Shear strength of extremely altered serpentinites based on degree of saturation(Ankara, Turkey)
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摘要
The term "mélange" has several definitions due to the origin, tectonic and petrographical features. The geotechnical engineering behaviors of mélanges are either dominated by different kinds of intact rock blocks or matrix material. Landslides were encountered within the serpentinite matrix of Ankara Mélange, which is a typical bimrock mass. The residual sections of the extremely altered serpentinites are sandy soils. Such soils undergo rapid change of saturation, leading to shear strength reduction. Undisturbed and disturbed samples were obtained from the outcrops for shear box tests. Geochemical and petrographical composition of the serpentinites were determined by XRF(X Ray Fluorescence), XRD(X-ray diffraction) and thin section inspections, in order to outline the alteration process. Based on field observations, physically decomposed core stones exist beneath 40-120 cm thick residual green and grey-dark grey residual sandy soil. Physical and mechanical properties of the soils were tested with particular emphasis on residual shear strength parameters. Disturbed samples were remolded by standard compaction. The field work was completed during both rainy and summer seasons. Disturbed samples were prepared using phase diagrams in order to attain varying saturation degree. Two distinct sandy soil groups were determined through classification tests. The volumetric compression and/or expansion of the loose and dense samples were also considered based on the angle of dilatancy. A series of consolidated and drained shear box tests were conducted with ascending degree of saturation. The reduction of effective apparent cohesion, internal friction angle and dilatancy angle were determined to obtain a threshold of the degree of saturation. All the sand samples had zero residual internal friction angle and/or apparent cohesion after reaching 70% degree of saturation.
The term "mélange" has several definitions due to the origin, tectonic and petrographical features. The geotechnical engineering behaviors of mélanges are either dominated by different kinds of intact rock blocks or matrix material. Landslides were encountered within the serpentinite matrix of Ankara Mélange, which is a typical bimrock mass. The residual sections of the extremely altered serpentinites are sandy soils. Such soils undergo rapid change of saturation, leading to shear strength reduction. Undisturbed and disturbed samples were obtained from the outcrops for shear box tests. Geochemical and petrographical composition of the serpentinites were determined by XRF(X Ray Fluorescence), XRD(X-ray diffraction) and thin section inspections, in order to outline the alteration process. Based on field observations, physically decomposed core stones exist beneath 40-120 cm thick residual green and grey-dark grey residual sandy soil. Physical and mechanical properties of the soils were tested with particular emphasis on residual shear strength parameters. Disturbed samples were remolded by standard compaction. The field work was completed during both rainy and summer seasons. Disturbed samples were prepared using phase diagrams in order to attain varying saturation degree. Two distinct sandy soil groups were determined through classification tests. The volumetric compression and/or expansion of the loose and dense samples were also considered based on the angle of dilatancy. A series of consolidated and drained shear box tests were conducted with ascending degree of saturation. The reduction of effective apparent cohesion, internal friction angle and dilatancy angle were determined to obtain a threshold of the degree of saturation. All the sand samples had zero residual internal friction angle and/or apparent cohesion after reaching 70% degree of saturation.
The term "mélange" has several definitions due to the origin, tectonic and petrographical features. The geotechnical engineering behaviors of mélanges are either dominated by different kinds of intact rock blocks or matrix material. Landslides were encountered within the serpentinite matrix of Ankara Mélange, which is a typical bimrock mass. The residual sections of the extremely altered serpentinites are sandy soils. Such soils undergo rapid change of saturation, leading to shear strength reduction. Undisturbed and disturbed samples were obtained from the outcrops for shear box tests. Geochemical and petrographical composition of the serpentinites were determined by XRF(X Ray Fluorescence), XRD(X-ray diffraction) and thin section inspections, in order to outline the alteration process. Based on field observations, physically decomposed core stones exist beneath 40-120 cm thick residual green and grey-dark grey residual sandy soil. Physical and mechanical properties of the soils were tested with particular emphasis on residual shear strength parameters. Disturbed samples were remolded by standard compaction. The field work was completed during both rainy and summer seasons. Disturbed samples were prepared using phase diagrams in order to attain varying saturation degree. Two distinct sandy soil groups were determined through classification tests. The volumetric compression and/or expansion of the loose and dense samples were also considered based on the angle of dilatancy. A series of consolidated and drained shear box tests were conducted with ascending degree of saturation. The reduction of effective apparent cohesion, internal friction angle and dilatancy angle were determined to obtain a threshold of the degree of saturation. All the sand samples had zero residual internal friction angle and/or apparent cohesion after reaching 70% degree of saturation.
