阶区对走滑型地震地表破裂带传播与终止行为的影响
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摘要
系统收集了国内外28个走滑地震破裂带上阶区与地震破裂行迹的资料,利用数理统计的方法分析了阶区的类型、尺度与地震破裂的关系。结果表明,不同震级档的走滑地震阶区限制破裂传播的止裂尺度是不同的,震级MS为6.5~6.9,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为3km;震级MS为7.0~7.5,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为4km;震级MS为7.5~8.0,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为6km;震级MS为8.0~8.5,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为8km;且拉分阶区比挤压阶区更容易被破裂所贯通。上述给出的阶区的最小止裂宽度可作为判定地震破裂止裂尺度的重要标志,是进行破裂分段的前提和基础,对地震危险性分析具有重大的实用价值。
Based on the data of 28 strike-slip fault steps and the surface rupture traces at home and abroad,the paper analyzes the relations between the step type,size and earthquake rupture by using the mathematical statistical method,and obtains the barriers yardsticks that stop rupture propagation of earthquakes with different magnitude intervals by using the method of statistical analysis. The results show that the limiting dimensions of strike-slip fault step are different for different magnitude intervals. The limiting dimension of step width is about 3km for magnitude between 6. 5 to 6. 9,4km for magnitude between 7. 0 to 7. 5,6km for magnitude between 7. 5 to 8. 0,and about 8km for magnitude between 8. 0 to 8. 5. The result implies that releasing steps should be easier to rupture through than restraining steps. The limiting dimension of step width determined in this paper is basis for rupture segmentation and is of practical importance to seismic hazard analysis.
Based on the data of 28 strike-slip fault steps and the surface rupture traces at home and abroad,the paper analyzes the relations between the step type,size and earthquake rupture by using the mathematical statistical method,and obtains the barriers yardsticks that stop rupture propagation of earthquakes with different magnitude intervals by using the method of statistical analysis. The results show that the limiting dimensions of strike-slip fault step are different for different magnitude intervals. The limiting dimension of step width is about 3km for magnitude between 6. 5 to 6. 9,4km for magnitude between 7. 0 to 7. 5,6km for magnitude between 7. 5 to 8. 0,and about 8km for magnitude between 8. 0 to 8. 5. The result implies that releasing steps should be easier to rupture through than restraining steps. The limiting dimension of step width determined in this paper is basis for rupture segmentation and is of practical importance to seismic hazard analysis.
引文
陈桂华,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解[J].地球物理学报,52(5):1384—1394.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.05.028.CHEN Gui-hua,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,et al.2009.Co-seismic slip and slip partitioning of multi-faults during the MS8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,52(5):1384—1394(in Chinese).
邓起东.1984.断层性状、盆地类型及其形成机制[J].地震科学研究,1—6期.DENG Qi-dong.1984.Fault traits,basin types and their formation mechanism[J].Seismological Science Research,1 —6(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段[M].北京:地震出版社.80—86.DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.80—86(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.1990.Research on the Active Haiyuan Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何文贵,吕太乙,袁道阳,等.1994.老虎山断裂带的分段性研究[J].西北地震学报,16(3):66—72.HE Wen-gui,LTai-yi,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.1994.Study on the segmentation of Laohushan Fault zone[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,16(3):66—72(in Chinese).
环文林,时振梁,宋昭仪.1995.中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造的构造变形场特征[J].地震学报,17(2):139 —147.HUAN Wen-lin,SHI Zhen-liang,SONG Zhao-yi.1995.Characteristics of tectonic deformation field about strike-slip earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,17(2):139—147(in Chinese).
环文林,张晓东,宋昭仪.1997.中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造粘滑运动的结构特征[J].地震学报,19(3):225 —234.HUAN Wen-lin,ZHANG Xiao-dong,SONG Zhao-yi.1997.Structural characteristics of stick-slip motion of strike-slip earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,19(3):225—234(in Chinese).
李家灵,晁洪太,崔昭文,等.1994.1668年郯城8.5级地震断层及其破裂机制[J].地震地质,16(3):229 —237.LI Jia-ling,CHAO Hong-tai,CUI Zhao-wen,et al.1994.Seismic fault of the 1668 Tancheng earthquake(MS=8.5)and its fracture mechanism[J].Seismology and Geology,16(3):229—237(in Chinese).
