2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震前热红外亮温异常分析
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摘要
2013年4月20日在四川省雅安市芦山县发生了MS7.0地震,造成196人遇难、23人失踪和上万人受伤的重大灾难。为了分析芦山地震前可能与地震有关的热红外亮温异常,收集了以震中为中心98°~108°E、25°~35°N范围内,2011年4月20日至2013年4月19日为期2年,由静止气象卫星FY-2E观测的地表亮温资料。应用连续小波变换方法计算了每一个像元的小波相对能谱,得到了分析区域内相对能谱的时、空演化过程。结果显示,从1月中旬起,在龙门山断裂带中段开始出现异常,随后异常沿着龙门山断裂逐渐向SW扩展;从3月上旬起,鲜水河断裂带也开始出现异常,之后异常聚集在龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂的交会区域,在3月下旬异常区域和异常幅度达到最大。随着地震的临近,异常幅度和空间区域逐渐减小,直至4月19日异常还在持续中,地震发生在异常区域的东南边缘。因此认为,热红外异常可能与芦山地震是有关联的。
Lushan M 7. 0 earthquake occurred in Lushan County,Ya'an City,Sichuan Province of China,on 20 April 2013,causing 196 deaths,23 people missing and more than 12 thousands of people injured. In order to analyze the possible seismic brightness temperature anomalies which might be associated with Lushan earthquake,daily brightness temperature data are collected from Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2E,for the period from 20 April 2011 to 19 April 2013 and the geographical extent of 25° ~ 35° N latitude and 98° ~ 108° E longitude. Continuous wavelet transform method is used to analyze the power spectrum of brightness temperature data,for its good resolution both in time and frequency domains. The results show that relative wavelet power spectrum( RWPS) anomalies appeared since 15 January 2013 and still lasted on 19 April. Anomalies firstly appeared at the middle part of Longmenshan Fault zone. Then, they gradually spread towards southwestern part of Longmenshan Fault. Anomalies also appeared along the Xianshuihe Fault since about 1 March. Eventually, anomalies gathered at the intersection zone of Longmenshan and Xianshuihe Faults. The anomalous area and RWPS amplitude increased since the appearance of anomalies and reached maximum in late March. Anomalies attenuated with earthquake approaching,and eventually the earthquake occurred at the southeastern edge of anomalous area. Lushan earthquake was the only obvious geological event within the anomalous area during the time period,so the anomalous changes of RWPS are possibly associated to the earthquake.
Lushan M 7. 0 earthquake occurred in Lushan County,Ya'an City,Sichuan Province of China,on 20 April 2013,causing 196 deaths,23 people missing and more than 12 thousands of people injured. In order to analyze the possible seismic brightness temperature anomalies which might be associated with Lushan earthquake,daily brightness temperature data are collected from Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2E,for the period from 20 April 2011 to 19 April 2013 and the geographical extent of 25° ~ 35° N latitude and 98° ~ 108° E longitude. Continuous wavelet transform method is used to analyze the power spectrum of brightness temperature data,for its good resolution both in time and frequency domains. The results show that relative wavelet power spectrum( RWPS) anomalies appeared since 15 January 2013 and still lasted on 19 April. Anomalies firstly appeared at the middle part of Longmenshan Fault zone. Then, they gradually spread towards southwestern part of Longmenshan Fault. Anomalies also appeared along the Xianshuihe Fault since about 1 March. Eventually, anomalies gathered at the intersection zone of Longmenshan and Xianshuihe Faults. The anomalous area and RWPS amplitude increased since the appearance of anomalies and reached maximum in late March. Anomalies attenuated with earthquake approaching,and eventually the earthquake occurred at the southeastern edge of anomalous area. Lushan earthquake was the only obvious geological event within the anomalous area during the time period,so the anomalous changes of RWPS are possibly associated to the earthquake.
引文
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陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强,等.2006.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义[J].地球物理学报,39(3):824—830.CHEN Shun-yun,LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,et al.2006.Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of lansurface and its implementation in the study of current tectonic activity[J].Chinese J Geophys,39(3):824—830(in Chinese).
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2003.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(12):1020—1032.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2003.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of Chin[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(4):356—372.
刘杰,易桂喜,张致伟,等.2013.2013年4月20日四川芦山M7.0地震介绍[J].地球物理学报,56(4)1404—1407.LIU Jie,YI Gui-xi,ZHANG Zhi-wei,et al.2013.Introduction to the Lushan,Sichuan M7.0 earthquake on Apri2013[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(4):1404—1407(in Chinese).
