青藏高原东部和周边地区地壳速度结构的背景噪声层析成像
|
摘要
利用连续地震背景噪声记录和互相关技术获得瑞利面波格林函数,进而反演获得了青藏高原东部和周边地区的地壳三维速度结构.地震数据源于北京大学宽频带流动观测地震台阵,国家数字测震台网数据备分中心提供的部分固定台站的连续记录及INDEPTH IV宽频带流动观测地震台阵.首先对观测数据进行处理和分析取得所有可能台站对的面波经验格林函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,反演得到了观测台阵下方周期从6~60s的瑞利波相速度异常分布图像.并且进一步反演获得研究区域三维剪切波速度结构和莫霍面深度分布.短周期(6~14s)相速度异常分布与地表地质构造特征吻合较好,在青藏高原和四川盆地之间存在一个明显的南北向转换带.而本文最重要的结果是周期大于25s的相速度异常分布图像显示,以昆仑断裂带为界,柴达木盆地和祁连山脉地区呈现与青藏高原截然不同的中地壳速度结构,反而与青藏高原东缘地区和川滇菱形块体速度结构相似.反演获得的剪切波速度在27.5~45km深度的切片也明显地揭示:青藏高原的松潘—甘孜地块和羌塘地块呈现均一的低速层;然而,柴达木盆地和祁连山脉地区则呈现较强的横向不均匀性,尤其是柴达木盆地的高速异常和四川盆地的高速异常相对应.这些结果为前人提出的青藏高原东北向台阶式增长模式提供了重要的地震学观测证据.与全球一维平均速度模型(AK135)相比较发现,本文测量和反演获得的研究区域内平均相速度和剪切波速度都比AK135模型慢很多,尤其是青藏高原的中地壳(25~40km)剪切波速度显著低于全球平均速度模型.进一步的层析成像反演证实松潘—甘孜和羌塘地块中地壳(27.5~45km)呈现大范围均一的低速层,为青藏高原可能存在大规模中下地壳"层流"提供地震学观测证据.在祁连山脉的27.5~45km深度观测到的明显低速异常体可能对应于该造山带下地幔岩浆活动导致的底侵作用,表明引起该地区地壳增厚的主要机制可能是来自地幔岩浆的底侵作用.
The crust structure of the Tibet Plateau is still controversial.Whether there is a partialmelting layer in the anomalously thick crust is critical to understand the dynamics and evolution history of the formation and on going process.We address the issue with robustly inverted surface wave and shear wave velocity models from the west China dense array data.Ambient noise tomography was applied to obtain the crust and upper mantle velocity models of the Tibetan Plateau.The method is based on extracting Rayleigh wave phase and group velocity dispersion curve from continuous waveform cross-correlation.Our data comes from the Peking University seismic arrays,INDEPTH IV passive seismic array,and four Chinese Provincial seismic networks.The usable data was collected from 05,2007 to 12,2009.The long time span assures high signal to noise ratio when the cross-correlation is performed.We extract the empirical Green′s functions from the cross-correlation and perform a surface wave tomography inversion with the cross-correlation functions.With the phase and group velocity models from the previous step,a 3Dshear wave velocity model is obtained.Our surface phase/group velocity models and inverted shear velocity model show strong heterogeneity and complexity over the whole studied region.Surface geological features are accurately depicted by the short period surface waves(6sto 14 s,both phase and group velocity model).The Qaidam basin and Sichuan basin are well correlated to low velocity anomalies due to the thick sediments over these regions.Mountains,like Qilian,Kunlun,and Longmenshan are marked by high velocity anomalies.We also observe a continuous transition zone in between the Tibet plateau and Sichuan Basin at short period.For Rayleigh wave tomography models longer than 25 s,there are significant differences between Qaidam-Qilian region and the plateau south of Kunlun fault zone.The newly formed plateau area,i.e.Qaidam-Qilian region shares similar velocity structure signatures with the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan basin.Both our phase velocity measurements and inverted shear wave velocity models show that the Tibetan plateau has a large-scale uniform low velocity layer in the middle crust(25~40km in depth).The velocity at this depth of the region is much slower than the global average velocity of AK135.It is also shows distinct deviation from the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.The low velocity layer supports the channel flow model that explains the eastward material transportation of Tibet.From the intermediate period velocity maps,we observe a low velocity zone at Qilian Mountain region and it might be related to the elevated temperature in the middle and lower crust of this region.The variation of the temperature at this depth might correlate to the underplating of magma from the local mantle upwelling.These observations suggest that the on-going crustal thickening at Qilian Mountain area is possiblly due to the underplating process.Our detailed structure of Tibetan Plateau crust is critical to understand the on-going plateau formation process.The Rayleigh wave group/phase velocity models and 3Dshear wave velocity model indicate there is a large-scale uniform low velocity within the plateau.The low velocity layer could explain the eastward material transportation of Tibet.The newly formed QaidamQilian region,as a new plateau shows distinct velocity signatures in our velocity models.And the low velocity zone below Qilian Mountain is possibly an indication of the ongoing magma underplating process in that region.