马润勇,彭建兵,门玉明.2005.确定地震破裂带长度的新方法:以中卫1709年7.5级地震为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),35(3):339—342.MA Run-yong,PENG Jian-bing,MEN Yu-ming.2005.A new method of ascertaining fracture zone length:Take 1709with MS=7.5 in Zhongwei,Ningxia as an example[J].Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),35(3):339—342(in Chinese).
冉洪流.2009.潜在震源区震级上限不确定性研究[J].地震学报,31(3):396—402.RAN Hong-liu.2009.Research on uncertainty of upper limit earthquake magnitude in potential seismic source zone[J].Acta Seimologica Sinica,31(3):396—402(in Chinese).
四川省地震局.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估[M].成都:成都地图出版社.Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province.1997.Xianshuihe Fault Zone and Strong earthquake Hazard Assessment[M].Chengdu Map Publishing House,Chengdu(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,曹忠权,等.1992.小江西支断裂带中段活动断裂的组合特点及其活动演化[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社.30—40.SONG Fang-min,WANG Yi-peng,CAO Zhong-quan,et al.1992.Geometric pattern and tectonic evolution of the central section of western branch of the Xiaojiang Fault zone[A].In:Institute of Geology SSB(ed).Research of Active Fault(2).Seismological Press,Beijing.30—40(in Chinese).
新疆维吾尔自治区地震局.1985.富蕴地震断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Autonomous Region.1985.Research on the Active Fuyun Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1—13.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Wen-bin,YU Gui-hua,et al.2002.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):1 —13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008a.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597 —629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008a.The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2008b.昆仑山地震(MW7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),38(7):785—796.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.2008b.The discussion for rupture behavior,characteristics and tectonic deformation of Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8)[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(7):785—796(in Chinese).
朱成男,滕德贞,段加乐,等.1988.1733年东川地震的地表破裂[A].见:中国地震断层研究.新疆人民出版社.ZHU Cheng-nan,TENG De-zhen,DUAN Jia-le,et al.1988.Surface rupture of the 1733 Dongchuan earthquake[A].In:China Earthquake Fault Studies.Xinjiang People's Publishing House,Urumqi(in Chinese).
Aki k.1984.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquake and strong motion prediction[J].J Geophy Res,89(B7):5867—5872.
Akyuz R,Hartleb A,Barka E,et al.2002.Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12 November 1999 Duzce earthquake(M 7.1),North Anatolian Fault,Bolu,Turkey[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(1):61—66.
Barka A,Kadinsky-Cade K.1988.Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity[J].Tectonics,(7):663—684.
Barka A.1996.Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period1939 to 1967[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1238—1254.
Berberian M J A,Jackson E J,Fielding B E,et al.2001.The 1998 March 14 Fandoqa earthquake(MW6.6)in Kerman Province,Southeast Iran:Re-rupture of the 1981 Sirch earthquake fault,triggering of slip on adjacent thrusts and the active tectonics of the Gowk Fault zone[J].Geophys J Int,371—398.
Das S,Scholz C H.1981.Theory of time dependent rupture in the earth[J].J Geophys Res,86:6039—6051.
Haeussler P J,Schwartz D P,Dawson T.2005.Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake,Alaska[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(6B):S23—252.
Knuepfer P.1989.Implication of the characteristics of end-points of historical surface fault ruptures for the nature and its relation to morphology and geological structure[J].Pageoph,124(3).
Matsuda T.1974.Surface fault associated with Nobi(Mino-Owari)earthquake of 1891,Japan[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,13:127—162.
Sibson R.1985.Stopping of earthquakes ruptures at dilational fault jogs[J].Natures,316:248—251.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip along the San Andreas Fault associated with the great 1857 earthquake[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,68:1421—1448.
Sieh K L,Jones E,Hauksson K.1993.Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence,April to July1992[J].Science,260:171—176.
Treiman J K J,Kendrick W A,Bryant T K,et al.2002.Primary surface rupture associated with the MW7.1 16October 1999 Hector Mine earthquake,San Bernardino County,California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2(4):1171—1191.
