用面波方法研究上扬子克拉通壳幔速度结构
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摘要
本文研究采用单台法和双台法提取了穿越上扬子的基阶面波相速度和群速度频散;通过对提取的面波群速度和相速度频散进行联合反演,得到的1-D SV速度模型显示上扬子块体下地壳S波速度与典型克拉通区域相当,其上地幔顶部80～170 km深处存在高速的岩石圈盖层,较AK135模型要快2%～3%,其岩石圈厚度约为180 km..在上扬子地区,径向各向异性集中分布在300 km以浅的岩石圈与软流圈部分,其中岩石圈部分SH波比SV波波速要快2%～4%,软流圈部分SH波比SV波波速要快3%～5%;Rayleigh波相速度方位各向异性分析结果显示,上扬子块体周期为25～45 s(大致相当于30～70 km深度范围内)的Rayleigh波相速度存在1.8%～2.7%不等的方位各向异性,其快波方向介于147°～174°.我们认为上扬子块体径向各向异性集中分布在岩石圈、软流圈部分,且各向异性随深度变化,其岩石圈部分各向异性为大陆克拉通化的遗迹,软流圈部分各向异性与现今板块运动相关.
The fundamental mode surface wave group and phase velocities dispersion measurements have been made for paths traversing the western Yangtze craton. A joint inversion of surface wave phase and group dispersion data provides the regionalized shear wave velocity structure of the lithosphere across the western Yangtze craton. The 1-D SV model shows that the lower crust velocity of the western Yangtze craton is similar to that of typical cratonic regions. The model also shows that the average velocity perturbations in the mantle are 2%～3% faster than the AK135 to at least 170 km depth and thus define the cratonic lithosphere. Horizontal fabric (SH is 2%～4% faster than SV) are observed in the lower crust and upper lithospheric mantle. And a similar radial anisotropy (SH is 3%～5% faster than SV) has also been finding in the asthenosphere. Azimuthal anisotropy is well resolved at short periods (25～45 s) with a dominant fast direction of 147°～174°. Our results suggest the presence of depth-dependent anisotropic structure, where the anisotropy in the lithosphere may correspond to regional crustal and uppermost mantle structure resulting from Yangtze craton formation, and the anisotropy in the asthenosphere may result from present-day asthenospheric flow.
The fundamental mode surface wave group and phase velocities dispersion measurements have been made for paths traversing the western Yangtze craton. A joint inversion of surface wave phase and group dispersion data provides the regionalized shear wave velocity structure of the lithosphere across the western Yangtze craton. The 1-D SV model shows that the lower crust velocity of the western Yangtze craton is similar to that of typical cratonic regions. The model also shows that the average velocity perturbations in the mantle are 2%～3% faster than the AK135 to at least 170 km depth and thus define the cratonic lithosphere. Horizontal fabric (SH is 2%～4% faster than SV) are observed in the lower crust and upper lithospheric mantle. And a similar radial anisotropy (SH is 3%～5% faster than SV) has also been finding in the asthenosphere. Azimuthal anisotropy is well resolved at short periods (25～45 s) with a dominant fast direction of 147°～174°. Our results suggest the presence of depth-dependent anisotropic structure, where the anisotropy in the lithosphere may correspond to regional crustal and uppermost mantle structure resulting from Yangtze craton formation, and the anisotropy in the asthenosphere may result from present-day asthenospheric flow.