The crust structure of the Tibet Plateau is still controversial.Whether there is a partialmelting layer in the anomalously thick crust is critical to understand the dynamics and evolution history of the formation and on going process.We address the issue with robustly inverted surface wave and shear wave velocity models from the west China dense array data.Ambient noise tomography was applied to obtain the crust and upper mantle velocity models of the Tibetan Plateau.The method is based on extracting Rayleigh wave phase and group velocity dispersion curve from continuous waveform cross-correlation.Our data comes from the Peking University seismic arrays,INDEPTH IV passive seismic array,and four Chinese Provincial seismic networks.The usable data was collected from 05,2007 to 12,2009.The long time span assures high signal to noise ratio when the cross-correlation is performed.We extract the empirical Green′s functions from the cross-correlation and perform a surface wave tomography inversion with the cross-correlation functions.With the phase and group velocity models from the previous step,a 3Dshear wave velocity model is obtained.Our surface phase/group velocity models and inverted shear velocity model show strong heterogeneity and complexity over the whole studied region.Surface geological features are accurately depicted by the short period surface waves(6sto 14 s,both phase and group velocity model).The Qaidam basin and Sichuan basin are well correlated to low velocity anomalies due to the thick sediments over these regions.Mountains,like Qilian,Kunlun,and Longmenshan are marked by high velocity anomalies.We also observe a continuous transition zone in between the Tibet plateau and Sichuan Basin at short period.For Rayleigh wave tomography models longer than 25 s,there are significant differences between Qaidam-Qilian region and the plateau south of Kunlun fault zone.The newly formed plateau area,i.e.Qaidam-Qilian region shares similar velocity structure signatures with the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan basin.Both our phase velocity measurements and inverted shear wave velocity models show that the Tibetan plateau has a large-scale uniform low velocity layer in the middle crust(25~40km in depth).The velocity at this depth of the region is much slower than the global average velocity of AK135.It is also shows distinct deviation from the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.The low velocity layer supports the channel flow model that explains the eastward material transportation of Tibet.From the intermediate period velocity maps,we observe a low velocity zone at Qilian Mountain region and it might be related to the elevated temperature in the middle and lower crust of this region.The variation of the temperature at this depth might correlate to the underplating of magma from the local mantle upwelling.These observations suggest that the on-going crustal thickening at Qilian Mountain area is possiblly due to the underplating process.Our detailed structure of Tibetan Plateau crust is critical to understand the on-going plateau formation process.The Rayleigh wave group/phase velocity models and 3Dshear wave velocity model indicate there is a large-scale uniform low velocity within the plateau.The low velocity layer could explain the eastward material transportation of Tibet.The newly formed QaidamQilian region,as a new plateau shows distinct velocity signatures in our velocity models.And the low velocity zone below Qilian Mountain is possibly an indication of the ongoing magma underplating process in that region.
引文
Bai D H,Unsworth M J,Meju M A,et al.2010.Crustaldeformation of the eastern Tibetan plateau revealed bymagnetotelluric imaging.Nature Geoscience,3(5):358-362.
Barmin M P,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L.2001.A fast andreliable method for surface wave tomography.Pure andApplied Geophysics,158(8):1351-1375.
