利用PSInSAR时间序列研究拉奎拉地震位移场变化特征
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摘要
对2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(LAquila)Mw6.3级地震9景ENVISAT重轨单视复数据采用双轨模式进行永久散射体(Persistent Scatterer,PS)处理,获得了此次地震时序位移场,结合PS位移场Delaunay算法数值分析,结果表明:1)Envisat干涉雷达完整而清晰地探测到了地震前后位移场变化过程及其在不同阶段与震源断裂相关的不同形变特征:震前蠕动位移-明显变形-震期快速突变-震后量级明显减缓的持续变形;2)在此次分析的约54×59km2区域内,震中以西为大面积上升区,视线向最大上升量为130mm;震中以东为下降区域,但下降集中在破裂区,主要在发震过程及震后形成,视线向最大下沉量为210mm,与GPS监测结果一致;3)地震产生的破裂主要分布在约22×14km2范围内,沿NW走向、SW倾斜的Paganica-S.Demetrio正断层展布,方向约135°;4)本文为探索利用PSInSAR时间序列进行地震趋势预测提供了一个较好的案例.
Using 9 SLC Envisat ASAR images,time series of differential interferograms and consequent co-seismic deformation field of the L'Aquila earthquake(Mw6.3 on 6 April 2009) are obtained by PSInSAR method.Furthermore,deformation processes of rupture zone are numerically analyzed by using Delaunay triangulation algorithms based on above results.The results showed that: 1)Envisat ASAR detected clearly the process of displacement field with time variation and the different deformation characteristics associated with source rupture: creep displacement before the earthquake-obvious deformation-rapidly change during the shocking-continuous deformating of significantly slowing down after shocking.2)In area covered about 54×59 km2,westward of epicenter shows uplift with maximum capacity of 130 mm in the LOS,and east of epicenter was subsidence region.But the head settlement capacity was in rupture zone,and its majority formed in the course of shocking and subsequence.The maximum settlement reached 210 mm in LOS,consisting with GPS measurements.3)Tthe strongest deformation and surface faulting within zone about 22×14 km2,with an orientation of 135°,occurred along the NW striking and SW dipping Paganica-S.Demetrio normal fault;4) The works from this paper have provided a comprehensive case for digging methods for earthquake forecasting with time series PSInSAR.
Using 9 SLC Envisat ASAR images,time series of differential interferograms and consequent co-seismic deformation field of the L'Aquila earthquake(Mw6.3 on 6 April 2009) are obtained by PSInSAR method.Furthermore,deformation processes of rupture zone are numerically analyzed by using Delaunay triangulation algorithms based on above results.The results showed that: 1)Envisat ASAR detected clearly the process of displacement field with time variation and the different deformation characteristics associated with source rupture: creep displacement before the earthquake-obvious deformation-rapidly change during the shocking-continuous deformating of significantly slowing down after shocking.2)In area covered about 54×59 km2,westward of epicenter shows uplift with maximum capacity of 130 mm in the LOS,and east of epicenter was subsidence region.But the head settlement capacity was in rupture zone,and its majority formed in the course of shocking and subsequence.The maximum settlement reached 210 mm in LOS,consisting with GPS measurements.3)Tthe strongest deformation and surface faulting within zone about 22×14 km2,with an orientation of 135°,occurred along the NW striking and SW dipping Paganica-S.Demetrio normal fault;4) The works from this paper have provided a comprehensive case for digging methods for earthquake forecasting with time series PSInSAR.
引文
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[10]Zebker,H.A.,and J.Villasenor.Decorrelation in interferometricradar echoes,IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens,1992,30:950-959.
[11]FERRETTI A,PRATI C,ROCCA F.Permanent Scatterersin SAR Interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscienceand Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):8-20.
[12]FERRETTI A,PRATI C,ROCCA F.Non-linear SubsidenceRate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers in DifferentialSAR Interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience andRemote Sensing,2002,38(5):2202-2212.
[13]Joaquim J.Sousa,Antonio M.Ruiz,et al.PS-InSAR processingmethodologies in the detection of field surface deformation—Study of the Granada basin(Central Betic Cordilleras,southern Spain).Journal of Geodynamics,2010,49:181-189.