Wesnousky S G.2006.Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures[J].Nature,05275,(444):358—360.
Wesnousky S G.2008.Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures:Issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,98(4):1609—1632.doi:10.1785/0120070111.
Wesnousky S G,Caffee.2011.Range-bounding normal fault of Smith Valley,Nevada:Limits on age of last surfacerupture earthquake and late Pleistocene rate of displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,101(3):1431—1437.doi:10.1785/0120100238.
Wesnousky S G,Scholz C H,Shimazaki K,et al.1982.The occurrence rate of earthquakes on Quaternary faults in interplate Japan[A].In:Paper presented at the Chapman Conference on Fault Behavior and the EarthquakeGeneration Process.AGU,Snowbird,Utah,Oct:11—15.
Wesnousky S.1988.Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults[J].Nature,335:340—343.
Zhang P.1991.Geometric pattern,rupture termination and fault segmentation of Dixie Valley-Pleasant Valley active fault system,Nevada,USA[J].Journal of Structure Geology,13(2):165—176.
Zhang P Z,Slemmons D B,Mao F.1999,Rupture terminations and size of segment boundaries from historical earthquake ruptures in the Basin and Range Province[J].Tectonophysics,38:37—52.
邓起东.1984.断层性状、盆地类型及其形成机制[J].地震科学研究,1—6期.DENG Qi-dong.1984.Fault traits,basin types and their formation mechanism[J].Seismological Science Research,1 —6(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段[M].北京:地震出版社.80—86.DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.80—86(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau,Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.1990.Research on the Active Haiyuan Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何文贵,吕太乙,袁道阳,等.1994.老虎山断裂带的分段性研究[J].西北地震学报,16(3):66—72.HE Wen-gui,LTai-yi,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.1994.Study on the segmentation of Laohushan Fault zone[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,16(3):66—72(in Chinese).
环文林,时振梁,宋昭仪.1995.中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造的构造变形场特征[J].地震学报,17(2):139 —147.HUAN Wen-lin,SHI Zhen-liang,SONG Zhao-yi.1995.Characteristics of tectonic deformation field about strike-slip earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,17(2):139—147(in Chinese).
环文林,张晓东,宋昭仪.1997.中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造粘滑运动的结构特征[J].地震学报,19(3):225 —234.HUAN Wen-lin,ZHANG Xiao-dong,SONG Zhao-yi.1997.Structural characteristics of stick-slip motion of strike-slip earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,19(3):225—234(in Chinese).
李家灵,晁洪太,崔昭文,等.1994.1668年郯城8.5级地震断层及其破裂机制[J].地震地质,16(3):229 —237.LI Jia-ling,CHAO Hong-tai,CUI Zhao-wen,et al.1994.Seismic fault of the 1668 Tancheng earthquake(MS=8.5)and its fracture mechanism[J].Seismology and Geology,16(3):229—237(in Chinese).
马润勇,彭建兵,门玉明.2005.确定地震破裂带长度的新方法:以中卫1709年7.5级地震为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),35(3):339—342.MA Run-yong,PENG Jian-bing,MEN Yu-ming.2005.A new method of ascertaining fracture zone length:Take 1709with MS=7.5 in Zhongwei,Ningxia as an example[J].Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),35(3):339—342(in Chinese).
冉洪流.2009.潜在震源区震级上限不确定性研究[J].地震学报,31(3):396—402.RAN Hong-liu.2009.Research on uncertainty of upper limit earthquake magnitude in potential seismic source zone[J].Acta Seimologica Sinica,31(3):396—402(in Chinese).
四川省地震局.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估[M].成都:成都地图出版社.Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province.1997.Xianshuihe Fault Zone and Strong earthquake Hazard Assessment[M].Chengdu Map Publishing House,Chengdu(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,曹忠权,等.1992.小江西支断裂带中段活动断裂的组合特点及其活动演化[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社.30—40.SONG Fang-min,WANG Yi-peng,CAO Zhong-quan,et al.1992.Geometric pattern and tectonic evolution of the central section of western branch of the Xiaojiang Fault zone[A].In:Institute of Geology SSB(ed).Research of Active Fault(2).Seismological Press,Beijing.30—40(in Chinese).