Barron J,Priestley K.2009.Observations of frequency-dependentSnpropagation in Northern Tibet.GeophysicalJ ournal International,179(1):475-488.
Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Barmin M P,et al.2007.Processingseismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surfacewave dispersion measurements.Geophysical Journal International,169(3):1239-1260.
Bilham R,Larson K,Freymueller J,et al.1997.GPS measurements ofpresent-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya.Nature,386(6620):61-64.
Bourjot L,Romanowicz B.1992.Crust and upper mantle tomography intibet using surface waves.Geophysical Research Letters,19(9):881-884.
Brandon C,Romanowicz B.1986.A“no-lid”zone in the centralChang-Thang platform of Tibet:Evidence from pure path phasevelocity measurements of long period Rayleigh waves.Journalof Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets,91(B6):6547-6564.
Burchfiel B C,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,et al.1991.Geology of theHaiyuan fault zone,Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China,and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin ofthe Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,10(6):1091-1110.
Campillo M,Paul A.2003.Long-range correlations in the diffuseseismic coda.Science,299(5606):547-549.
Campillo M.2006.Phase and correlation in‘Random’seismic fieldsand the reconstruction of the green function.Pure and AppliedGeophysics,163(2-3):475-502.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.1994.Active faulting andblock movement associated with large earthquakes in the MinShan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.JournalofGeophysicalResearch,99(B12):24025-24038.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Worley B A.1995.Tectonic transitionfrom the Songpan-Garzêfold belt to the Sichuan Basin,southwestern China.Basin Research,7(3):235-253.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L.1996.Emplacement of the Longmen ShanThrust-Nappe belt along the eastern margin of the Tibetanplateau.Journal of Structural Geology,18(4):413-430.
Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.2005.Dynamic topographyproduced by lower crustal flow against rheological strengthheterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau.GeophysicalJournal International,162(2):575-590.
Curtis A,Trampert J,Snieder R,et al.1998.Eurasian fundamental modesurface wave phase velocities and their relationship with tectonicstructures.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,103(B11):26919-26947.
DeCelles P G,Robinson D M,Zandt G.2002.Implications ofshortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of theTibetan Plateau.Tectonics,21(6):12-1-12-25.
England P,Searle M.1986.The cretaceous-tertiary deformation ofthe Lhasa Block and its implications for crustal thickening inTibet.Tectonics,5(1):1-14.
Feng C C,Teng T L.1983.Three-dimensional crust and uppermantle structure of the eurasian continent.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,88(B3):2261-2272.
Griot D A,Montagner J P,Tapponnier P.1998.Phase velocitystructure from Rayleigh and Love waves in Tibet and itsneighboring regions.Journal of Geophysical Research-SolidEarth,103(B9):21215-21232.
Gu S S,Di H S.1989.Mechanism of formation of the Qaidam basinand its control on petroleum.//Zhu X ed.Chinese SedimentaryBasins.Amsterdam:Elsevier,45-51.
Harrison T M,Yin A,Grove M,et al.2000.The Zedong Window:A record of superposed Tertiary convergence in southeasternTibet.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,105(B8):19211-19230.
Hearn T M,Wang S Y,Ni J F,et al.2004.Uppermost mantlevelocities beneath China and surrounding regions.Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,109(B11),doi:10.1029/2003JB002874.
Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.2003.Rayleigh wave tomography ofChina and adjacent regions.Journal of Geophysical Research-SolidEarth,108(B2),doi:10.1029/2001JB001696.
Huang J L,Zhao D P,Zheng S H.2002.Lithospheric structure andits relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in southwestChina.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B10):ESE 13-1-ESE 13-14.
Huang J L,Zhao D P.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.Journal of GeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth,111(B9),doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
Jiang M M,Zhou S Y,Sandvol E,et al.2011.3-D lithosphericstructure beneath southern Tibet from Rayleigh-wave tomographywith a 2-D seismic array.GeophysicalJ ournal International,185(2):593-608.
