青藏高原东缘大渡河中游深切河谷沉积物及其地震地质意义
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摘要
青藏高原东缘的大渡河中游泸定—石棉段呈深切河谷地貌,发育岩崩、滑坡、古地震堰塞湖、冲洪积扇等不同类型的堆积物、沉积物。基于野外调查、遥感解译、剖面测量和光释光测年(OSL)发现,这些沉积物记录了龙门山断裂带西南段——冷碛镇断裂2万年来的两期活动,可能是2次古地震事件。第一期发生在18ka左右,冷碛镇断裂切割了晚更新世的角砾状砂层和岩崩堆积物,显示右行走滑特征。这期变形促使大渡河堵塞,形成得威乡古堰塞湖,其堵江位置位于加郡乡—得妥乡的V型深切河谷段。第二期活动冷碛镇断裂切割了湖相地层,并破坏了堰塞湖,可能发生在11ka左右。新发现对于全面认识龙门山断裂带的活动历史、序列及方式具有重要意义。
In the deep-incised valleys along the middle reaches of the Dadu River,field investigation led to the discovery of several types of sediments,which include rockfalls,landslides and paleo-dammed lake sediments. These sediments have preserved the activity records of the Lengqizhen fault,which is the southernmost segment of the Longmen Mountain fault zone. Two strike-slip events were determined on the basis of high resolution SPOT imagery interpretation,field observations,and stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The early event occurred at 18 Ma and the later at 11 Ma. During the early deformation event,right slip faulting of the Lengqizhen fault cut into a brecciated sand and a suite of massive blocks. This deformation caused a damming event in the Dadu River and formed the Dewei paleo-dammed lake. The dammed lake lasted for 8ka and eventually broke about 11 ka ago. The position of the damming event occurred in the main valley,from Jiajun Township to Dewei Township,along the V-shaped stream of the Dadu River. The late deformation event of the fault cut into the lacustrine deposits. This study has a great significance for understanding the history,activities and the full sequence of the Longmen Mountain fault zone.
In the deep-incised valleys along the middle reaches of the Dadu River,field investigation led to the discovery of several types of sediments,which include rockfalls,landslides and paleo-dammed lake sediments. These sediments have preserved the activity records of the Lengqizhen fault,which is the southernmost segment of the Longmen Mountain fault zone. Two strike-slip events were determined on the basis of high resolution SPOT imagery interpretation,field observations,and stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The early event occurred at 18 Ma and the later at 11 Ma. During the early deformation event,right slip faulting of the Lengqizhen fault cut into a brecciated sand and a suite of massive blocks. This deformation caused a damming event in the Dadu River and formed the Dewei paleo-dammed lake. The dammed lake lasted for 8ka and eventually broke about 11 ka ago. The position of the damming event occurred in the main valley,from Jiajun Township to Dewei Township,along the V-shaped stream of the Dadu River. The late deformation event of the fault cut into the lacustrine deposits. This study has a great significance for understanding the history,activities and the full sequence of the Longmen Mountain fault zone.
引文
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[7]Li H B,Fu X F,Woerd J M V D,et al.Co-seisimic Surface Rupture and Dextral-slip Oblique Thrusting of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1623-1643.
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[10]Zhang Y,Dong S,Hou C,et al.Seismogenic Structure of the April 20,2013,Lushan Ms7 Earthquake in Sichuan[J].Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,2013,87(3):633-645.
[11]徐锡伟,陈桂华,于贵华,等.芦山地震发震构造及其与汶川地震关系讨论[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):11-20.
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[13]黄镇国,张伟强.中国热带第四纪板块构造的地貌效应[J].地理科学,2004,24(3):286-291.
[14]王兰生,王小群,许向宁,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的研究意义[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(5):998-1010.
[15]王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1-11.
[16]Wang P,Zhang B,Qiu W,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,east Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):865-872.
[17]李海龙,张岳桥,李建华.青藏高原东缘南北向河流系统及其伴生古堰塞湖研究[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):812-824.
[18]吴中海,周春景,冯卉,等.青海玉树地区活动断裂与地震[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):419-469.
[19]蒋瑶,吴中海,刘艳辉.青海玉树活动断裂带的多期古地震滑坡及其年龄[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):503-517.
[20]田婷婷,吴中海,马志邦.青海玉树断裂带地震落石的地震地质意义[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):567-578.
[21]Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,et al.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth[J].Nature Geoscience,2011,4(7):449-452.
[22]Ugai K,Yagi H,Wakai A,et al.The Future in the Tangjiashan Dammed-Lake Resulted from the M8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake:Discussion on Several Scientific Issues[M].Earthquake-Induced Landslides,Ugai K,Yagi H,Wakai A,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2013:901-906.
[23]Prescott J R,Hutton J T.Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating:large depths and long-term time variations[J].Radiation Measurements,1994,23(2):497-500.
[24]Fleming S J.The Pre-dose techinque:a new thermolukinescence dating method[J].Archaeometry,1973,15(1):13-30.
[25]张岳桥,杨农,孟晖,等.四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究[J].中国地质,2004,31(1):23-33.
[26]唐文清,陈智梁,刘宇平,等.青藏高原东缘鲜水河断裂与龙门山断裂交会区现今的构造活动[J].地质通报,2005,24(12):1169-1172.
[27]龙锋,倪四道,闻学泽.用远震接收函数研究龙门山断裂带与其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布[J].地球学报,2011,32(4):438-446.
[28]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(3):205-221.
[29]江在雄.1786年大渡河地震、水患及救灾康定—泸定磨西地震220周年[J].四川地震,2006,(3):4-9.
