龙门山中段山前河流Hack剖面和面积-高程积分的构造地貌研究
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摘要
2008年5月12日龙门山发生了8.0级特大地震,仅仅时隔5年,在2013年4月20日,龙门山构造带南段又发生了M7.O级地震,说明该区域构造运动频繁发生,也因此成为地质地貌学家研究构造一地貌一水系的理想场所。构造活动对河流的发育、形态(纵剖面形态、平面形态、三维地貌)等有重要影响。基于DEM数据,本文提取了龙门山中段山前地区的湔江(R_1)、金河(R_2)、绵远河(R_3)、干河子(R_4)和安昌河(R_5)5条河流及其次流域,分别计算了5条河流的Hack剖面、河长坡降指标(sL参数)以及标准化坡降指标(SL/K)等构造地貌参数,并计算了这5条河流及其次流域的面积一高程积分值,对该地区的构造活动、地貌演化特征进行分析。研究表明:1)龙门山中段山前地区5条河流的Hack剖面皆呈上凸形态,表明龙门山中段山前地区处于构造抬升状态;2)该地区的sL参数主要反映的断裂构造活动信息,sL参数在映秀-北川断裂峰值最为明显,说明该地区该断裂的活动性最强;3)龙门山中段的5条河流面积一高程积分线接近凹形,该地区地貌演化整体上处于"壮年期"向"老年期"过渡阶段;4)龙门山中段山前地区构造活动性在空间上有差异性,该地区的中南段活动性较强,北段地区活动性较弱。
The Mt.Longmenshan is located at the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is not the one which has the greatest transmutation of steepness among those around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,but also one of the areas where the strongest climate and tectonic activities have been happened.In recent years,the apparent seismic activity around the Mt.Longmenshan has included the Wenehuan Earthquake(magnitude 8.0)and the Lushan Earthquake(magnitude 7.0),occurring in 2008 and 2013,respectively.Thus,this area has been one of the best places to study the relationships about tectonic-geomorphy-water system.Tectonic activity has important influence on stream development and shape(including shape of longitudinal profile,plane configuration,three dimension landforms).The paper has extracted the drainage basins of 5 rivers,which they are Qianjiang River(R_1),Jinhe River(R_2),Mianyuanhe River(R_3),Ganhezi River(R_4)and Anchanghe River(R_5)in the middle segment of Mt.Longmenshan,and their sub-drainage basins by using GIS technology.Hack Profile,SL Index(SL)and Gradient Index(SL/K)are examined for concavity studies of each profile and withdraw hypsometric integral from5 drainage basins and their sub-drainage basins.By the analysis of above parameters,we state that Convex Hack profile of 5 rivers shows that piedmont drainage basins of the middle Mt.Longmenshan is in the stage of tectonic uplifting in the Cenozoic.The river segments with abnormally high SL values,which mainly represented faults activity of study area.The obviously high SL values appear in Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,which shows the strongest activity of the fault zone.It is transitional stage in "manhood" and "old age",because of hypsometric curves of 5rivers from S-shaped to concave development in the piedmont of middle Mt.Longmenshan.However,the tectonic processes are distinguished in the study area,which tectonic activities are declining from the middle-south to northwest segment along the piedmont of middle Mr.Longmenshan.
The Mt.Longmenshan is located at the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is not the one which has the greatest transmutation of steepness among those around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,but also one of the areas where the strongest climate and tectonic activities have been happened.In recent years,the apparent seismic activity around the Mt.Longmenshan has included the Wenehuan Earthquake(magnitude 8.0)and the Lushan Earthquake(magnitude 7.0),occurring in 2008 and 2013,respectively.Thus,this area has been one of the best places to study the relationships about tectonic-geomorphy-water system.Tectonic activity has important influence on stream development and shape(including shape of longitudinal profile,plane configuration,three dimension landforms).The paper has extracted the drainage basins of 5 rivers,which they are Qianjiang River(R_1),Jinhe River(R_2),Mianyuanhe River(R_3),Ganhezi River(R_4)and Anchanghe River(R_5)in the middle segment of Mt.Longmenshan,and their sub-drainage basins by using GIS technology.Hack Profile,SL Index(SL)and Gradient Index(SL/K)are examined for concavity studies of each profile and withdraw hypsometric integral from5 drainage basins and their sub-drainage basins.By the analysis of above parameters,we state that Convex Hack profile of 5 rivers shows that piedmont drainage basins of the middle Mt.Longmenshan is in the stage of tectonic uplifting in the Cenozoic.The river segments with abnormally high SL values,which mainly represented faults activity of study area.The obviously high SL values appear in Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,which shows the strongest activity of the fault zone.It is transitional stage in "manhood" and "old age",because of hypsometric curves of 5rivers from S-shaped to concave development in the piedmont of middle Mt.Longmenshan.However,the tectonic processes are distinguished in the study area,which tectonic activities are declining from the middle-south to northwest segment along the piedmont of middle Mr.Longmenshan.
引文
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5张会平,杨农,张岳桥等.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):126-135Zhang Huiping,Yang Nong,Zhang Yueqiao eta/.C,eomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system(Sichuan,China)and its structural implications.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1):126-135
6王刚,陶晓风,伊海生等.四川盆地西南缘雅安一名山地区青衣江古河道的变迁及蒙顶山背斜的隆起.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):779-790Wang Gang,Tao Xiaofeng,Yi Haisheng et aL The change of the Paleo-Qingyijiang River and the rise of the Mangdingshan anticline in the area of Ya'an-Mingshan,south-west of the Sichuan basin.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):779-790
7徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The Ms8.0 Wcnchuan Earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629
8张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8.O级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longman Shah active fault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics.2008.51(4):1066-1073
9赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4):429-438Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa.Tectonic geomarphology of Minshan uplift in western Sichuan,Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4):429-438
10张世民,丁锐,毛昌伟等.青藏高原东缘龙门山山系构造隆起的地貌表现.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):791-802Zhang Sh/min,Ding Rui,Mao Changwei et al.Morphological appearance of the Longmanshan tectonic uplift on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):791-802
11 Hack J T.Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index.Journal of Research of the U.S.Geological Survey,1973,1(4):421-429
12 Bull W B,McFadden L D.Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock Fault,California.In:Doehring D O ed.Geomorphology in Arid Regions,Proceedings of Eighth Annual Geomorphology Symposium.Binghamton:State University of New York,1977.115-138
13 Hare P H,Gardner T W.Geomorphic indicators of vertical neotectonism along converging plate margins,Nicoya Peninsula,Costa Rica.In:Morisawa M,Hack J eds.Tectonic Geomorphology.Boston:Alien and Unwin,1985.75-104
14 Howard A D,Kerby G.Channel changes in badlands.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94(6):739-752
15 Mandelbrot B B.The Fractal Geometry of Nature.New York:W.H.Freeman,1985.1-10
16 Strahler A N.Hypsometric(area-altitude)analysis of erosional topography.Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1952,63(11):1117-1142
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