Kang T S,Shin J S.2006.Surface-wave tomography from ambientseismic noise of accelerograph networks in southern Korea.Geophysical Research Letters,33(17),doi:10.1029/2006GL027044.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction ofthe Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,274(1-2):157-168.
Li H Y,Su W,Wang C Y,et al.2009.Ambient noise Rayleighwave tomography in western Sichuan and eastern Tibet.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,282(1-4):201-211.
Liang C T,Song X D,Huang J L.2004.Tomographic inversion ofPn travel times in China.Journal of Geophysical ResearchSolid Earth,109(B11),doi:10.1029/2003JB002789.
Liang C T,Song X D.2006.A low velocity belt beneath northernand eastern Tibetan Plateau from Pn tomography.GeophysicalResearch Letters,33(22),doi:10.1029/2006GL027926.
Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.2001.On the emergence of the Green'sfunction in the correlations of a diffuse field.Journal of theAcoustical Society of America,110(6):3011-3017.
Long D X.1983.A preliminary study on the songpan-pingwuearthquakes and their stress field.Journal of SeismologicalResearch,(S1).
Métivier F,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,et al.1998.Northeastwardgrowth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction oftwo depositional areas:The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins,China.Tectonics,17(6):823-842.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickeningin Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,and oblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.GeophysicalJournal International,135(1):1-47.
Pares J M,Van der Voo R,Downs W R,et al.2003.Northeastward growth and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic insights from the Guide Basin.Journal ofGeophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),108(B1):EPM 1-1-EPM 1-11.
Paul A,Campillo M,Margerin L,et al.2005.Empirical synthesisof time-asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation ofcoda waves.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,110(B8),doi:10.1029/2004JB003521.
Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L.1998.Eurasian surface wave tomography:Group velocities.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,103(B3):4839-4878.
Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,Ratnikova L I,et al.1998.Intermediate-period group-velocity maps across Central Asia,western China and parts of the Middle East.GeophysicalJournal International,134(2):315-328.
Romanowicz B A.1982.Constraints on the structure of the TibetPlateau from pure path phase velocities of love and Rayleighwaves.Journal of Geophysical Research,87(B8):6865-6883.
Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.1997.Surfacedeformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788-780.
Saito M.1988.DISPER80:A subroutine package for the calculationof seismic normal mode solutions.//Doornbos D J ed.SeismologicalAlgorithms:Computational Methods and Computer Programs.SanDiego:Academic Press,293-319.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.2005.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise.Science,307(5715):1615-1618.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M.2004.Emergence of broadband Rayleighwaves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise.GeophysicalResearch Letters,31(7),doi:10.1029/2004GL019491.
Snieder R.2004.Extracting the Green′s function from thecorrelation of coda waves:A derivation based on stationaryphase.Physical Review E,69(4):046610.
Song S G,Zhang L F,Niu Y,et al.2004.Northern TibetanPaleozoic bloc evolution and continent subduction.GeologyBrief(in Chinese),23(009):918-925.
Takeuchi H,Dorman J,Saito M.1964.Partial derivatives ofsurface wave phase velocity with respect to physical parameterchanges within the Earth.Journal of Geophysical Research,69(16):3429-3441.
Tapponnier P,Meyer B,Avouac J P,et al.1990.Active Thrustingand folding in the qilian shan,and decoupling between uppercrust and mantle in Northeastern Tibet.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,97(3-4):382-383,387-403.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Ledain A Y,et al.1982.Propagatingextrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simpleexperiments with plasticine.Geology,10(12):611-616.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise riseand growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Wan J L,Zheng W J,Zheng D W,et al.2010.Low temperaturethermal evidence of Northern Qilian mountain tectonics at thelate Cenozoic era.Geochemistry(in Chinese),39(5):439-446.
Wang J,Bao C,Lou Z,et al.1989.Formation and development ofthe Sichuan Basin.//Zhu J ed.Chinese Sedimentary Basins.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1:147-163.
Wapenaar K.2004.Retrieving the elastodynamic Green's function ofan arbitrary inhomogeneous medium by cross correlation.
Physical Review Letters,93(25):254301.
Wu F T,Levshin A.1994.Surface-wave group velocity tomographyof East Asia.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,84(1-4):59-77.