[30]王新民,裴锡瑜.康定—泸定地区强震活动与地震宏观破坏研究[J].四川地震,1998,(1/2):7-46.
[31]Ma J,Ma S L,Lei X L.Fault geometry and its relationship with seismicity in the Xianshuihe fault zone[J].Phys.Chem.Earth,1989,17:131-142.
[32]张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(9):1041-1056.
[33]Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali Fault Systems of Southwestern Sichuan and Central Yunnan,China[J].Geological Society of America Special Papers,1998,327:1-108.
[34]胥勤勉,杨达源,葛兆帅,等.金沙江金坪子堆积体成因的初步研究[J].山地学报,2006,24(4):403-409.
[35]徐永辉,杨达源,陈可锋,等.金沙江金坪子堆积体地貌过程与稳定性研究[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(2):169-173.
1乔彦松.川西河谷第四纪地质环境调查与灾害效应研究.北京:中国地质调查局地质力学研究所,2011.
[2]Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Y,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,2007,26(4):1-17.
[3]Li Y Q,Jia D,Shaw J H,et al.Structural interpretation of the coseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake:Three-dimensional modeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115(B4):B4317.
[4]An M,Feng M,Long C.Deep ruptures around the hypocenter of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake deduced from aftershock observations[J].Tectonophysics,2010,491(1/4):96-104.
[5]Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,Van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China[J].GSA Today,2008,18(7):5.
[6]Dong S W,Zhang Y Q,Wu Z H,et al.Surface Rupture and Coseismic Displacement Produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12th,2008,Sichuan,China:Eastwards Growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,2008,82(5):938-948.
[7]Li H B,Fu X F,Woerd J M V D,et al.Co-seisimic Surface Rupture and Dextral-slip Oblique Thrusting of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1623-1643.
[8]Nakamura T,Tsuboi S,Kaneda Y,et al.Rupture process of the2008 Wenchuan,China earthquake inferred from teleseismic waveform inversion and forward modeling of broadband seismic waves[J].Tectonophysics,2010,491(1):72-84.
[9]Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,et al.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[10]Zhang Y,Dong S,Hou C,et al.Seismogenic Structure of the April 20,2013,Lushan Ms7 Earthquake in Sichuan[J].Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,2013,87(3):633-645.
[11]徐锡伟,陈桂华,于贵华,等.芦山地震发震构造及其与汶川地震关系讨论[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):11-20.
[12]Arger J,Mitchell J,Westaway R W.Neogene and Quaternary volcanism of southeastern Turkey[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2000,173(1):459-487.
[13]黄镇国,张伟强.中国热带第四纪板块构造的地貌效应[J].地理科学,2004,24(3):286-291.
[14]王兰生,王小群,许向宁,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的研究意义[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(5):998-1010.
[15]王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1-11.
[16]Wang P,Zhang B,Qiu W,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,east Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):865-872.
[17]李海龙,张岳桥,李建华.青藏高原东缘南北向河流系统及其伴生古堰塞湖研究[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):812-824.
[18]吴中海,周春景,冯卉,等.青海玉树地区活动断裂与地震[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):419-469.
[19]蒋瑶,吴中海,刘艳辉.青海玉树活动断裂带的多期古地震滑坡及其年龄[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):503-517.
[20]田婷婷,吴中海,马志邦.青海玉树断裂带地震落石的地震地质意义[J].地质通报,2014,33(4):567-578.
[21]Parker R N,Densmore A L,Rosser N J,et al.Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth[J].Nature Geoscience,2011,4(7):449-452.
[22]Ugai K,Yagi H,Wakai A,et al.The Future in the Tangjiashan Dammed-Lake Resulted from the M8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake:Discussion on Several Scientific Issues[M].Earthquake-Induced Landslides,Ugai K,Yagi H,Wakai A,Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2013:901-906.
[23]Prescott J R,Hutton J T.Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating:large depths and long-term time variations[J].Radiation Measurements,1994,23(2):497-500.
[24]Fleming S J.The Pre-dose techinque:a new thermolukinescence dating method[J].Archaeometry,1973,15(1):13-30.
[25]张岳桥,杨农,孟晖,等.四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究[J].中国地质,2004,31(1):23-33.
[26]唐文清,陈智梁,刘宇平,等.青藏高原东缘鲜水河断裂与龙门山断裂交会区现今的构造活动[J].地质通报,2005,24(12):1169-1172.
[27]龙锋,倪四道,闻学泽.用远震接收函数研究龙门山断裂带与其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布[J].地球学报,2011,32(4):438-446.
[28]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(3):205-221.
[29]江在雄.1786年大渡河地震、水患及救灾康定—泸定磨西地震220周年[J].四川地震,2006,(3):4-9.
[30]王新民,裴锡瑜.康定—泸定地区强震活动与地震宏观破坏研究[J].四川地震,1998,(1/2):7-46.
[31]Ma J,Ma S L,Lei X L.Fault geometry and its relationship with seismicity in the Xianshuihe fault zone[J].Phys.Chem.Earth,1989,17:131-142.
[32]张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(9):1041-1056.
[33]Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali Fault Systems of Southwestern Sichuan and Central Yunnan,China[J].Geological Society of America Special Papers,1998,327:1-108.
[34]胥勤勉,杨达源,葛兆帅,等.金沙江金坪子堆积体成因的初步研究[J].山地学报,2006,24(4):403-409.
[35]徐永辉,杨达源,陈可锋,等.金沙江金坪子堆积体地貌过程与稳定性研究[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(2):169-173.
1乔彦松.川西河谷第四纪地质环境调查与灾害效应研究.北京:中国地质调查局地质力学研究所,2011.
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