叠前多级优化联合偏移速度建模
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摘要
推导了基于角度域共成像点道集的叠前深度层析速度建模公式,提出了一种叠前多级优化联合偏移速度建模方法.通过基于共散射点(CSP)道集的叠前时间偏移速度分析获取初始速度,利用基于角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs)的叠前深度层析速度反演进行速度更新建模.实现步骤可以概括为:首先,将叠前地震数据映射为CSP道集,利用CSP道集的叠加速度谱进行速度分析得到均方根速度场;其次,通过Dix公式将均方根速度场转换为层速度场,以此进行层析初始速度建模,基于ADCIGs实现叠前深度层析速度反演,最终得到高精度的叠前偏移速度场.断层模型和实际资料试算结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.
This paper derived the formula of pre-stack depth migration tomographic velocity analysis based on angle domain common imaging gathers(ADCIGs) and proposed a pre-stack joint migration velocity modeling method with multi-stage optimization which gets the initial velocity through the pre-stack time migration velocity analysis on the basis of common scattering point(CSP) gathers and obtains the velocity update through the pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis on the basis of ADCIGs.The implement steps can be summarized as follows: First,make the pre-stack seismic data mapped to CSP gathers and get the root-mean-square velocity by stack velocity spectrum of CSP gathers;then transform the root-mean-square velocity to interval velocity in order to model the initial tomography velocity field;finally obtain the pre-stack migration velocity field with high-precision by pre-stack depth migration tomographic velocity inversion based on ADCIGs.The pre-stack time migration velocity analysis based on CSP gathers can solve dispersion problem of reflection points for inclined layers,get focused velocity spectrum and obtain good initial velocity quickly.ADCIGs are obtained from prestack depth migration,not affected by multi-path problem and free of artifacts,and coupling relation of velocity and depth can be revealed clearly in ADCIGs.The pre-stack depth tomographic velocity modeling based on ADCIGs can be easily implemented without considering complex reflection problems in ray tracing,and each step is updated on the basis of prestack depth migration in the prior step.Through the flatness degree of ADCIGs,it is easy to judge the velocity update and finally achieve a high precision velocity field.Examples of fault model and field dataset shows this method is feasible and valid,but its precision is restrained by the resolution of ADCIGs,and prestack data with low S/N may make impact on inversion results.So before the implement of pre-stack joint migration velocity modelling,data pre-processing need to be carried out for precision of velocity modelling.
This paper derived the formula of pre-stack depth migration tomographic velocity analysis based on angle domain common imaging gathers(ADCIGs) and proposed a pre-stack joint migration velocity modeling method with multi-stage optimization which gets the initial velocity through the pre-stack time migration velocity analysis on the basis of common scattering point(CSP) gathers and obtains the velocity update through the pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis on the basis of ADCIGs.The implement steps can be summarized as follows: First,make the pre-stack seismic data mapped to CSP gathers and get the root-mean-square velocity by stack velocity spectrum of CSP gathers;then transform the root-mean-square velocity to interval velocity in order to model the initial tomography velocity field;finally obtain the pre-stack migration velocity field with high-precision by pre-stack depth migration tomographic velocity inversion based on ADCIGs.The pre-stack time migration velocity analysis based on CSP gathers can solve dispersion problem of reflection points for inclined layers,get focused velocity spectrum and obtain good initial velocity quickly.ADCIGs are obtained from prestack depth migration,not affected by multi-path problem and free of artifacts,and coupling relation of velocity and depth can be revealed clearly in ADCIGs.The pre-stack depth tomographic velocity modeling based on ADCIGs can be easily implemented without considering complex reflection problems in ray tracing,and each step is updated on the basis of prestack depth migration in the prior step.Through the flatness degree of ADCIGs,it is easy to judge the velocity update and finally achieve a high precision velocity field.Examples of fault model and field dataset shows this method is feasible and valid,but its precision is restrained by the resolution of ADCIGs,and prestack data with low S/N may make impact on inversion results.So before the implement of pre-stack joint migration velocity modelling,data pre-processing need to be carried out for precision of velocity modelling.