引文
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[27] Herrmann R B,Ammon C J.Computer programs in seismology.Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,St Louis University,St Louis,Missouri,2002
[28] Dziewonski A M,Hales A L.Numerical analysis of dispersed seismic waves.//Bolt B A ed.Method in Computational Physics.New York:Academic Press,1972,11;39～85
[29] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,122:108～124
[30] Brune J N,Dorman J.Seismic waves and earth structure in the Canadian Shield.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1963,53(1) :167～210
[31] Larson A M,Snoke J A,James D E.S-wave velocity structure,mantle xenoliths,and tbe upper mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,162:171～186
[32] Mooney W D,Laske G,Masters G.CRUST5． 1:A global crustal model at 5°×5°.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:727～747
[33] Bassin C,Laske G,Masters G.The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America.EOS Trans AGU,2000,81,F897
[34] Rudnick R L,McDonough W F,O'Connell R J.Thermal structure,thickness and composition of continental lithosphere.Chem.Geol.,1998,145:395～411
[35] Debayle E,Kennett B L N.The Australian continental upper mantle:structure and deformation inferred from surface waves.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:25423～25450
[36] 汪洋,邓晋福,汪集旸等.中国大陆热流分布特征及热构造分区.中国科学院研究生院学报,2001,18(1) :51～58 Wang Y,Deng J F,Wang J Y,et al.Terrestrial heat flow pattern and thermal-tectonic domains in the continental area of China.Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(in Chinese),2001,188(1) :51～58
[37] 安美建,石耀霖.中国大陆岩石圈厚度分布研究.地学前缘,2006,13(3) :23～30 An M J,Shi Y L.Review on lithospheric thickness research of the Chinese continent.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2006,13(3) :23～30
[38] Savage M K.Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:what have we learned from shear wave splitting?Roy.Geophys.,1999,37(1) :65～106
[39] Romanowicz B.Inversion of surface waves:a review.//Lee W H K ed.Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology,IASPEI,Part A,2002． 149-174
[40] Plomerova J,Kouba D,Babuska V.Mapping the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary through changes in surface wave anisotropy.Tectonophysics,2002,358:175～185
[41] Gaherty J B,Jordan T H.Lehmann discontinuity as the base of an anisotropic layer beneath continents,Science,1995,268:1468～1471
[42] Debayle E,Kennett B,Priestley K.Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate motion deformation of Australia.Nature,2005,433:509～512,doi:10． 1038/nature03247
[43] Simons F J,van der Hilst R D,Montagner J P,et al.Multimode Rayleigh wave inversion for heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy of the Australian upper mantle.Geophy.J.Int.,2002,151:738～754
[44] Pedersen H A,Bruneton M,Maupin V,et al.Litbospheric and sublithospheric anisotropy beneath the Baltic Shield from surface wave array analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,244:590～605
[45] Chen C W,Rondenay S,Weeraratne D S,et al.New constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Slave craton from Rayleigh wave inversion.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34,L10301,doi:10． 1029/ 2007GL029535
[46] Beghein C,Trampert J.Probability density functions for radial anisotropy:implications for the upper 1200 km of the mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,217:151～162
[47] Crampin S.The dispersion of surface waves in multilayered anisotropic media.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1970,21:387～408
[48] Smith M,Dahlen F A.The azimuthal dependence of Love and Rayleigh wave propagation in a slightly anisotropic medium.J.Geophys.Res.,1973,78:3321～3333
[49] Freybourger M,GahertyJ B,Jordan T H,etal.Structure of the Kaapvaal craton from surface waves.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28:2489～2492
[50] Snyder D B,Bruneton M.Seismic anisotropy of the Slave craton,NW Canada,from joint interpretation of SKS and Rayleighwaves.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169:170～188
[51] Gaherty J B.A surface wave analysis of seismic anisotropy beneath eastern North America.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,158:1053～1066 doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2004． 02371． x
[52] Silver P G,Fouch M,Gao S,et al.Seismic anisotropy,mantle fabric,and the magmatic evolution of Precambrian southern Africa,South African.J.Geol..2004,107:45～58