[14]LIU Guo-xiang,DING Xiao-li,LI Zhi-lin,et al.Pre-andCo-seismic Ground Deformations of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquake,Measured with SAR Interferometry.Computers and Geoscience,2004,30(4):333-343.
[15]DING Xiao-li,LIU Guo-xiang,LI Zhi-wei,et al.GroundSubsidence Monitoring in Hong Kong with Satellite SARInterferometry.Photogrammetric Engineering&RemoteSensing,2004,70(10):1131-1137.
[16]Hooper,A.,H.Zebker,P.Segall,and B.Kampes.Anew method for measuring deformation on volcanoes andother natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers,Geophys.Res.Lett.,31,L23611,doi:10.1029/2004GL021737,2004.
[17]Hooper,A.,P.Segall,and H.Zebker.Persistent scattererinterferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustaldeformation analysis,with application to Volca′n Alcedo,Gala′pagos,J.Geophys.Res.,112,B07407,doi:10.1029/2006JB004763,2007.
[18]Colesanti,C.,A.Ferretti,F.Novali,C.Prati,and F.Rocca.SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal grounddeformation using the permanent scatterers technique,IEEETrans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,2003,41:1685-1701.
[19]Andrew Hooper.A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporatingboth persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches.GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS,VOL.35,L16302,doi:10.1029/2008GL034654,2008
[20]J.Decriem,T.A′rnado′ttir,A.Hooper,et al.The 2008May 29earthquake doublet in SW Iceland,Geophys.J.Int.2010,181:1128-1146
[21]Chung-Pai Chang,Jiun-Yee Yen,Andrew Hooper,et al.Monitoring of Surface Deformation in Northern Taiwan UsingDInSAR and PSInSAR Techniques.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,2010,Vol.21,No.3,447-461,doi:10.3319/TAO.2009.11.20.01(TH).
[22]Arlkan,M.,A.Hooper,and R.Hanssen.Radar time seriesanalysis over west anatolia,European Space Agency,(Special Publication)ESA SP-677,2010.
[23]Atzori S,Hunstad I,Chini M,et al.Finite fault inversion ofDInSAR coseismic displacement of the 2009 L’Aquilaearthquake(central Italy).Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L15305,doi:10.1029/2009GL039293.
[24]Hooper,A.,P.Segall,and H.Zebker.Persistent scattererinterferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustaldeformation analysis,with application to Volcaán Alcedo,Galápagos,J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B07407,doi:10.1029/2006JB004763.
[25]F.Di Luccio,G.Ventura,R.Di Giovambattista,A.Piscini,F.R.Cinti.Normal faults and thrusts reactivated by deepfluids:The 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake,central Italy.Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol.115,No.B6,B06315.doi:10.1029/2009JB007190.
[26]http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2009/us2009fcaf/.
[27]E.Falcucci,S.Gori,E.Peronace,G.Fubelli,et al.ThePaganica Fault and Surface Coseismic Ruptures Caused by the6 April 2009 Earthquake(L’Aquila,Central Italy).Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(6):940-950.
[28]Anzidei M,Cannelli V,Devoti R,et al.Coseismic deforamtion of the destructive April 6,2009 L’Aquila earthquake(central Italy)from GPS data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L17307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039l45.
[29]张勇,陈运泰,许力生.2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L’Aquila)Mw6.3地震的破裂过程.地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1428-1439.ZHANG Yong,CHEN Yun-tai,XU Li-sheng.Ruptureprocess of 6April 2009LAquila,Italy,Mw6.3earthquake acomparison between apparent source time function methodand direct wave inversion method.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(6):1428-1439.
[30]Roberts G P,M ichetti A M.Spatial and temporal variationsin growth rates along active normal fault systems:an example from The Lazio Abruzzo Apennines,central Italy.Journalof Structural Geology,2004,26:339-376.
[31]Hunstad I.,G.Selvaggi,N.D’Agostino,P.England,P.Clarke,and M.Pierozzi.Geodetic strain in peninsular Italybetween 1875and 2001.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30,1181,doi:10.1029/2002GL016447.