马瑾,陈顺云,刘培洵,等.2006.用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化:以南北地震构造带为例[J].地球物理学报,49(3):816—823.MA Jin,CHEN Shun-yun,LIU Pei-xun,et al.2006.Temporal spatial variations of associated faulting inferred fromsatellite infrared information:A case study of N-S seismo-tectonic zone in China[J].Chinese J Geophys,49(3):816—823(in Chinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1990.卫星热红外异常:临震前兆[J].科学通报,35(17):1324—1327.QIANG Zu-ji,XU Xiu-deng,LIN Chang-gong.1990.Satellite infrared thermal anomaly:Earthquake imminenprecursor[J].Chinese Sci Bull,35(17):1324—1327(in Chinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1991.非增温背景下的热红外异常兼机制讨论[J].科学通报,36:841—844.QIANG Zu-ji,XU Xiu-deng,LIN Chang-gong.1991.Thermal infrared anomalies under the non-temperature incremenbackground and the mechanism discussion[J].Chinese Sci Bull,36(22):1901—1906.
强祖基,孔令昌,王戈平,等.1992.地球放气、热红外异常与地震活动[J].科学通报,24:2259—2262.QIANG Zu-ji,KONG Ling-chang,WANG Ge-ping,et al.1992.The relationship of gas emission,thermal infaredanomalies and earthquake activities[J].Chinese Sci Bull,24:2259—2262(in Chinese).
强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝,等.1998.卫星热红外图像亮温异常:短临震兆[J].中国科学(D辑),28(6):564—573.QIANG Zu-ji,LIN Chang-gong,LI Ling-zhi,et al.1998.Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly:Earthquake imminent precursor[J].Science in China(Ser D),28(6):564—573(in Chinese).
强祖基,姚清林,魏乐军,等.2009.从震前卫星热红外图像看中国现今构造应力场特征[J].地球学报,30(6):873—884.QIANG Zu-ji,YAO Qing-lin,WEI Le-jun,et al.2009.The characteristic of current stress hot field by satellitethermal infrared image in China[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,30(6):873—884(in Chinese).
屈春燕,马瑾,单新建.2006a.一次卫星热红外地震异常前兆现象的证伪[J].地球物理学报,49(2):490—495.QU Chun-yan,MA Jin,SHAN Xin-jian.2006a.Counterevidence for an earthquake precursor of satellite thermainfrared anomalies[J].Chinese J Geophys,49(2):490—495(in Chinese).
屈春燕,单新建,马瑾.2006b.红河断裂热红外高温条带的成因及其与地震活动性关系的探讨[J].地震学报,28(1):91—97.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,MA Jin.2006b.Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt alongHonghe Fault and its relation to earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,28(1):91—97(in Chinese).
屈春燕,单新建,马瑾.2006c.地震活动性热红外异常提取方法研究[J].地球科学进展,21(7):699—705.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,MA Jin.2006c.Study on the methods for extracting earthquake thermal infraredanomaly[J].Adv in Earth Sci,21(7):699—705(in Chinese).
单新建,李建华,马超.2005.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究[J].地球物理学报,48(2):321—326.SHAN Xin-jian,LI Jian-hua,MA Chao.2005.Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of KunlunshanPass earthquake(MS8.1)with high spatial resolution satellite images[J].Chinese J Geophys,48(2):321—326(in Chinese).
吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.2004.岩石压剪破裂的热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(4):539—544.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun WU Yu-hua,et al.2004.Laws of thermal infared radiation from compressively-shearedfracturing of rock and its meanings for earthquake omens[J].Chinese J Rock Mech Eng,23(4):539—544(inChinese).
曾祥方,罗艳,韩立波,等.2013.2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震:一个高角度逆冲地震[J].地球物理学报,56(4):1418—1424.ZENG Xiang-fang,LUO Yan,HAN Li-bo,et al.2013.The Lushan MS7.0 earthquake on 20 April 2013:A highangle thrust event[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(4):1418—1424(in Chinese).
张元生,郭晓,魏从信,等.2011.日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征[J].地球物理学报,54(10):2575—2580.ZHANG Yuan-sheng,GUO Xiao,WEI Cong-xin,et al.2011.The characteristics of seismic thermal radiation of JapanMS9.0 and Myanmar MS7.2 earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,54(10):2575—2580(in Chinese).
张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.2010.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,55(10):904—910.ZHANG Yuan-sheng,GUO Xiao,ZHONG Mei-jiao,et al.2010.Wenchuan earthquake:Brightness temperaturechanges from satellite infrared information[J].Chinese Sci Bull,55(18):1917—1924.
Blackett M,Wooster M J,Malamud B D.2011.Exploring land surface temperature earthquake precursors:A focus onthe Gujarat(India)earthquake of 2001[J].Geophys Res Lett,38:L15303.
Carreno E,Capote R,Yague A,et al.2001.Observations of thermal anomaly associated to seismic activity fromremote sensing[J].General Assembly of European Seismology Commission,Portugal,265—269.
