滇西南地区地壳速度结构的区域波形反演
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摘要
利用中国地震局地壳应力研究所于2010~2011年在滇西南地区布设的宽频带流动地震台所记录的三分量高质量波形资料,采用小生境遗传算法通过波形反演,获得了研究区P波速度模型.结果显示,滇西南地区地壳厚度为38~43 km,上地幔顶部平均速度为7.9 km/s,地壳速度存在明显的横向不均匀性.思茅地块的上地壳和下地壳厚度均呈现出明显的由南向北、自东向西增厚趋势,说明该地块地壳增厚由上地壳和下地壳共同增厚形成.腾冲地块中地壳和下地壳的平均厚度及速度均小于保山地块和思茅地块,思茅地块部分路径上的下地壳和上地幔速度均较低,可能与印度板块东向俯冲引起地幔热物质上涌等动力过程密切相关.这些结果对于认识青藏高原形成与演化动力过程提供重要地震学约束.
High-quality three-component waveform data were recorded at portable broadband seismic stations deployed in southwestern Yunnan by the Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration during 2010 and 2011. These data were used to obtain a regional P-wave velocity model through waveform inversion using the Niching Genetic algorithm. The results show a crustal thickness of about 38–43 km and an average upper mantle velocity of 7.9 km/s, suggesting strong lateral heterogeneities in the crustal velocity. In the Simao block, both the upper and lower crust show a clear trend of thickening from south to north and from east to west. This implies that the crustal thickening is caused by simultaneous thickening of the upper and lower crust. The average thickness and velocity beneath the Tengchong block are lower than those under the Baoshan and Simao blocks. The velocities are lower in both the lower crust and uppermost mantle along some paths in the Simao block. This phenomenon is closely related to the upwelling of hot material caused by the eastward subduction of the Indian plate. These results provide important seismic constraints that will improve our understanding of the formation and evolutional processes of the Tibetan Plateau.
High-quality three-component waveform data were recorded at portable broadband seismic stations deployed in southwestern Yunnan by the Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration during 2010 and 2011. These data were used to obtain a regional P-wave velocity model through waveform inversion using the Niching Genetic algorithm. The results show a crustal thickness of about 38–43 km and an average upper mantle velocity of 7.9 km/s, suggesting strong lateral heterogeneities in the crustal velocity. In the Simao block, both the upper and lower crust show a clear trend of thickening from south to north and from east to west. This implies that the crustal thickening is caused by simultaneous thickening of the upper and lower crust. The average thickness and velocity beneath the Tengchong block are lower than those under the Baoshan and Simao blocks. The velocities are lower in both the lower crust and uppermost mantle along some paths in the Simao block. This phenomenon is closely related to the upwelling of hot material caused by the eastward subduction of the Indian plate. These results provide important seismic constraints that will improve our understanding of the formation and evolutional processes of the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
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2 李继亮.滇西三江带的大地构造演化.地质科学,1998,4:337–345
3 Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,Proust F,et al.The Tibetan side of the India-Eurasian collision.Nature,1981,294:405–410
4 Tapponnier P,Lacassin R,Leloup P H,et al.The Ailao Shan/Red-River metamorphic belt:Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China.Nature,1990,343:431–437
5 England P,Houseman G.Finite strain calculations of continental deformation 2.Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone.J Geophys Res,1986,91:3664–3676
6 Yin A,Harrison T.Geological evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2000,28:211–280
7 Harrison T,Chen W,Leloup P,et al.An early Miocene transition in deformation regime within the Red River fault zone,Yunnan,and its significance for the Indo-Asian tectonics.J Geophys Res,1992,97:7159–7182
8 Wang E,Burchfiel B.Interpretation of Cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.Int Geol Rev,1997,39:191–219
9 Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan,China.Geol Soc Am,Spec Pap,1998,327:1–108
10 Engdahl R,van der Hilst R,Buland R.Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:722–743
11 胡鸿翔,陆涵行,王椿镛,等.滇西地区地壳结构的爆破地震研究.地球物理学报,1986,29:133–144
12 Kan R J,Hu H X,Zeng R,et al.Crustal structure of Yunnan Province,People’s Republic of China,from seismic refraction profiles.Science,1986,234:433–437
13 张中杰,白志明,王椿镛,等.冈瓦纳型和扬子型地块地壳结构:以滇西孟连-马龙宽角反射剖面为例.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35:387–392
14 Wang C,Flesch L,Silver P,et al.Evidence for mechanically coupled lithosphere in central Asia and resulting implication.Geology,2008,36 :363–366
15 Yao H J,van der Hilst R D,Montagner J P.Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibet from surface wave array tomography.J Geophys Res,2010,115:B12307,doi:10.1029/2009JB007142