引文
Akyürek B,Bilginer E,Dager Z,et al.(1979)Evidences for the ophiolite emplacement around Eldivan-?aban?zü.Chamber of Geological Engineers 9:5-11.
Akyürek B,Bilginer E,Akba?B,et al.(1984)Basic geologic features of Ankara-Elmadag-Kalecik regions.Geological Engineering 20:31-46.(In Turkish)
ASTM(2010)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by Mass,D2216-10,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2011)Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated Drained Conditions,D3080/D3080M-11,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2012)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort,D698-12e2,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2016)Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density,D4254-16,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2017)Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System),D2487-17,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2018)e2(2018)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density(Unit Weight)of Soil Specimens,D7263-09,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
Bailey E,McCallien W(1954)Serpentinite lavas,the Ankara Mélange and the Anatolian Thrust.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62(2):403-442.
Bishop AW(1971)Shear strength parameters for undisturbed and remolded soil specimens.Roscoe Memorial Symposium,Cambridge University,29-31 March,pp.3-58.
Bolton MD(1986)The strength and dilatancy of sands.Geotechnique 36(1):65-78.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65
Casagrande A(1936)Characteristics of apparent cohesionless soils affecting the stability of slopes and earth fills.Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers 23:13-32.
Cen D,Huang D,Ren F(2017)Shear deformation and strength of the interphase between the soil-rock mixture and the benched bedrock slope surface.Acta Geotechnica 12(2):391-413.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0468-2
Cornforth DH(1964)Some experiments on the influence of strain conditions on the strength of sand.Geotechnique(14):143-167.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.143
Cox MRB(2008)The Influence of Grain Shape on Dilatancy.PhD Dissertation,University of Arizona.p 183.
?ak?rü,üner T(2016)The Ankara Mélange:an indicator of Tethyan evolution of Anatolia.Geologica Carpathica 67(4):403-414.https://doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0025
?apan UZ,Buket E(1975)Geological evaluation of the area between Aktepe-G?kdere and ophiolitic mélange.TJK 18(1):11-16.
?apan UZ,Floyd PA(1985)Geochemical and petrogenetic features of metabasalts within units of the Ankara Mélange,Turkey.Ofioliti 10:3-18.
?elik?F,Chiaradia M,Marzoli A,et al.(2013)The Eldivan ophiolite and volcanic rocks in the?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone,Northern Turkey:Geochronology,whole-rock geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope characteristics.Lithos172-173:31-46.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.03.010
Dilek Y,Thy P(2006)Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara Mélange,central Turkey.Island Arc15:44-57.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00522.x
Fragaszy RJ,Su J,Siddiqi FH,et al.(1992)Modeling strength of sandy gravel.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118(6):920-936.
Guo P,Su X(2007)Shear strength,interparticle locking,and dilatancy of granular materials.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44:579-591.https://doi.org/10.1139/t07-010
G?ncüo?lu C,Dürük MC,Kozlu H(1997)General characteristics of pre-Alpine and Alpine Terranes in Turkey:Explanatory notes to the terrane map of Turkey.Annales Geologique de Pays.Hellenique 3(7):515-536.
Hanna AM,Youssef H(1987)Evaluation of dilatancy theories of granular materials.Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering,Proceedings of an International Symposium,Calgary.pp 227-236.
Houlsby GT(1991)How the dilatancy of soils affect their behavior.Soil Mechanics Report Number 121/91,
University of Oxford.p30.
Irfan TY,Tang KY(1993)Effect of the coarse fractions on the shear strength of colluvium.Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office Report 23:224 pp.
JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data(1993)Mineral Powder Diffraction File:Databook.Sets 1-42.Compiled by the JCPDS and American Ceramic Society.PA,USA,782 pp.
Karagüzel R,K?l??R(2000)The effect of the alteration degree of ophiolitic melangéon permeability and grouting.Engineering Geology 57(1-2):1-12.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00124-6
K?l??R(1995a)Geomechanical properties of the ophiolites and alteration degree of diabase(?ank?r?/Turkey).Bulletin of IAEG 51:63-69.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02594924
K?l??R(1995b)The Degree of alteration and geomechanical properties of diabase in the Ankara OphioliticMelangé,Turkey.Environmental&Engineering Geosciences 1(3):341-351.https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.I.3.341
Kim C,Snell CC,Medley EW(2004)Shear strength of Franciscan Complex mélange as calculated from backanalysis of a landslide.Proc.5th Int.Conf.Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering,NY.
