采用不同摩擦定律动态模拟断层阶跃
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摘要
众所周知,断层阶跃在某些情况下可使破裂贯通,而在另外的一些情况下则可能使破裂终止。然而,不同摩擦定律公式对跨越破裂的影响尚未得到广泛的探讨。本研究采用二维动态有限元方法探讨张性和压性两种环境下不同摩擦参数如何影响破裂跨越阶跃的能力。我们比较了线性滑动弱化摩擦和三种速率—状态依从摩擦:衰变定律、滑动定律、强速率弱化滑动定律。我们发现,对于相同有效滑动弱化距离的摩擦参数,该摩擦定律的函数形式可对最大跨越距离有显著影响。将摩擦定律调整为具有等效破裂能量时,我们发现这种摩擦定律的函数形式对跨越破裂的影响次之。最后,我们发现采用特定参数时,一旦破裂在次断层段重新起始,跨越阶跃系统的破裂延迟可导致先前未曾见到的超剪切转换模式,即使初始应力场阻碍这种转换也如此。对复杂几何形态如断层阶跃采用多种摩擦定律进行研究可有助于更好地认识和理解破裂性质对模型及统计分析中采用的摩擦定律类型的依赖性。
引文
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Dunham,E.M.,P.Favreau,and J.M.Carlson(2003),A supershear transition mechanism forcracks,Science,299,1557-1559.
Elliot,A.J.,J.F.Dolan,and D.D.Oglesby(2009),Evidence from coseismic slip gradients for dynamic control on rupture propagation and arrestthrough stepovers,J.Geophys.Res.,114,B02312,doi:10.1029/2008JB005969.
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Fukuyama,E.,and K.B.Olsen(2002),A conditionfor super-shear rupture propagation in a heterogeneous stress field,Pure Appl.Geophys.,159,2047-2056.
Goldsby,D.L.,and T.E.Tullis(2002),Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismicslip rates,Geophys.Res.Lett.,29(17),1844,doi:10.1029/2002GL015240.
Harris,R.A.,and S.M.Day(1993),Dynamics offault interaction:Parallel strike-slip faults,J.Geophys.Res.,98(B3),4461-4472,doi:10.1029/92JB02272.
Harris,R.A.,and S.M.Day(1997),Effects of alow-velocity zone on a dynamic rupture,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,87,1267-1280.
Harris,R.A.,and S.M.Day(1999),Dynamic 3Dsimulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults,Geophys.Res.Lett.,26(14),2089-2092,doi:10.1029/1999GL900377.
Harris,R.A.,R.J.Archuleta,and S.M.Day(1991),Fault steps and the dynamic ruptureprocess:2-D numerical simulations of a spontaneously propagating shear fracture,Geophys.Res.Lett.,18(5),893-896,doi:10.1029/91GL01061.
Harris,R.A.,et al.(2009),The SCEC/USGS dynamic earthquake rupture code verification exercise,Seismol.Res.Lett.,80,119-126.
Hirose,T.,and T.Shimamoto(2005),Growth of themolten zone as a mechanism of slip weakeningof simulated faults in gabbro during frictionalmelting,J.Geophys.Res.,110B05202,doi:10.1029/2004JB003207.
Ida,Y.(1972),Cohesive force across the tip of alongitudinal-shear crack and Griffiths specificsurface energy,J.Geophys.Res.,77(20),3796-3805,doi:10.1029/JB077i020p03796.
Ide,S.,and M.Takeo(1997),Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismicwave analysis,J.Geophys.Res.,102(B12),27,379-27,391,doi:10.1029/97JB02675.
Kanamori,H.,and L.Rivera(2006),Energy Partitioning During an Earthquake,Earthquakes:Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting.Geophys.Monogr.Ser.,vol.170,AGU,Washington,D.C.,doi:10.1029/170GM03.
Kase,Y.,and K.Kuge(1998),Numerical simulationof spontaneous rupture processes on two noncoplanar faults:The effect of geometry on faultinteraction,Geophys.J.Int.,135,911-922.
Knuepfer,P.L.K.(1989),Implications of the characteristics of endpoints of historical surfacefault ruptures for the nature of fault segmentation,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-file Rep.,193-228.
Lettis,W.,J.Bachhuber,R.Witter,C.Brankman,C.E.Randolph,A.Barka,W.D.Page,and A.Kaya(2002),Influence of releasing step-overs onsurface fault rupture and fault segmentation:Examples from the 17August 1999Izmit earthquake on the North Anatolian Fault,Turkey,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,92,19-42.
Linker,M.F.,and J.H.Dieterich(1992),Effects ofvariable normal stress on rock friction:Observations and constitutive equations,J.Geophys.Res.,97(B4),4923-4940,doi:10.1029/92JB00017.
Liu,Y.,and N.Lapusta(2008),Transition of modeII cracks from sub-Rayleigh to intersonic speedsin the presence of favorable heterogeneity,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,56,25-50.
Lozos,J.C.,D.D.Oglesby,J.N.Brune,and K.B.Olsen(2012),Small intermediate fault segmentscan either aid or hinder rupture propagation atstepovers,Geophys.Res.Lett.,39L18305,doi:10.1029/2012GL053005.
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