引文
[1]Deregowski S M.Common-offset migrations and velocity analysis[J].First Break,1990,8(6):225-234.
[2]Al-Yahya K M.Velocity analysis by iterative profile migration[Ph.D].Stanford:Stanford University,1987.
[3]Lee W B,Zhang L.Residual shot profile migration[J].Geophysics,1992,57(6):815-822.
[4]Fomel S.Velocity continuation and the anatomy of prestackresidual migration[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,1997,16:1762-1765.
[5]Liu Z Y,Bleistein N.Migration velocity analysis:Theory andan iterative algorithm[J].Geophysics,1995,60(1):142-153.
[6]Liu Z Y.An analytical approach to migration velocity analysis[J].Geophysics,1997,62(4):1238-1249.
[7]Prucha M L,Biondi B L,Symes W W.Angle-domain commonimage gathers by wave-equation migration:Angle-domaincommon image gathers by wave equation migration[C].SEGExpanded Abstracts,1999,69:824-827.
[8]Mosher C C,Jin S W,Foste D J.Migration velocity analysisusing common angle image gathers[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2001,71:889-892.
[9]Sava P C,Fomel S.Angle-domain common-image gathers bywavefield continuation methods[J].Geophysics,2003,68(3):1065-1074.
[10]Xia F,Ren Y,Jin S.Residual migration-velocity analysis usingcommon angle image gathers[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2006,25:2455-2458.
[11]Faye J P,Jeannot J P.Prestack migration velocities fromdepth-focusing analysis[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,1986,56:438-440.
[12]MacKay S,Abma R.Imaging and velocity estimation withdepth-focusing analysis[J].Geophysics,1992,57(12),1608-1622.
[13]Wang B,Francois A,Dan W,et al.Subsalt velocity analysisby combining wave equation based redatuming and Kirchhoffbased migration velocity analysis[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2006,25:2440-2444.
[14]Berkhout A J.CFP technology,new opportunities in seismicprocessing[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2000,19:778-781.
[15]Kabir M M N,Verschuur D J.A constrained parametricinversion for velocity analysis based on CFP technology[J].Geophysics,2000,65(4):1210-1222.
[16]王昌龙,张叔伦,赵景霞,等.基于控制照明的合成震源记录交互剩余偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3):860-867.Wang C L,Zhang S L,Zhao J X,et al.Synthetic sourcerecord interactive residual migration velocity analysis based oncontrolled illumination[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2007,50(3):860-867.
[17]刘守伟,王华忠,程玖兵,等.时空移动成像条件及偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1883-1891.Liu S W,Wang H Z,Cheng J B,et al.Space-time-shiftimaging condition and migration velocity analysis[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1883-1891.
[18]董春晖.共聚焦点叠前深度偏移速度估计方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(6):1866-1871.Dong C H.Prestack-Depth-Migration velocity analysismethod based on the CFP method[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(6):1866-1871.
[19]程玖兵,王华忠,马在田.窄方位地震数据双平方根方程偏移方法探讨[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):399-405.Cheng J B,Wang H Z,Ma Z T.Double square root equationmigration methods of narrow azimuth seismic data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):399-405.
[20]卢宝坤,张剑锋,蒲泊伶.角度域叠前时间偏移:非均匀介质中的单程波方法[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(11):3795-3804.Lu B K,Zhang J F,Pu B L.Pre-stack time migration inangle-domain:a one-way propagator approach ininhomogeneous media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(11):3795-3804.
[21]程玖兵,王楠,马在田.表驱三维角度域Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移成像方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):792-800.Cheng J B,Wang N,Ma Z T.Table-driven 3-D angle-domain imaging approach for Kirchhoff prestack timemigration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3):792-800.