[2] Pearson D G,Nowell G M.The continental lithospheric mantle:characteristics and significance as a mantle reservoir.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A.,2002,360:2383～2410
[3] Griffin W L,Fisher N I,Friedman J H,et al.Cr-pyrope garnets in the lithospheric mantle.I.Compositional systematics and relations to tectonic setting.J.Petrol.,1999,40:679～704
[4] Griffin W L,Fisher N I,Friedman J H,et al.Cr-pyrope garnets in the lithospheric mantle.II.Compositional populations and their distribution in time and space.Geochem.Geophys.Geosys.,2002,3(12) ,1073,doi:10． 1029/2002GC000298．
[5] Griffin WL,(O/Reilly S Y,Abe N,et al.The origin and evolution of Archean lithospheric mantle.Precambrian Research,2003,127:19～41
[6] 池际尚,路凤香.华北地台金伯利岩及古生代岩石圈地幔特征.北京:科学出版社,1996 Chi J S,Lu F X.Kimberlite in North China Craton and the Characterization of Paleozoic lithosphere mantle(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1996
[7] 邱瑞照,邓晋福,李廷栋等.中国大陆岩石圈物质组成及演化.北京:地质出版社,2006 Qiu R Z,Deng J F,Li T D,et al.The Composition and Evolution of the Lithosphere in China Continent(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006
[8] 何正勤,丁志峰,叶太兰等.中国大陆及其邻域的瑞利波群速度分布图像与地壳上地幔速度结构.地震学报,2002,24(3) :252～259 He Z Q,Ding Z F,Ye T L,et al.The group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and uppermantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity,Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2002,24(3) :252～259
[9] 宋仲和,陈国英,安昌强等.中国大陆及其海域地壳上地幔三维速度结构.中国科学(B辑),1993,23(2) :180～188 Song Z H,Chen G Y,An C Q,et al.3D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Chinese continent and its sea area.Science in China(Series B)(in Chinese),1993,23(2) :180～188
[10] 彭 聪,高 锐.中国大陆及邻近海域岩石圈/软流圈结构横向变化研究.北京:地震出版社,2000 Peng C,Gao R.Study on the Landscape Orientation Change of the Lithosphere/Asthenosphere Structure in China Continent and Adjacent Sea Area(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2000
[11] Grand S P,van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S.Global seismic tomography:a snapshot of convection in the Earth.GSA Today,1997,7(4) :1～7
[12] Huang Z X,Su W,PengY,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B2) ,doi:10． 1029/2001JB001696
[13] Huang J,Zhao D.High resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,111,B09305,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004066
[14] Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,Barmin M P,et al.Global surface wave diffraction tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B12) ,2335,doi:10． 1029/2002JB001777
[15] Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H.Monte-Carlo inversion for a global shear-velocity model of the crust and upper mantle.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,151:88～105
[16] Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2048～2074
[17] Lebedev S,Van der Hilst R D.Global upper mantle tomography with the automated multi-mode surface and S waveforms.Geophys.J.Int.,2008,173(2) :505～518
[18] Lebedev S,Boonen J,Trampert J.Seismic structure of Precambrian lithosphere:new constraints from broad-band surface-wave dispersion.Lithos,2008,doi:10． 1016/j.lithos.2008． 06． 010
[19] Gung Y,Panning M,Romanowicz B.Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents.Nature,2003,422:707～711
[20] 彭艳菊,黄忠贤,苏 伟等.中国大陆及邻区海域地壳上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(3) :752～759 Peng Y J,Huang Z X,Su W,et al.Anisotropy in crust and upper mantle beneath China continent and its adjacent seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3) :752～759
[21] 朱良保,许 庆,陈晓非.中国大陆及邻近海域的Rayleigh波群速度分布.地球物理学报,2002,45(4) :475～482 Zhu L B,Xu Q,Chen X F.Group velocity of Rayleigh wave in Chinese continent and its adjacent seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(4) .:475～482
[22] 左愚,刘立言,李跃秋.中国布格重力异常.//马丽芳主编.中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社,2002． 61～64 Zuo Y,Liu L Y,Li Y Q.Bouguer Anomalies in China.//Ma L F ed.Geological Atlas of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002． 61～64
[23] Huang Z X,Peng Y J,Luo Y,et al.Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in East Asia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L15617,doi:10． 1029/2004GL020399
[24] Li S L,Mooney W D,Fan J.Crustal structure of China from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2006,420:239～252
[25] Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.Seismic anisotropy of upper mantle in Sichuan and adjacent regions.Science in China(Series D),2008,51:1683～1693
[26] 罗艳,黄忠贤,彭艳菊等.中国大陆及邻区SKS波分裂研究.地球物理学报,2004,47(5) :812～821 Luo Y,Huang Z X,Peng Y J,et al.A study on SKS splitting beneath the China mainland and adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(5) :813～821