Cicerone R D,Ebel J E,Britton J.2009.A systematic compilation of earthquake precursors[J].Tectonophysics,476:371—396.
Farge M.1992.Wavelet transform and their applications to turbulence[J].Annu Rev Fluid Mech,24(1):395—458.
Filizzola C,Pergola N,Pietrapertosa C,et al.2004.Robust satellite techniques for seismically active areasmonitoring:A sensitivity analysis on September 7,1999 Athens's earthquake[J].Physics and Chemistry of theEarth,29:517—527.
Gorny V I,Salman A G,Tronin A A,et al.1988.The earth's outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity[J].Proc Acad Sci USSR,301:67—69.
Kumar P,Foufoula E.1997.Wavelet analysis for geophysical applications[J].Rev Geophys,35(4):385—412.
Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.1992.Heat flow from Cajon Pass,fault strength and tectonic implications[J].GeophysRes,97:4995—5015.
Ouzounov D,Freund F.2004.Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data[J].Adv Space Res,33:268—273.
Thomas D.1988.Geochemical precursors to seismic activity[J].Pure App Geophys,126:241—266.
Torrence C,Compo G P.1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis[J].Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,79:61—78.
Tronin A A.1996.Satellite thermal survey-A new tool for the study of seismoactive regions[J].Int J Remote Sens,17:1439—1455.
Tronin A A.2000.Thermal IR satellite sensor data application for earthquake research in China[J].Int J RemoteSens,21:3169—3177.
Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.2002.Thermal IR satellite data application for earthquake research inJapan and China[J].J Geodyn,33:519—534.
Xie T,Kang C L,Ma W Y.2013.Thermal infrared brightness temperature anomalies associated with Yushu(China)earthquake on 14 April[J].Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci,13:1105—1111.
陈梅花,邓志辉,马晓静,等.2007.断裂带内外温差法在震前红外异常研究中的应用[J].地震地质,29(4):863—872.CHEN Mei-hua,DENG Zhi-hui,MA Xiao-jing,et al.2007.Application of the inside-outside temperature relatioanalysis method in study on satellite infrared anomalies prior to earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,29(4)863—872(in Chinese).
陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强,等.2006.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义[J].地球物理学报,39(3):824—830.CHEN Shun-yun,LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,et al.2006.Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of lansurface and its implementation in the study of current tectonic activity[J].Chinese J Geophys,39(3):824—830(in Chinese).
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2003.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(12):1020—1032.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2003.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of Chin[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(4):356—372.
刘杰,易桂喜,张致伟,等.2013.2013年4月20日四川芦山M7.0地震介绍[J].地球物理学报,56(4)1404—1407.LIU Jie,YI Gui-xi,ZHANG Zhi-wei,et al.2013.Introduction to the Lushan,Sichuan M7.0 earthquake on Apri2013[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(4):1404—1407(in Chinese).
马瑾,陈顺云,刘培洵,等.2006.用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化:以南北地震构造带为例[J].地球物理学报,49(3):816—823.MA Jin,CHEN Shun-yun,LIU Pei-xun,et al.2006.Temporal spatial variations of associated faulting inferred fromsatellite infrared information:A case study of N-S seismo-tectonic zone in China[J].Chinese J Geophys,49(3):816—823(in Chinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1990.卫星热红外异常:临震前兆[J].科学通报,35(17):1324—1327.QIANG Zu-ji,XU Xiu-deng,LIN Chang-gong.1990.Satellite infrared thermal anomaly:Earthquake imminenprecursor[J].Chinese Sci Bull,35(17):1324—1327(in Chinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1991.非增温背景下的热红外异常兼机制讨论[J].科学通报,36:841—844.QIANG Zu-ji,XU Xiu-deng,LIN Chang-gong.1991.Thermal infrared anomalies under the non-temperature incremenbackground and the mechanism discussion[J].Chinese Sci Bull,36(22):1901—1906.
强祖基,孔令昌,王戈平,等.1992.地球放气、热红外异常与地震活动[J].科学通报,24:2259—2262.QIANG Zu-ji,KONG Ling-chang,WANG Ge-ping,et al.1992.The relationship of gas emission,thermal infaredanomalies and earthquake activities[J].Chinese Sci Bull,24:2259—2262(in Chinese).
强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝,等.1998.卫星热红外图像亮温异常:短临震兆[J].中国科学(D辑),28(6):564—573.QIANG Zu-ji,LIN Chang-gong,LI Ling-zhi,et al.1998.Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly:Earthquake imminent precursor[J].Science in China(Ser D),28(6):564—573(in Chinese).
强祖基,姚清林,魏乐军,等.2009.从震前卫星热红外图像看中国现今构造应力场特征[J].地球学报,30(6):873—884.QIANG Zu-ji,YAO Qing-lin,WEI Le-jun,et al.2009.The characteristic of current stress hot field by satellitethermal infrared image in China[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,30(6):873—884(in Chinese).