[22]陈湛文,张关泉.用γ道集信息修正偏移速度模型的层析成像法[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(1):154-160.Chen Z W,Zhang G Q.A tomography method formodification of migration velocity model usingγgathers[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19(1):154-160.
[23]黄中玉,曲寿利,王于静,等.层状各向异性介质转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3109-3115.Huang Z Y,Qu S L,Wang Y J.Kirchhoff prestack timemigration of PS-wave data for the layered anisotropic medium[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12):3109-3115.
[24]李博,刘国峰,刘洪.地震叠前时间偏移的一种图形处理器提速实现方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):245-252.Li B,Liu G F,Liu H.A method of using GPU to accelerateseismic pre-stack time migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):245-252.
[25]张凯,李振春,曾同生,等.角度域共成像点道集剩余曲率法偏移速度分析[J].应用地球物理,2010,7(1):49-56.Zhang K,Li Z C,Zeng T S,et al.Residual curvaturemigration velocity analysis for angle domain common imaginggathers[J].Applied Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,7(1):49-56.
[26]刘璐,梁光河,符超,等.基于Chebyshev多项式的弯曲射线Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2665-2672.Liu L,Liang G H,Fu C.Bend-ray Kirchhoff pre-stack timemigration based on Chebyshev polynomial[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(10):2665-2672.
[27]董春晖,张剑锋.结合基准面重建的叠前时间偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2435-2441.Dong C H,Zhang J F.Prestack time migration incorporatedwith redatuming[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2435-2441.
[28]王维红,林春华,陈志德,等.古龙断陷深层火山岩地震资料成像方法及应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):310-319.Wang W H,Lin C H,Chen Z D,et al.Seismic data imagingtechniques and their application for igneous rock formation inGulong fault depression[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(2):310-319.
[29]孙福利,王真理,郝天珧,等.南海南部深部结构的复杂构造地震成像[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3210-3216.Sun F L,Wang Z L,Hao T Y.Seismic imaging ofcomplicated deep structures in southern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(12):3210-3216.
[30]张浩,张剑锋.起伏地表采集数据的三维直接叠前时间偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(4):1335-1344.Zhang H,Zhang J F.3Dprestack time migration includingsurface topography[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(4):1335-1344.
[31]Bancroft J C,Geiger H D,Margrave G F.The equivalentoffset method of prestack time migration[J].Geophysics,1998,63(6),2042-2053.
[32]Levin F K.Apparent velocity from dipping interface reflections[J].Geophysics,1971,36(3):510-516.
[33]马在田.计算地球物理学概论[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997.Ma Z T.Introduction to Computational Geophysics(inChinese)[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1997.
[34]秦宁,李振春,杨晓东.基于角道集的井约束层析速度反演[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):725-731.Qin N,Li Z C,Yang X D.Tomography velocity inversion bywell constraint based on the angle domain common imaginggathers[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(5):725-731.
[35]秦宁,李振春,杨晓东,等.自动拾取的成像空间域走时层析速度反演[J].石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):392-398.Qin N,Li Z C,Yang X D,et al.Image domain travel-timetomography velocity inversion based on automatic picking[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2012,47(3):392-398.
[36]冯波,王华忠.三维偏移距平面波有限差分叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2916-2925.Feng B,Wang H Z.3Doffset plane-wave finite-differencepre-stack time migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(11):2916-2925.
[37]张廉萍,刘洪.适于Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移的地震走时李代数积分算法[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1893-1901.Zhang L P,Liu H.Lie algebra integral algorithm of travel-time calculation for pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1893-1901.
[38]王华忠,蔡杰雄,孔祥宁,等.适于大规模数据的三维Kirchhoff积分法体偏移实现方案[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1699-1709.Wang H Z,Cai J X,Kong X N,et al.An implementation ofKirchhoff integral prestack migration for large-scale data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(7):1699-1709.