[2]Amelung,F.,S.Jonsson,H.Zebker,and P.Segall.Widespreaduplift and“trapdoor”faulting on Galapagos volcanoes observedwith radar interferometry.Nature,2000,407,993-996.
[3]王艳,廖明生,李德仁,魏子新,方正.利用长时间序列相干目标获取地面沉降场.地球物理学报,2007,50(2):598-604.WANG Yan;LIAO Ming-Sheng;LI De-Ren;WEI Zi-Xin;FANG Zheng.Subsidence velocity retrieval from long-termcoherent targets in radar interferometric stacks.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(2):598-604.
[4]孙建宝,徐锡伟,沈正康,石耀霖,梁芳.基于线弹性位错模型及干涉雷达同震形变场反演1997年玛尼Mw7.5级地震参数-Ⅰ.均匀滑动反演.地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1097-1110.SUN Jian-Bao;XU Xi-Wei;SHEN Zheng-Kang;SHI Yao-Lin;LIANG Fang.Parameter inversion of the 1997 Maniearthquake from INSAR co-seismic deformation field based onlinear elastic dislocation model-I.Uniform slip inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1097-1110.
[5]单新建,宋小刚,韩宇飞,屈春燕,张桂芳,张国宏.汶川Ms8.0地震前InSAR垂直形变场变化特征研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2739-2745.SHAN Xin-Jian;SONG Xiao-Gang;HAN Yu-Fei;QU Chun-Yan;ZHANG Gui-Fang;ZHANG Guo-Hong.Thecharacteristics of surface vertical deformation before theWenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake from InSAR,Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2739-2745.
[6]万永革,沈正康,王敏,张祖胜,甘卫军,王庆良,盛书中.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1074-1084.WAN Yong-Ge,SHEN Zheng-Kang,WANG Min,ZHANGZu-Sheng,GAN Wei-Jun,WANG Qing-Liang,SHENG Shu-Zhong.Coseismic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlunmountain pass west earthquake constrained using GPS andInSAR data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(4):1074-1084.
[7]冯万鹏,许力生,李振洪.2008年10月当雄MW6.3级地震断层参数的InSAR反演及其构造意义.地球物理学报,2010Vol.53(5):1134-1142.FENG Wan-Peng,XU Li-Sheng,LI Zhen-Hong.Faultparameters of the October 2008Damxung MW6.3earthquakefrom InSAR inversion and its tectonic implication.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(5):1134-1142.
[8]张国宏,屈春燕,宋小刚,汪驰升,单新建,胡植庆.基于InSAR同震形变场反演汶川Mw7.9地震断层滑动分布.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):269-279.ZHANG Guo-Hong;QU Chun-Yan,SONG Xiao-Gang,WANG Chi-Sheng,SHAN Xin-Jian,Hu Jyr-Ching.Slipdistribution and source parameters inverted from co-seismicdeformation derived by InSAR technology of Wenchuan Mw7.9earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(2):269-279.
[9]冯万鹏,许力生,许忠淮,李振洪,李春来,赵华.利用InSAR资料反演2008年西藏改则MW6.4和MW5.9地震的断层参数.地球物理学报,2009,52(4):983-993.FENG Wan-Peng,XU Li-Sheng,XU Zhong-Huai,LI Zhen-Hong,LI Chun-Lai,ZHAO Hua.Source parameters of the2008 GêrzêMW6.4and MW5.9earthquakes from InSARmeasurements.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4):983-993.
[10]Zebker,H.A.,and J.Villasenor.Decorrelation in interferometricradar echoes,IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens,1992,30:950-959.
[11]FERRETTI A,PRATI C,ROCCA F.Permanent Scatterersin SAR Interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscienceand Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):8-20.
[12]FERRETTI A,PRATI C,ROCCA F.Non-linear SubsidenceRate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers in DifferentialSAR Interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience andRemote Sensing,2002,38(5):2202-2212.
[13]Joaquim J.Sousa,Antonio M.Ruiz,et al.PS-InSAR processingmethodologies in the detection of field surface deformation—Study of the Granada basin(Central Betic Cordilleras,southern Spain).Journal of Geodynamics,2010,49:181-189.