Xu G M,Yao H J,Zhu L B,et al.2007.Shear wave velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle in western China and itsadjacent area.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,50(1):192-209,doi:10.1002/cjg2.1025.
Xu L L,Rondenay S,van der Hilst R D.2007.Structure of thecrust beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from teleseismicreceiver functions.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,165(3-4):176-193.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2002.Crust and upper mantlestructure beneath western China from P wave travel timetomography.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,107(B10):ESE 4-1-ESE 4-15.
Yang Y J,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,et al.2007.Ambientnoise rayleigh wave tomography across Europe.GeophysicalJournal International,168(1):259-274.
Yao H J,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.2008.Surface-wave arraytomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and twostation analysis—II.Crustal and upper-mantle structure.GeophysicalJournal International,173(1):205-219.
Yue H,Chen Y J,Sandvol E,et al.2012.Lithospheric and uppermantle structure of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Journalof Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978—2012),117(B5),doi:10.1029/2011JB008545.
Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.2003.Seismicity andseismic active blocks of China.ChinaScience(D)(in Chinese),33(B04):12-20.
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.2004.Continuous deformation ofthe Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,32(9):809-812.
Zheng S H,Sun X L,Song X D,et al.2008.Surface wavetomography of China from ambient seismic noise correlation.Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,9(5),doi:10.1029/2008GC001981.
Zheng X F,Yao Z X,Liang J H,et al.2010.The role played andopportunities provided by IGP DMC of China national seismicnetwork in wenchuan earthquake disaster relief and researches.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(5B):2866-2872.
宋述光,张立飞,Niu Y,等.2004.青藏高原北缘早古生代板块构造演化和大陆深俯冲.地质通报,23(9):918-925.
万景林,郑文俊,郑德文等.2010.祁连山北缘晚新生代构造活动的低温热年代学证据.地球化学,39(5):439-446.
张培震,邓起东,张国民等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学:D辑,33(B04):12-20.
Barmin M P,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L.2001.A fast andreliable method for surface wave tomography.Pure andApplied Geophysics,158(8):1351-1375.
Barron J,Priestley K.2009.Observations of frequency-dependentSnpropagation in Northern Tibet.GeophysicalJ ournal International,179(1):475-488.
Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Barmin M P,et al.2007.Processingseismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surfacewave dispersion measurements.Geophysical Journal International,169(3):1239-1260.
Bilham R,Larson K,Freymueller J,et al.1997.GPS measurements ofpresent-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya.Nature,386(6620):61-64.
Bourjot L,Romanowicz B.1992.Crust and upper mantle tomography intibet using surface waves.Geophysical Research Letters,19(9):881-884.
Brandon C,Romanowicz B.1986.A“no-lid”zone in the centralChang-Thang platform of Tibet:Evidence from pure path phasevelocity measurements of long period Rayleigh waves.Journalof Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets,91(B6):6547-6564.
Burchfiel B C,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,et al.1991.Geology of theHaiyuan fault zone,Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China,and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin ofthe Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,10(6):1091-1110.
Campillo M,Paul A.2003.Long-range correlations in the diffuseseismic coda.Science,299(5606):547-549.
Campillo M.2006.Phase and correlation in‘Random’seismic fieldsand the reconstruction of the green function.Pure and AppliedGeophysics,163(2-3):475-502.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.1994.Active faulting andblock movement associated with large earthquakes in the MinShan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.JournalofGeophysicalResearch,99(B12):24025-24038.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Worley B A.1995.Tectonic transitionfrom the Songpan-Garzêfold belt to the Sichuan Basin,southwestern China.Basin Research,7(3):235-253.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L.1996.Emplacement of the Longmen ShanThrust-Nappe belt along the eastern margin of the Tibetanplateau.Journal of Structural Geology,18(4):413-430.
Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.2005.Dynamic topographyproduced by lower crustal flow against rheological strengthheterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau.GeophysicalJournal International,162(2):575-590.
Curtis A,Trampert J,Snieder R,et al.1998.Eurasian fundamental modesurface wave phase velocities and their relationship with tectonicstructures.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,103(B11):26919-26947.