[27] Herrmann R B,Ammon C J.Computer programs in seismology.Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,St Louis University,St Louis,Missouri,2002
[28] Dziewonski A M,Hales A L.Numerical analysis of dispersed seismic waves.//Bolt B A ed.Method in Computational Physics.New York:Academic Press,1972,11;39～85
[29] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,122:108～124
[30] Brune J N,Dorman J.Seismic waves and earth structure in the Canadian Shield.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1963,53(1) :167～210
[31] Larson A M,Snoke J A,James D E.S-wave velocity structure,mantle xenoliths,and tbe upper mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,162:171～186
[32] Mooney W D,Laske G,Masters G.CRUST5． 1:A global crustal model at 5°×5°.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:727～747
[33] Bassin C,Laske G,Masters G.The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America.EOS Trans AGU,2000,81,F897
[34] Rudnick R L,McDonough W F,O'Connell R J.Thermal structure,thickness and composition of continental lithosphere.Chem.Geol.,1998,145:395～411
[35] Debayle E,Kennett B L N.The Australian continental upper mantle:structure and deformation inferred from surface waves.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:25423～25450
[36] 汪洋,邓晋福,汪集旸等.中国大陆热流分布特征及热构造分区.中国科学院研究生院学报,2001,18(1) :51～58 Wang Y,Deng J F,Wang J Y,et al.Terrestrial heat flow pattern and thermal-tectonic domains in the continental area of China.Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(in Chinese),2001,188(1) :51～58
[37] 安美建,石耀霖.中国大陆岩石圈厚度分布研究.地学前缘,2006,13(3) :23～30 An M J,Shi Y L.Review on lithospheric thickness research of the Chinese continent.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2006,13(3) :23～30
[38] Savage M K.Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:what have we learned from shear wave splitting?Roy.Geophys.,1999,37(1) :65～106
[39] Romanowicz B.Inversion of surface waves:a review.//Lee W H K ed.Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology,IASPEI,Part A,2002． 149-174
[40] Plomerova J,Kouba D,Babuska V.Mapping the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary through changes in surface wave anisotropy.Tectonophysics,2002,358:175～185
[41] Gaherty J B,Jordan T H.Lehmann discontinuity as the base of an anisotropic layer beneath continents,Science,1995,268:1468～1471
[42] Debayle E,Kennett B,Priestley K.Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate motion deformation of Australia.Nature,2005,433:509～512,doi:10． 1038/nature03247
[43] Simons F J,van der Hilst R D,Montagner J P,et al.Multimode Rayleigh wave inversion for heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy of the Australian upper mantle.Geophy.J.Int.,2002,151:738～754
[44] Pedersen H A,Bruneton M,Maupin V,et al.Litbospheric and sublithospheric anisotropy beneath the Baltic Shield from surface wave array analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,244:590～605
[45] Chen C W,Rondenay S,Weeraratne D S,et al.New constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Slave craton from Rayleigh wave inversion.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34,L10301,doi:10． 1029/ 2007GL029535
[46] Beghein C,Trampert J.Probability density functions for radial anisotropy:implications for the upper 1200 km of the mantle.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,217:151～162
[47] Crampin S.The dispersion of surface waves in multilayered anisotropic media.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1970,21:387～408
[48] Smith M,Dahlen F A.The azimuthal dependence of Love and Rayleigh wave propagation in a slightly anisotropic medium.J.Geophys.Res.,1973,78:3321～3333
[49] Freybourger M,GahertyJ B,Jordan T H,etal.Structure of the Kaapvaal craton from surface waves.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28:2489～2492
[50] Snyder D B,Bruneton M.Seismic anisotropy of the Slave craton,NW Canada,from joint interpretation of SKS and Rayleighwaves.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169:170～188
[51] Gaherty J B.A surface wave analysis of seismic anisotropy beneath eastern North America.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,158:1053～1066 doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2004． 02371． x
[52] Silver P G,Fouch M,Gao S,et al.Seismic anisotropy,mantle fabric,and the magmatic evolution of Precambrian southern Africa,South African.J.Geol..2004,107:45～58
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