屈春燕,马瑾,单新建.2006a.一次卫星热红外地震异常前兆现象的证伪[J].地球物理学报,49(2):490—495.QU Chun-yan,MA Jin,SHAN Xin-jian.2006a.Counterevidence for an earthquake precursor of satellite thermainfrared anomalies[J].Chinese J Geophys,49(2):490—495(in Chinese).
屈春燕,单新建,马瑾.2006b.红河断裂热红外高温条带的成因及其与地震活动性关系的探讨[J].地震学报,28(1):91—97.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,MA Jin.2006b.Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt alongHonghe Fault and its relation to earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,28(1):91—97(in Chinese).
屈春燕,单新建,马瑾.2006c.地震活动性热红外异常提取方法研究[J].地球科学进展,21(7):699—705.QU Chun-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,MA Jin.2006c.Study on the methods for extracting earthquake thermal infraredanomaly[J].Adv in Earth Sci,21(7):699—705(in Chinese).
单新建,李建华,马超.2005.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究[J].地球物理学报,48(2):321—326.SHAN Xin-jian,LI Jian-hua,MA Chao.2005.Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of KunlunshanPass earthquake(MS8.1)with high spatial resolution satellite images[J].Chinese J Geophys,48(2):321—326(in Chinese).
吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.2004.岩石压剪破裂的热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(4):539—544.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun WU Yu-hua,et al.2004.Laws of thermal infared radiation from compressively-shearedfracturing of rock and its meanings for earthquake omens[J].Chinese J Rock Mech Eng,23(4):539—544(inChinese).
曾祥方,罗艳,韩立波,等.2013.2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震:一个高角度逆冲地震[J].地球物理学报,56(4):1418—1424.ZENG Xiang-fang,LUO Yan,HAN Li-bo,et al.2013.The Lushan MS7.0 earthquake on 20 April 2013:A highangle thrust event[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(4):1418—1424(in Chinese).
张元生,郭晓,魏从信,等.2011.日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征[J].地球物理学报,54(10):2575—2580.ZHANG Yuan-sheng,GUO Xiao,WEI Cong-xin,et al.2011.The characteristics of seismic thermal radiation of JapanMS9.0 and Myanmar MS7.2 earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,54(10):2575—2580(in Chinese).
张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.2010.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,55(10):904—910.ZHANG Yuan-sheng,GUO Xiao,ZHONG Mei-jiao,et al.2010.Wenchuan earthquake:Brightness temperaturechanges from satellite infrared information[J].Chinese Sci Bull,55(18):1917—1924.
Blackett M,Wooster M J,Malamud B D.2011.Exploring land surface temperature earthquake precursors:A focus onthe Gujarat(India)earthquake of 2001[J].Geophys Res Lett,38:L15303.
Carreno E,Capote R,Yague A,et al.2001.Observations of thermal anomaly associated to seismic activity fromremote sensing[J].General Assembly of European Seismology Commission,Portugal,265—269.
Cicerone R D,Ebel J E,Britton J.2009.A systematic compilation of earthquake precursors[J].Tectonophysics,476:371—396.
Farge M.1992.Wavelet transform and their applications to turbulence[J].Annu Rev Fluid Mech,24(1):395—458.
Filizzola C,Pergola N,Pietrapertosa C,et al.2004.Robust satellite techniques for seismically active areasmonitoring:A sensitivity analysis on September 7,1999 Athens's earthquake[J].Physics and Chemistry of theEarth,29:517—527.
Gorny V I,Salman A G,Tronin A A,et al.1988.The earth's outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity[J].Proc Acad Sci USSR,301:67—69.
Kumar P,Foufoula E.1997.Wavelet analysis for geophysical applications[J].Rev Geophys,35(4):385—412.
Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.1992.Heat flow from Cajon Pass,fault strength and tectonic implications[J].GeophysRes,97:4995—5015.
Ouzounov D,Freund F.2004.Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data[J].Adv Space Res,33:268—273.
Thomas D.1988.Geochemical precursors to seismic activity[J].Pure App Geophys,126:241—266.
Torrence C,Compo G P.1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis[J].Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,79:61—78.
Tronin A A.1996.Satellite thermal survey-A new tool for the study of seismoactive regions[J].Int J Remote Sens,17:1439—1455.
Tronin A A.2000.Thermal IR satellite sensor data application for earthquake research in China[J].Int J RemoteSens,21:3169—3177.
Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.2002.Thermal IR satellite data application for earthquake research inJapan and China[J].J Geodyn,33:519—534.
Xie T,Kang C L,Ma W Y.2013.Thermal infrared brightness temperature anomalies associated with Yushu(China)earthquake on 14 April[J].Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci,13:1105—1111.
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