Ko?yigit A(1991)An example of an accretionary forearc basin from northern Central Anatolia and its implications for the history of Neo-Tethys in Turkey.Geological Society of America Bulletin 103:22-36.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0022:AEOAAF>2.3.CO;2
Lee KL,Seed HB(1967)Drained strength characteristics of sands.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE 93(SM6):117-141.
Medley EW(1994)The engineering characterization of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks)PHDDissertation,University of California at Berkeley,CA,USA.
Medley EW,Lindquist ES(1995)The engineering significance of the apparent scale-independence of some mélanges of the Franciscan Complex,California.Proceedings of the 35th USRock Mechanics Conference,South Lake Tahoe,California.
Medley EW,Rehermann PS(2004)Charazterization of Bimrocks(Rock/Soil Mixtures)with Application to Slope Stability Problems.Proceedings of Eurock 2004 and 53rd Geomechanics Colloqium,Salzburg,Austria.
Mohr O(1900)Which circumstances condition the elastic limit and the breakage of a material.Association of German Engineers 44:1524-1530,1572-1577.
Napoli ML,Barbero M,Ra-vera E,et al.(2018)A stochastic approach to slope stability analysis in bimrocks.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 101:41-49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.009
Norman T(1978)The behavior of the Ankara Mélange.50th Anniversary of the Republic Earth Science Congress.MTA.77-04.(In Turkish)
Oda M,Kazama H(1998)Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils.Geotechnique 48(4):465-481.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.465
Okay A,Tüysüz O(1999)Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey.In:Durand B,Jolivet,Horvath F,Seranne M(eds.).The Mediterranean Basins:Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen.Geological Society Special Publications.pp 475-515.https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
Okay A,G?ncüo?lu C(2004)The Karakaya Complex:a review of data and concepts.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13:77-95.
Roadifer JW,Forrest,MP,Lindquist ES(2009)Evaluation of shear strength of melangéfoundation at Calaveras Dam.Proceedings of the 29th US Soc.for Dams,Annual Meeting and Conference:“Managing our Water Retention Systems”,April 20-24,Nashville,Tennessee,USA.
Rojay B(2013)Tectonic evolution of the cretaceous Ankara Ophiolitic Mélange during the late Cretaceous to pre-Miocene interval in central Anatolia,Turkey.Journal of Geodynamics65:66-81.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.006
Rowe PW(1962)The Stress Dilatancy Relations for Static Equilibrium of an Assembly of Particles in Contact.Proceedings of Royal Society,London,Series A(269):500-527.
Salgado R,Bandini P,Karim A(2000)Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 126(5):451-462.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:5(451)
Say?t K,G?ncüo?lu C(2013)Geodynamic evolution of the Karakaya Mélange Complex,Turkey:A review of geological and petrological constraints.Journal of Geodynamics 65:56-65.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.009
Schanz T,Vermeer PA(1996)Angles of friction and dilatancy of sand.Geotechnique 46(1):145-151.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.1.145
Simoni A,Houlsby GT(2006)The direct shear strength and dilatancy of sand-gravel mixtures.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24:523-549.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-5832-6
Skempton AW(1964)The long term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique 14(2):77-102.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.77
Stark TD,Newman E,Pena de la G,Hillebrandt DH(2010)Fill placement on slopes underlain by Franciscan Mélange.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering137(3):263-272.https://doi.org.10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000394
?enel M(2002)Geological Map of Turkey(1/500000 Scale).General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration.Ankara,Turkey.(In Turkish)
Seng?r AMC(2003)The repeated rediscovery of mélanges and its implications for the possibility and the role of objective evidence in the scientific enterprise.In:Dilek Y.&Newcomb S.(eds).Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought.Geological Society of America Special Paper 373:385-445.
Tankut A(1990)Geochemical implications for tectonic setting of the ophiolitic rocks from the ophiolite mélange belt of the Ankara Mélange.MTA Journal 110:17-28.(In Turkish)
Taylor DW(1948)Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics.John Wiley&Sons,Inc.New York.
Terzaghi K(1947)Shear characteristics of quicksand and soft clay.Proc.7th Texas Conf.Soil Mechanics.
Vaid YP,Byrne PM,Hughes M0(1981)Dilation angle and liquefaction potential.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division.ASCE 107(GT7):1003-1008.
