in huang huai hai region[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016(5):259-263.
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[3]董玉良,劳秀荣,毕建杰.麦玉轮作体系中秸秆钾对土壤钾库平衡的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(3):173-176.DONG Y L,LAO X R,BI J J.Effect of straw potassium on balance of soil K in wheat/maize rotation system[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2005,14(3):173-176.
[4]赵亚丽,薛志伟,郭海斌,等.耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(17):3359-3371.ZHAO Y L,XUE ZH W,GUO H B,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(17):3359-3371.
[5]殷文,冯福学,赵财,等.小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(5):751-757.YIN W,FENG F X,ZHAO C,et al.Effects of wheat straw returning patterns on characteristics of dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of rotation maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(5):751-757.
[6]张绍锋,王龙.小麦秸秆还田技术推广应用及建议[J].山东农机化,2016(2):19.ZHANG SH F,WANG L.Application and suggestion of wheat straw returning technology[J].Shandong Agricultural Mechanization,2016(2):19.
[7]韩杰.阜阳市颍州区小麦秸秆还田存在的问题及对策[J].农业工程,2015,5(4):71-72,82.HAN J.Problems and countermeasures of wheat straw returning to field in Yingzhou district of Fuyang city[J].Agricultural Engineering,2015,5(4):71-72,82.
[8]刘予.淮北地区小麦秸秆还田下茬作物播种技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(13):69,71.LIU Y.Sowing techniques of wheat straw returning to crops in huaibei region[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(13):69,71.
[9]李珊.我国农作物秸秆还田的研究进展[J].新农业,2017(9):28-29.LI SH.Research progress on crop straw returning in China[J].New Agriculture,2017(9):28-29.
[10]康瑞军.埇桥区小麦秸秆机械化还田问题探讨[J].农机科技推广,2015(7):38-39.KANG R J.Discussion on mechanized returning of wheat straw in Yongqiao district[J].Agriculture Machinery Technology Extension,2015(7):38-39.
[11]陈斯,江帆.南京农机化研究所:免耕洁区播种技术破解秸秆污染难题[N].中国农机化导报,2017-11-6(07).CHEN S,JIANG F.Nanjing agricultural mechanization research institute:no-tillage area planting technology to solve the problem of straw pollution[N].China Agricultural Mechanization Guide,2017-11-6(07).
[12]吴峰,徐弘博,顾峰玮,等.秸秆粉碎后抛式多功能免耕播种机秸秆输送装置改进[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):18-26.WU F,XU H B,GU F W,et al.Improvement of straw transport devicefor straw-smashing back-throwing type multi-function no-tillage planter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(24):18-26.
[13]顾峰玮,胡志超,陈有庆,等.“洁区播种”思路下麦茬全秸秆覆盖地花生免耕播种机研制[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(20):15-23.GU F W,HU ZH CH,CH Y Q,et al.Development and experiment of peanut no-till planter under full wheat straw mulching based on“clean area planting”[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(20):15-23.
[14]贾晴蔚.秸秆还田洁区播种机对大豆产量的影响[J].农家参谋,2018(7):86.JIA Q W.Effect of straw returning field clean area planter on soybean yield[J].Farm Staff,2018(7):86.
[15]杨备战.小麦秸秆还田免耕播种玉米方法对比[J].农机科技推广,2012(1):42-43.YANG B ZH.Comparison of wheat straw returning to notillage and sowing corn[J].Machinery Technology Extension,2012(1):42-43.
[16]王幸,邢兴华,徐泽俊,等.耕作方式和秸秆还田对黄淮海夏大豆产量和土壤理化性状的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(6):834-841.WANG X,XING X H,XU Z J,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning on soybean yield and soil physicochemical properties in Yellow-Huai-Hai Rivers Valley[J].ChineseJournal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(6):834-841.
[17]王春虎,陈士林,冯荣成.麦秸还田对夏玉米田养分含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):170-174.WANG CH H,CHEN SH L,FENG R CH.Research in the effect of nourishing ingredient dynamic transformation of straw for wheat return to corn field[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2010,25(3):170-174.
[18]严慧峻,魏由庆,左余宝,等.盐渍土麦秸还田效应研究初探[J].土壤肥料,1993(5):15-17.YAN H J,WEI Y SH,ZUO Y B,et al.Preliminary study on the effect of returning wheat straw to saline soil[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,1993(5):15-17.