[39]裴江云,张丽艳,王丽娜,等.松辽盆地深层地震资料叠前时间偏移连片处理技术研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):294-303.Pei J Y,Zhang L Y,Wang L N,et al.Multi-survey jointpre-stack time migration processing study of deep beds inSongliao basin[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(2):294-303.
[2]Al-Yahya K M.Velocity analysis by iterative profile migration[Ph.D].Stanford:Stanford University,1987.
[3]Lee W B,Zhang L.Residual shot profile migration[J].Geophysics,1992,57(6):815-822.
[4]Fomel S.Velocity continuation and the anatomy of prestackresidual migration[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,1997,16:1762-1765.
[5]Liu Z Y,Bleistein N.Migration velocity analysis:Theory andan iterative algorithm[J].Geophysics,1995,60(1):142-153.
[6]Liu Z Y.An analytical approach to migration velocity analysis[J].Geophysics,1997,62(4):1238-1249.
[7]Prucha M L,Biondi B L,Symes W W.Angle-domain commonimage gathers by wave-equation migration:Angle-domaincommon image gathers by wave equation migration[C].SEGExpanded Abstracts,1999,69:824-827.
[8]Mosher C C,Jin S W,Foste D J.Migration velocity analysisusing common angle image gathers[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2001,71:889-892.
[9]Sava P C,Fomel S.Angle-domain common-image gathers bywavefield continuation methods[J].Geophysics,2003,68(3):1065-1074.
[10]Xia F,Ren Y,Jin S.Residual migration-velocity analysis usingcommon angle image gathers[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2006,25:2455-2458.
[11]Faye J P,Jeannot J P.Prestack migration velocities fromdepth-focusing analysis[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,1986,56:438-440.
[12]MacKay S,Abma R.Imaging and velocity estimation withdepth-focusing analysis[J].Geophysics,1992,57(12),1608-1622.
[13]Wang B,Francois A,Dan W,et al.Subsalt velocity analysisby combining wave equation based redatuming and Kirchhoffbased migration velocity analysis[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2006,25:2440-2444.
[14]Berkhout A J.CFP technology,new opportunities in seismicprocessing[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2000,19:778-781.
[15]Kabir M M N,Verschuur D J.A constrained parametricinversion for velocity analysis based on CFP technology[J].Geophysics,2000,65(4):1210-1222.
[16]王昌龙,张叔伦,赵景霞,等.基于控制照明的合成震源记录交互剩余偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3):860-867.Wang C L,Zhang S L,Zhao J X,et al.Synthetic sourcerecord interactive residual migration velocity analysis based oncontrolled illumination[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2007,50(3):860-867.
[17]刘守伟,王华忠,程玖兵,等.时空移动成像条件及偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1883-1891.Liu S W,Wang H Z,Cheng J B,et al.Space-time-shiftimaging condition and migration velocity analysis[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1883-1891.
[18]董春晖.共聚焦点叠前深度偏移速度估计方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(6):1866-1871.Dong C H.Prestack-Depth-Migration velocity analysismethod based on the CFP method[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(6):1866-1871.
[19]程玖兵,王华忠,马在田.窄方位地震数据双平方根方程偏移方法探讨[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):399-405.Cheng J B,Wang H Z,Ma Z T.Double square root equationmigration methods of narrow azimuth seismic data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):399-405.
[20]卢宝坤,张剑锋,蒲泊伶.角度域叠前时间偏移:非均匀介质中的单程波方法[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(11):3795-3804.Lu B K,Zhang J F,Pu B L.Pre-stack time migration inangle-domain:a one-way propagator approach ininhomogeneous media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(11):3795-3804.
[21]程玖兵,王楠,马在田.表驱三维角度域Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移成像方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):792-800.Cheng J B,Wang N,Ma Z T.Table-driven 3-D angle-domain imaging approach for Kirchhoff prestack timemigration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3):792-800.