Zhao Y,Liu Z(2018)Study of material composition effects on the mechanical properties of soil-rock mixtures.Advances in Civil Engineering.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3854727
Akyürek B,Bilginer E,Akba?B,et al.(1984)Basic geologic features of Ankara-Elmadag-Kalecik regions.Geological Engineering 20:31-46.(In Turkish)
ASTM(2010)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by Mass,D2216-10,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2011)Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated Drained Conditions,D3080/D3080M-11,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2012)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort,D698-12e2,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2016)Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density,D4254-16,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2017)Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System),D2487-17,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
ASTM(2018)e2(2018)Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density(Unit Weight)of Soil Specimens,D7263-09,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
Bailey E,McCallien W(1954)Serpentinite lavas,the Ankara Mélange and the Anatolian Thrust.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62(2):403-442.
Bishop AW(1971)Shear strength parameters for undisturbed and remolded soil specimens.Roscoe Memorial Symposium,Cambridge University,29-31 March,pp.3-58.
Bolton MD(1986)The strength and dilatancy of sands.Geotechnique 36(1):65-78.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65
Casagrande A(1936)Characteristics of apparent cohesionless soils affecting the stability of slopes and earth fills.Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers 23:13-32.
Cen D,Huang D,Ren F(2017)Shear deformation and strength of the interphase between the soil-rock mixture and the benched bedrock slope surface.Acta Geotechnica 12(2):391-413.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0468-2
Cornforth DH(1964)Some experiments on the influence of strain conditions on the strength of sand.Geotechnique(14):143-167.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.143
Cox MRB(2008)The Influence of Grain Shape on Dilatancy.PhD Dissertation,University of Arizona.p 183.
?ak?rü,üner T(2016)The Ankara Mélange:an indicator of Tethyan evolution of Anatolia.Geologica Carpathica 67(4):403-414.https://doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0025
?apan UZ,Buket E(1975)Geological evaluation of the area between Aktepe-G?kdere and ophiolitic mélange.TJK 18(1):11-16.
?apan UZ,Floyd PA(1985)Geochemical and petrogenetic features of metabasalts within units of the Ankara Mélange,Turkey.Ofioliti 10:3-18.
?elik?F,Chiaradia M,Marzoli A,et al.(2013)The Eldivan ophiolite and volcanic rocks in the?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone,Northern Turkey:Geochronology,whole-rock geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope characteristics.Lithos172-173:31-46.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.03.010
Dilek Y,Thy P(2006)Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara Mélange,central Turkey.Island Arc15:44-57.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00522.x
Fragaszy RJ,Su J,Siddiqi FH,et al.(1992)Modeling strength of sandy gravel.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118(6):920-936.
Guo P,Su X(2007)Shear strength,interparticle locking,and dilatancy of granular materials.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44:579-591.https://doi.org/10.1139/t07-010
G?ncüo?lu C,Dürük MC,Kozlu H(1997)General characteristics of pre-Alpine and Alpine Terranes in Turkey:Explanatory notes to the terrane map of Turkey.Annales Geologique de Pays.Hellenique 3(7):515-536.
Hanna AM,Youssef H(1987)Evaluation of dilatancy theories of granular materials.Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering,Proceedings of an International Symposium,Calgary.pp 227-236.
Houlsby GT(1991)How the dilatancy of soils affect their behavior.Soil Mechanics Report Number 121/91,
University of Oxford.p30.
Irfan TY,Tang KY(1993)Effect of the coarse fractions on the shear strength of colluvium.Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office Report 23:224 pp.
JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data(1993)Mineral Powder Diffraction File:Databook.Sets 1-42.Compiled by the JCPDS and American Ceramic Society.PA,USA,782 pp.
Karagüzel R,K?l??R(2000)The effect of the alteration degree of ophiolitic melangéon permeability and grouting.Engineering Geology 57(1-2):1-12.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00124-6
K?l??R(1995a)Geomechanical properties of the ophiolites and alteration degree of diabase(?ank?r?/Turkey).Bulletin of IAEG 51:63-69.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02594924
K?l??R(1995b)The Degree of alteration and geomechanical properties of diabase in the Ankara OphioliticMelangé,Turkey.Environmental&Engineering Geosciences 1(3):341-351.https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.I.3.341
Kim C,Snell CC,Medley EW(2004)Shear strength of Franciscan Complex mélange as calculated from backanalysis of a landslide.Proc.5th Int.Conf.Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering,NY.