[2]高翔,沈阿林,寇长林,等.秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作田土壤有机碳质量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2012,41(9):63-67.GAO X,SHEN A L,KOU CH L,et al.Effects of straw application on soil organic carbon and active organic carbon in wheat-corn rotation system[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2012,41(9):63-67.
[3]董玉良,劳秀荣,毕建杰.麦玉轮作体系中秸秆钾对土壤钾库平衡的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(3):173-176.DONG Y L,LAO X R,BI J J.Effect of straw potassium on balance of soil K in wheat/maize rotation system[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2005,14(3):173-176.
[4]赵亚丽,薛志伟,郭海斌,等.耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(17):3359-3371.ZHAO Y L,XUE ZH W,GUO H B,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(17):3359-3371.
[5]殷文,冯福学,赵财,等.小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(5):751-757.YIN W,FENG F X,ZHAO C,et al.Effects of wheat straw returning patterns on characteristics of dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of rotation maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(5):751-757.
[6]张绍锋,王龙.小麦秸秆还田技术推广应用及建议[J].山东农机化,2016(2):19.ZHANG SH F,WANG L.Application and suggestion of wheat straw returning technology[J].Shandong Agricultural Mechanization,2016(2):19.
[7]韩杰.阜阳市颍州区小麦秸秆还田存在的问题及对策[J].农业工程,2015,5(4):71-72,82.HAN J.Problems and countermeasures of wheat straw returning to field in Yingzhou district of Fuyang city[J].Agricultural Engineering,2015,5(4):71-72,82.
[8]刘予.淮北地区小麦秸秆还田下茬作物播种技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(13):69,71.LIU Y.Sowing techniques of wheat straw returning to crops in huaibei region[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(13):69,71.
[9]李珊.我国农作物秸秆还田的研究进展[J].新农业,2017(9):28-29.LI SH.Research progress on crop straw returning in China[J].New Agriculture,2017(9):28-29.
[10]康瑞军.埇桥区小麦秸秆机械化还田问题探讨[J].农机科技推广,2015(7):38-39.KANG R J.Discussion on mechanized returning of wheat straw in Yongqiao district[J].Agriculture Machinery Technology Extension,2015(7):38-39.
[11]陈斯,江帆.南京农机化研究所:免耕洁区播种技术破解秸秆污染难题[N].中国农机化导报,2017-11-6(07).CHEN S,JIANG F.Nanjing agricultural mechanization research institute:no-tillage area planting technology to solve the problem of straw pollution[N].China Agricultural Mechanization Guide,2017-11-6(07).
[12]吴峰,徐弘博,顾峰玮,等.秸秆粉碎后抛式多功能免耕播种机秸秆输送装置改进[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):18-26.WU F,XU H B,GU F W,et al.Improvement of straw transport devicefor straw-smashing back-throwing type multi-function no-tillage planter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(24):18-26.
[13]顾峰玮,胡志超,陈有庆,等.“洁区播种”思路下麦茬全秸秆覆盖地花生免耕播种机研制[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(20):15-23.GU F W,HU ZH CH,CH Y Q,et al.Development and experiment of peanut no-till planter under full wheat straw mulching based on“clean area planting”[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(20):15-23.
[14]贾晴蔚.秸秆还田洁区播种机对大豆产量的影响[J].农家参谋,2018(7):86.JIA Q W.Effect of straw returning field clean area planter on soybean yield[J].Farm Staff,2018(7):86.
[15]杨备战.小麦秸秆还田免耕播种玉米方法对比[J].农机科技推广,2012(1):42-43.YANG B ZH.Comparison of wheat straw returning to notillage and sowing corn[J].Machinery Technology Extension,2012(1):42-43.
[16]王幸,邢兴华,徐泽俊,等.耕作方式和秸秆还田对黄淮海夏大豆产量和土壤理化性状的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(6):834-841.WANG X,XING X H,XU Z J,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning on soybean yield and soil physicochemical properties in Yellow-Huai-Hai Rivers Valley[J].ChineseJournal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(6):834-841.
[17]王春虎,陈士林,冯荣成.麦秸还田对夏玉米田养分含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):170-174.WANG CH H,CHEN SH L,FENG R CH.Research in the effect of nourishing ingredient dynamic transformation of straw for wheat return to corn field[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2010,25(3):170-174.
[18]严慧峻,魏由庆,左余宝,等.盐渍土麦秸还田效应研究初探[J].土壤肥料,1993(5):15-17.YAN H J,WEI Y SH,ZUO Y B,et al.Preliminary study on the effect of returning wheat straw to saline soil[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,1993(5):15-17.