[22]陈湛文,张关泉.用γ道集信息修正偏移速度模型的层析成像法[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(1):154-160.Chen Z W,Zhang G Q.A tomography method formodification of migration velocity model usingγgathers[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19(1):154-160.
[23]黄中玉,曲寿利,王于静,等.层状各向异性介质转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3109-3115.Huang Z Y,Qu S L,Wang Y J.Kirchhoff prestack timemigration of PS-wave data for the layered anisotropic medium[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12):3109-3115.
[24]李博,刘国峰,刘洪.地震叠前时间偏移的一种图形处理器提速实现方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):245-252.Li B,Liu G F,Liu H.A method of using GPU to accelerateseismic pre-stack time migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):245-252.
[25]张凯,李振春,曾同生,等.角度域共成像点道集剩余曲率法偏移速度分析[J].应用地球物理,2010,7(1):49-56.Zhang K,Li Z C,Zeng T S,et al.Residual curvaturemigration velocity analysis for angle domain common imaginggathers[J].Applied Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,7(1):49-56.
[26]刘璐,梁光河,符超,等.基于Chebyshev多项式的弯曲射线Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2665-2672.Liu L,Liang G H,Fu C.Bend-ray Kirchhoff pre-stack timemigration based on Chebyshev polynomial[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(10):2665-2672.
[27]董春晖,张剑锋.结合基准面重建的叠前时间偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2435-2441.Dong C H,Zhang J F.Prestack time migration incorporatedwith redatuming[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2435-2441.
[28]王维红,林春华,陈志德,等.古龙断陷深层火山岩地震资料成像方法及应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):310-319.Wang W H,Lin C H,Chen Z D,et al.Seismic data imagingtechniques and their application for igneous rock formation inGulong fault depression[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(2):310-319.
[29]孙福利,王真理,郝天珧,等.南海南部深部结构的复杂构造地震成像[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3210-3216.Sun F L,Wang Z L,Hao T Y.Seismic imaging ofcomplicated deep structures in southern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(12):3210-3216.
[30]张浩,张剑锋.起伏地表采集数据的三维直接叠前时间偏移方法[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(4):1335-1344.Zhang H,Zhang J F.3Dprestack time migration includingsurface topography[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(4):1335-1344.
[31]Bancroft J C,Geiger H D,Margrave G F.The equivalentoffset method of prestack time migration[J].Geophysics,1998,63(6),2042-2053.
[32]Levin F K.Apparent velocity from dipping interface reflections[J].Geophysics,1971,36(3):510-516.
[33]马在田.计算地球物理学概论[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997.Ma Z T.Introduction to Computational Geophysics(inChinese)[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1997.
[34]秦宁,李振春,杨晓东.基于角道集的井约束层析速度反演[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):725-731.Qin N,Li Z C,Yang X D.Tomography velocity inversion bywell constraint based on the angle domain common imaginggathers[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(5):725-731.
[35]秦宁,李振春,杨晓东,等.自动拾取的成像空间域走时层析速度反演[J].石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):392-398.Qin N,Li Z C,Yang X D,et al.Image domain travel-timetomography velocity inversion based on automatic picking[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2012,47(3):392-398.
[36]冯波,王华忠.三维偏移距平面波有限差分叠前时间偏移[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2916-2925.Feng B,Wang H Z.3Doffset plane-wave finite-differencepre-stack time migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(11):2916-2925.
[37]张廉萍,刘洪.适于Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移的地震走时李代数积分算法[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1893-1901.Zhang L P,Liu H.Lie algebra integral algorithm of travel-time calculation for pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1893-1901.
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[39]裴江云,张丽艳,王丽娜,等.松辽盆地深层地震资料叠前时间偏移连片处理技术研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):294-303.Pei J Y,Zhang L Y,Wang L N,et al.Multi-survey jointpre-stack time migration processing study of deep beds inSongliao basin[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(2):294-303.
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