[14]LIU Guo-xiang,DING Xiao-li,LI Zhi-lin,et al.Pre-andCo-seismic Ground Deformations of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquake,Measured with SAR Interferometry.Computers and Geoscience,2004,30(4):333-343.
[15]DING Xiao-li,LIU Guo-xiang,LI Zhi-wei,et al.GroundSubsidence Monitoring in Hong Kong with Satellite SARInterferometry.Photogrammetric Engineering&RemoteSensing,2004,70(10):1131-1137.
[16]Hooper,A.,H.Zebker,P.Segall,and B.Kampes.Anew method for measuring deformation on volcanoes andother natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers,Geophys.Res.Lett.,31,L23611,doi:10.1029/2004GL021737,2004.
[17]Hooper,A.,P.Segall,and H.Zebker.Persistent scattererinterferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustaldeformation analysis,with application to Volca′n Alcedo,Gala′pagos,J.Geophys.Res.,112,B07407,doi:10.1029/2006JB004763,2007.
[18]Colesanti,C.,A.Ferretti,F.Novali,C.Prati,and F.Rocca.SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal grounddeformation using the permanent scatterers technique,IEEETrans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,2003,41:1685-1701.
[19]Andrew Hooper.A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporatingboth persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches.GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS,VOL.35,L16302,doi:10.1029/2008GL034654,2008
[20]J.Decriem,T.A′rnado′ttir,A.Hooper,et al.The 2008May 29earthquake doublet in SW Iceland,Geophys.J.Int.2010,181:1128-1146
[21]Chung-Pai Chang,Jiun-Yee Yen,Andrew Hooper,et al.Monitoring of Surface Deformation in Northern Taiwan UsingDInSAR and PSInSAR Techniques.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,2010,Vol.21,No.3,447-461,doi:10.3319/TAO.2009.11.20.01(TH).
[22]Arlkan,M.,A.Hooper,and R.Hanssen.Radar time seriesanalysis over west anatolia,European Space Agency,(Special Publication)ESA SP-677,2010.
[23]Atzori S,Hunstad I,Chini M,et al.Finite fault inversion ofDInSAR coseismic displacement of the 2009 L’Aquilaearthquake(central Italy).Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L15305,doi:10.1029/2009GL039293.
[24]Hooper,A.,P.Segall,and H.Zebker.Persistent scattererinterferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustaldeformation analysis,with application to Volcaán Alcedo,Galápagos,J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B07407,doi:10.1029/2006JB004763.
[25]F.Di Luccio,G.Ventura,R.Di Giovambattista,A.Piscini,F.R.Cinti.Normal faults and thrusts reactivated by deepfluids:The 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake,central Italy.Journal of Geophysical Research,Vol.115,No.B6,B06315.doi:10.1029/2009JB007190.
[26]http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2009/us2009fcaf/.
[27]E.Falcucci,S.Gori,E.Peronace,G.Fubelli,et al.ThePaganica Fault and Surface Coseismic Ruptures Caused by the6 April 2009 Earthquake(L’Aquila,Central Italy).Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(6):940-950.
[28]Anzidei M,Cannelli V,Devoti R,et al.Coseismic deforamtion of the destructive April 6,2009 L’Aquila earthquake(central Italy)from GPS data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36,L17307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039l45.
[29]张勇,陈运泰,许力生.2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L’Aquila)Mw6.3地震的破裂过程.地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1428-1439.ZHANG Yong,CHEN Yun-tai,XU Li-sheng.Ruptureprocess of 6April 2009LAquila,Italy,Mw6.3earthquake acomparison between apparent source time function methodand direct wave inversion method.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(6):1428-1439.
[30]Roberts G P,M ichetti A M.Spatial and temporal variationsin growth rates along active normal fault systems:an example from The Lazio Abruzzo Apennines,central Italy.Journalof Structural Geology,2004,26:339-376.
[31]Hunstad I.,G.Selvaggi,N.D’Agostino,P.England,P.Clarke,and M.Pierozzi.Geodetic strain in peninsular Italybetween 1875and 2001.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30,1181,doi:10.1029/2002GL016447.
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