新疆维吾尔自治区地震局.1985.富蕴地震断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Autonomous Region.1985.Research on the Active Fuyun Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1—13.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Wen-bin,YU Gui-hua,et al.2002.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):1 —13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008a.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597 —629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008a.The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.2008b.昆仑山地震(MW7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),38(7):785—796.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,MA Wen-tao,et al.2008b.The discussion for rupture behavior,characteristics and tectonic deformation of Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8)[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(7):785—796(in Chinese).
朱成男,滕德贞,段加乐,等.1988.1733年东川地震的地表破裂[A].见:中国地震断层研究.新疆人民出版社.ZHU Cheng-nan,TENG De-zhen,DUAN Jia-le,et al.1988.Surface rupture of the 1733 Dongchuan earthquake[A].In:China Earthquake Fault Studies.Xinjiang People's Publishing House,Urumqi(in Chinese).
Aki k.1984.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquake and strong motion prediction[J].J Geophy Res,89(B7):5867—5872.
Akyuz R,Hartleb A,Barka E,et al.2002.Surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12 November 1999 Duzce earthquake(M 7.1),North Anatolian Fault,Bolu,Turkey[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(1):61—66.
Barka A,Kadinsky-Cade K.1988.Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity[J].Tectonics,(7):663—684.
Barka A.1996.Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period1939 to 1967[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1238—1254.
Berberian M J A,Jackson E J,Fielding B E,et al.2001.The 1998 March 14 Fandoqa earthquake(MW6.6)in Kerman Province,Southeast Iran:Re-rupture of the 1981 Sirch earthquake fault,triggering of slip on adjacent thrusts and the active tectonics of the Gowk Fault zone[J].Geophys J Int,371—398.
Das S,Scholz C H.1981.Theory of time dependent rupture in the earth[J].J Geophys Res,86:6039—6051.
Haeussler P J,Schwartz D P,Dawson T.2005.Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake,Alaska[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(6B):S23—252.
Knuepfer P.1989.Implication of the characteristics of end-points of historical surface fault ruptures for the nature and its relation to morphology and geological structure[J].Pageoph,124(3).
Matsuda T.1974.Surface fault associated with Nobi(Mino-Owari)earthquake of 1891,Japan[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo,13:127—162.
Sibson R.1985.Stopping of earthquakes ruptures at dilational fault jogs[J].Natures,316:248—251.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip along the San Andreas Fault associated with the great 1857 earthquake[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,68:1421—1448.
Sieh K L,Jones E,Hauksson K.1993.Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence,April to July1992[J].Science,260:171—176.
Treiman J K J,Kendrick W A,Bryant T K,et al.2002.Primary surface rupture associated with the MW7.1 16October 1999 Hector Mine earthquake,San Bernardino County,California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2(4):1171—1191.
Wesnousky S G.2006.Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures[J].Nature,05275,(444):358—360.
Wesnousky S G.2008.Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures:Issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,98(4):1609—1632.doi:10.1785/0120070111.
Wesnousky S G,Caffee.2011.Range-bounding normal fault of Smith Valley,Nevada:Limits on age of last surfacerupture earthquake and late Pleistocene rate of displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,101(3):1431—1437.doi:10.1785/0120100238.
Wesnousky S G,Scholz C H,Shimazaki K,et al.1982.The occurrence rate of earthquakes on Quaternary faults in interplate Japan[A].In:Paper presented at the Chapman Conference on Fault Behavior and the EarthquakeGeneration Process.AGU,Snowbird,Utah,Oct:11—15.
Wesnousky S.1988.Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults[J].Nature,335:340—343.
Zhang P.1991.Geometric pattern,rupture termination and fault segmentation of Dixie Valley-Pleasant Valley active fault system,Nevada,USA[J].Journal of Structure Geology,13(2):165—176.
Zhang P Z,Slemmons D B,Mao F.1999,Rupture terminations and size of segment boundaries from historical earthquake ruptures in the Basin and Range Province[J].Tectonophysics,38:37—52.
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