DeCelles P G,Robinson D M,Zandt G.2002.Implications ofshortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of theTibetan Plateau.Tectonics,21(6):12-1-12-25.
England P,Searle M.1986.The cretaceous-tertiary deformation ofthe Lhasa Block and its implications for crustal thickening inTibet.Tectonics,5(1):1-14.
Feng C C,Teng T L.1983.Three-dimensional crust and uppermantle structure of the eurasian continent.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,88(B3):2261-2272.
Griot D A,Montagner J P,Tapponnier P.1998.Phase velocitystructure from Rayleigh and Love waves in Tibet and itsneighboring regions.Journal of Geophysical Research-SolidEarth,103(B9):21215-21232.
Gu S S,Di H S.1989.Mechanism of formation of the Qaidam basinand its control on petroleum.//Zhu X ed.Chinese SedimentaryBasins.Amsterdam:Elsevier,45-51.
Harrison T M,Yin A,Grove M,et al.2000.The Zedong Window:A record of superposed Tertiary convergence in southeasternTibet.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,105(B8):19211-19230.
Hearn T M,Wang S Y,Ni J F,et al.2004.Uppermost mantlevelocities beneath China and surrounding regions.Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,109(B11),doi:10.1029/2003JB002874.
Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.2003.Rayleigh wave tomography ofChina and adjacent regions.Journal of Geophysical Research-SolidEarth,108(B2),doi:10.1029/2001JB001696.
Huang J L,Zhao D P,Zheng S H.2002.Lithospheric structure andits relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in southwestChina.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B10):ESE 13-1-ESE 13-14.
Huang J L,Zhao D P.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.Journal of GeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth,111(B9),doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
Jiang M M,Zhou S Y,Sandvol E,et al.2011.3-D lithosphericstructure beneath southern Tibet from Rayleigh-wave tomographywith a 2-D seismic array.GeophysicalJ ournal International,185(2):593-608.
Kang T S,Shin J S.2006.Surface-wave tomography from ambientseismic noise of accelerograph networks in southern Korea.Geophysical Research Letters,33(17),doi:10.1029/2006GL027044.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction ofthe Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,274(1-2):157-168.
Li H Y,Su W,Wang C Y,et al.2009.Ambient noise Rayleighwave tomography in western Sichuan and eastern Tibet.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,282(1-4):201-211.
Liang C T,Song X D,Huang J L.2004.Tomographic inversion ofPn travel times in China.Journal of Geophysical ResearchSolid Earth,109(B11),doi:10.1029/2003JB002789.
Liang C T,Song X D.2006.A low velocity belt beneath northernand eastern Tibetan Plateau from Pn tomography.GeophysicalResearch Letters,33(22),doi:10.1029/2006GL027926.
Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.2001.On the emergence of the Green'sfunction in the correlations of a diffuse field.Journal of theAcoustical Society of America,110(6):3011-3017.
Long D X.1983.A preliminary study on the songpan-pingwuearthquakes and their stress field.Journal of SeismologicalResearch,(S1).
Métivier F,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,et al.1998.Northeastwardgrowth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction oftwo depositional areas:The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins,China.Tectonics,17(6):823-842.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickeningin Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,and oblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.GeophysicalJournal International,135(1):1-47.
Pares J M,Van der Voo R,Downs W R,et al.2003.Northeastward growth and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau:Magnetostratigraphic insights from the Guide Basin.Journal ofGeophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),108(B1):EPM 1-1-EPM 1-11.
Paul A,Campillo M,Margerin L,et al.2005.Empirical synthesisof time-asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation ofcoda waves.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,110(B8),doi:10.1029/2004JB003521.
Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L.1998.Eurasian surface wave tomography:Group velocities.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,103(B3):4839-4878.
Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,Ratnikova L I,et al.1998.Intermediate-period group-velocity maps across Central Asia,western China and parts of the Middle East.GeophysicalJournal International,134(2):315-328.
Romanowicz B A.1982.Constraints on the structure of the TibetPlateau from pure path phase velocities of love and Rayleighwaves.Journal of Geophysical Research,87(B8):6865-6883.
Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.1997.Surfacedeformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788-780.
Saito M.1988.DISPER80:A subroutine package for the calculationof seismic normal mode solutions.//Doornbos D J ed.SeismologicalAlgorithms:Computational Methods and Computer Programs.SanDiego:Academic Press,293-319.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.2005.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise.Science,307(5715):1615-1618.
Shapiro N M,Campillo M.2004.Emergence of broadband Rayleighwaves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise.GeophysicalResearch Letters,31(7),doi:10.1029/2004GL019491.
Snieder R.2004.Extracting the Green′s function from thecorrelation of coda waves:A derivation based on stationaryphase.Physical Review E,69(4):046610.
Song S G,Zhang L F,Niu Y,et al.2004.Northern TibetanPaleozoic bloc evolution and continent subduction.GeologyBrief(in Chinese),23(009):918-925.
Takeuchi H,Dorman J,Saito M.1964.Partial derivatives ofsurface wave phase velocity with respect to physical parameterchanges within the Earth.Journal of Geophysical Research,69(16):3429-3441.
Tapponnier P,Meyer B,Avouac J P,et al.1990.Active Thrustingand folding in the qilian shan,and decoupling between uppercrust and mantle in Northeastern Tibet.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,97(3-4):382-383,387-403.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Ledain A Y,et al.1982.Propagatingextrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simpleexperiments with plasticine.Geology,10(12):611-616.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise riseand growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Wan J L,Zheng W J,Zheng D W,et al.2010.Low temperaturethermal evidence of Northern Qilian mountain tectonics at thelate Cenozoic era.Geochemistry(in Chinese),39(5):439-446.
Wang J,Bao C,Lou Z,et al.1989.Formation and development ofthe Sichuan Basin.//Zhu J ed.Chinese Sedimentary Basins.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1:147-163.
Wapenaar K.2004.Retrieving the elastodynamic Green's function ofan arbitrary inhomogeneous medium by cross correlation.
Physical Review Letters,93(25):254301.
Wu F T,Levshin A.1994.Surface-wave group velocity tomographyof East Asia.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,84(1-4):59-77.
Xu G M,Yao H J,Zhu L B,et al.2007.Shear wave velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle in western China and itsadjacent area.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,50(1):192-209,doi:10.1002/cjg2.1025.
Xu L L,Rondenay S,van der Hilst R D.2007.Structure of thecrust beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from teleseismicreceiver functions.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,165(3-4):176-193.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2002.Crust and upper mantlestructure beneath western China from P wave travel timetomography.Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,107(B10):ESE 4-1-ESE 4-15.
Yang Y J,Ritzwoller M H,Levshin A L,et al.2007.Ambientnoise rayleigh wave tomography across Europe.GeophysicalJournal International,168(1):259-274.
Yao H J,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.2008.Surface-wave arraytomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and twostation analysis—II.Crustal and upper-mantle structure.GeophysicalJournal International,173(1):205-219.
Yue H,Chen Y J,Sandvol E,et al.2012.Lithospheric and uppermantle structure of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Journalof Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978—2012),117(B5),doi:10.1029/2011JB008545.
Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.2003.Seismicity andseismic active blocks of China.ChinaScience(D)(in Chinese),33(B04):12-20.
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.2004.Continuous deformation ofthe Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,32(9):809-812.
Zheng S H,Sun X L,Song X D,et al.2008.Surface wavetomography of China from ambient seismic noise correlation.Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,9(5),doi:10.1029/2008GC001981.
Zheng X F,Yao Z X,Liang J H,et al.2010.The role played andopportunities provided by IGP DMC of China national seismicnetwork in wenchuan earthquake disaster relief and researches.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(5B):2866-2872.
宋述光,张立飞,Niu Y,等.2004.青藏高原北缘早古生代板块构造演化和大陆深俯冲.地质通报,23(9):918-925.
万景林,郑文俊,郑德文等.2010.祁连山北缘晚新生代构造活动的低温热年代学证据.地球化学,39(5):439-446.
张培震,邓起东,张国民等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学:D辑,33(B04):12-20.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心