Ko?yigit A(1991)An example of an accretionary forearc basin from northern Central Anatolia and its implications for the history of Neo-Tethys in Turkey.Geological Society of America Bulletin 103:22-36.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0022:AEOAAF>2.3.CO;2
Lee KL,Seed HB(1967)Drained strength characteristics of sands.Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE 93(SM6):117-141.
Medley EW(1994)The engineering characterization of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks)PHDDissertation,University of California at Berkeley,CA,USA.
Medley EW,Lindquist ES(1995)The engineering significance of the apparent scale-independence of some mélanges of the Franciscan Complex,California.Proceedings of the 35th USRock Mechanics Conference,South Lake Tahoe,California.
Medley EW,Rehermann PS(2004)Charazterization of Bimrocks(Rock/Soil Mixtures)with Application to Slope Stability Problems.Proceedings of Eurock 2004 and 53rd Geomechanics Colloqium,Salzburg,Austria.
Mohr O(1900)Which circumstances condition the elastic limit and the breakage of a material.Association of German Engineers 44:1524-1530,1572-1577.
Napoli ML,Barbero M,Ra-vera E,et al.(2018)A stochastic approach to slope stability analysis in bimrocks.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 101:41-49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.009
Norman T(1978)The behavior of the Ankara Mélange.50th Anniversary of the Republic Earth Science Congress.MTA.77-04.(In Turkish)
Oda M,Kazama H(1998)Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils.Geotechnique 48(4):465-481.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.465
Okay A,Tüysüz O(1999)Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey.In:Durand B,Jolivet,Horvath F,Seranne M(eds.).The Mediterranean Basins:Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen.Geological Society Special Publications.pp 475-515.https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
Okay A,G?ncüo?lu C(2004)The Karakaya Complex:a review of data and concepts.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13:77-95.
Roadifer JW,Forrest,MP,Lindquist ES(2009)Evaluation of shear strength of melangéfoundation at Calaveras Dam.Proceedings of the 29th US Soc.for Dams,Annual Meeting and Conference:“Managing our Water Retention Systems”,April 20-24,Nashville,Tennessee,USA.
Rojay B(2013)Tectonic evolution of the cretaceous Ankara Ophiolitic Mélange during the late Cretaceous to pre-Miocene interval in central Anatolia,Turkey.Journal of Geodynamics65:66-81.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.006
Rowe PW(1962)The Stress Dilatancy Relations for Static Equilibrium of an Assembly of Particles in Contact.Proceedings of Royal Society,London,Series A(269):500-527.
Salgado R,Bandini P,Karim A(2000)Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 126(5):451-462.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:5(451)
Say?t K,G?ncüo?lu C(2013)Geodynamic evolution of the Karakaya Mélange Complex,Turkey:A review of geological and petrological constraints.Journal of Geodynamics 65:56-65.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.009
Schanz T,Vermeer PA(1996)Angles of friction and dilatancy of sand.Geotechnique 46(1):145-151.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.1.145
Simoni A,Houlsby GT(2006)The direct shear strength and dilatancy of sand-gravel mixtures.Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24:523-549.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-5832-6
Skempton AW(1964)The long term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique 14(2):77-102.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.77
Stark TD,Newman E,Pena de la G,Hillebrandt DH(2010)Fill placement on slopes underlain by Franciscan Mélange.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering137(3):263-272.https://doi.org.10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000394
?enel M(2002)Geological Map of Turkey(1/500000 Scale).General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration.Ankara,Turkey.(In Turkish)
Seng?r AMC(2003)The repeated rediscovery of mélanges and its implications for the possibility and the role of objective evidence in the scientific enterprise.In:Dilek Y.&Newcomb S.(eds).Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought.Geological Society of America Special Paper 373:385-445.
Tankut A(1990)Geochemical implications for tectonic setting of the ophiolitic rocks from the ophiolite mélange belt of the Ankara Mélange.MTA Journal 110:17-28.(In Turkish)
Taylor DW(1948)Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics.John Wiley&Sons,Inc.New York.
Terzaghi K(1947)Shear characteristics of quicksand and soft clay.Proc.7th Texas Conf.Soil Mechanics.
Vaid YP,Byrne PM,Hughes M0(1981)Dilation angle and liquefaction potential.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division.ASCE 107(GT7):1003-1008.
Zhao Y,Liu Z(2018)Study of material composition effects on the mechanical properties of soil-rock mixtures.Advances in Civil Engineering.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3854727