16 孙长青,陈赟,高尔根.青藏高原东缘强烈盆山相互作用区的地壳各向异性特征及其动力学意义探讨.地球物理学报,2011,54:1205–1214
17 孙长青,雷建设,李聪,等.云南地区地壳各向异性及其动力学意义.地球物理学报,2013,56:4095–4105
18 Chen Y,Zhang Z J,Sun C Q,et al.Crustal anisotropy from Moho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamic implications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surrounding regions.Gondwana Res,2013,24:946–957
19 Gao Y,Shi Y T,Wu J,et al.Shear-wave splitting in the crust:Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves.Earthq Sci,2012,25:35–45
20 Sun C Q.The deformation features of crustal structure beneath the east Tibetan margin and neighboring areas.Appl Mech Mater,2014,501 :1520–1523
21 孔祥儒,刘士杰,窦秦川,等.攀西地区地壳和上地幔中的电性结构.地球物理学报,1987,30:136–143
22 Bai D H,Unsworth M J,Meju M A,et al.Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging.Nat Geosci,2010,3:358–362
23 王椿镛,Mooney W D,王溪莉,等.川滇地区地壳上地幔三维速度结构研究.地震学报,2002,24:1–16
24 何正勤,叶太兰,苏伟.云南地区地壳中上部横波速度结构研究.地球物理学报,2004,47:838–844
25 Lei J S,Zhao D P,Su Y J.Insight into the origin of the Tengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwest China from local and teleseismic data.J Geophys Res,2009,114:B05302,doi:10.1029/2008JB005881
26 Lei J S,Li Y,Xie F R,et al.Pn anisotropic tomography and dynamics under eastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2014,119:2174–2198
27 徐鸣洁,王良书,刘建华,等.利用接受函数研究哀牢山-红河断裂带地壳上地幔特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35:729–737
28 李永华,吴庆举,田小波,等.用接收函数方法研究云南及其邻区地壳上地幔结构.地球物理学报,2009,52:67–80
29 查小惠,雷建设.云南地区地壳厚度和泊松比研究.中国科学:地球科学,2013,43:446–456
30 Sun Y,Niu F L,Liu H F,et al.Crustal structure and deformation of the SE Tibetan Plateau revealed by receiver function data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2012,349-350:186–197
31 吴建平,明跃红,王椿镛.川滇地区速度结构的区域地震波形反演研究.地球物理学报,2006,49:1369–1376
32 Lei J S,Zhang G W,Xie F R,et al.Relocation of the 10 March 2011 Yingjiang,China,earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications.Earthq Sci,2012,25:103–110
33 Koper K D,Wysession M E,Wiens D A.Multimodal function optimization with a niching genetic algorithm:A seismological example.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1999,89:978–988
34 李少华,王彦宾,梁子斌,等.甘肃东南部地壳速度结构的区域地震波形反演.地球物理学报,2012,55:1186–1197
35 Bhattacharyya J,Sheehan A F,Tiampo K,et al.Using a genetic algorithm to model broadband regional waveforms for crustal structure in the western United States.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1999,89:202–214
36 Li H Y,Michelini A,Zhu L P,et al.Crustal velocity structure in Italy from analysis of regional seismic waveforms.Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97:2024–2039
37 Alvarado P,Beck S,Zandt G.Crustal structure of the south-central Andes Cordillera and backarc region from regional waveform modeling.Geophys J Int,2007,170:858–875
38 Chapman C H,Orcutt J A.Least-squares fitting of marine seismic refraction data.Geophys J Roy Astron Soc,1985,82:339–374
39 Xu Y,Wiens D A.Upper mantle structure of the southwest Pacific from regional waveform inversion.J Geophys Res,1997,102:27439–27451
40 Abdelwahed M F,Zhao D.Waveform modeling of local earthquakes in southwest Japan.Earth Planets Space,2005,57:1039–1054
41 王夫运,张先康.波形反演遗传算法及其在地震测深数据解释中的应用.地震学报,2006,28:158–166
42 Stoffa P L,Sen M K.Nonlinear multi-parameter optimization using genetic algorithms:Inversion of plane-wave seismograms.Geophysics,1991,56:1794–1810
43 Vasco D W,Peterson Jr J E,Majer E L.Nonuniqueness in traveltime tomography:Ensemble inference and cluster analysis.Geophysics,1996,61:1209–1227
44 Holland J H.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems:An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology,Control,and Artificial Intelligence.Oxford,England:U Michigan Press,1975.183
45 Goldberg D E,Holland J H.Genetic algorithms and machine learning.Mach Learn,1988,3:95–99
46 Berteussen K A.Moho depth determinations based on spectral-ratio analysis of NORSAR long-period P waves.Phys Earth Planet Inter,1977,15:13–27
47 Zhu L,Rivera L A.A note on the dynamic and static displacements from a point source in multilayered media.Geophys J Int,148:619–627
48 曹小林,洪学海,曹俊兴.面波波形反演中的模拟退火法.成都理工学院学报,2000,27:296–301
49 Helmberger D V,Engen G R.Modeling the long-period body waves from shallow earthquakes at regional ranges.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1980,70:1699–1714
50 Zhang X,Wang Y.Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure in Yunnan,Southwest China.Tectonophysics,2009,471:171–185
51 周龙泉,刘杰,苏有锦,等.利用S波高频衰减参数对云南地区地壳Q值成像.地球物理学报,2009,52:1500–1507
52 胡家富,丛连理,苏有锦,等.云南及周边地区Lg尾波Q值的分布特征.地球物理学报,2003,46:809–813
53 Maurice R,Stacey D,Wiens D A,et al.Crustal and upper mantle structure of southernmost South America inferred from regional waveform inversion.J Geophys Res,2003,108:2039–2049
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