岩爆倾向岩石巷帮钻孔爆破卸压的静态模拟
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摘要
冲击地压、大变形或分区破裂化正成为我国深部开采的难题.高地压是导致冲击地压、大变形或分区破裂化的根源.钻孔爆破卸压是转移或释放高地压的有效措施.以厂坝铅锌矿灰岩为样本,应用FLAC3D静态模拟巷道掘进中巷帮钻孔卸压的钻孔间距、钻孔深度及有无孔底爆破的卸压效果.研究表明:巷道埋深越深,支承压力越大,钻孔间距也将越大;钻孔深度介于支承压力峰值与支承压力区最大宽度所处的位置之间;仅钻孔而不孔底爆破的卸压效果不明显.上述研究规律应用于文峪金矿、豫灵镇某万米平巷和东桐峪金矿的灰岩、大理岩巷道掘进,成功控制了岩爆飞石.巷道穿过无岩爆倾向的岩石,如煌斑岩时,尽管不会发生岩爆,但是将它们的钻孔间距、钻孔深度较岩爆倾向地段增大0.5~1.0 m并类似孔底爆破,可以确保支承压力持续向围岩深部转移或部分释放,避免巷帮因应力集中而发生开裂或片帮.
Rockburst, large deformation and zonal fracturing are becoming technical problems for deep mining in China. High ground pressure is the root cause of rockburst, large deformation and zonal fracturing. Moreover drilling and blasting pressure relief is an effective measure for transferring the abutment pressure peak to deep rock masses and release part concentrated stress. Taking Changba lead-zinc mine limestone as a sample, the drilling space and depth for drilling pressure relief in tunnel wall, and the effects of stress relief with and without bottom-blasting are numerically simulated by FLAC3 D. Research shows that the deeper overburden, the greater abutment pressure, and the borehole space should be larger. The drilling depth for blasting pressure relief lies between the position of abutment pressure peak and the maximum width of abutment pressure zone. In addition, the pressure relief effect is insignificant as compared with drilling without borehole bottom blasting. The control measures following the above mentioned research rules are applied at limestone and marble tunnels in Wenyu gold mine, a myriameter adit in Yuling town and Dongtongyu gold mine. Though rock burst does not occur when tunnelling in no burst-prone rock masses, such as lamprophyre, due to their borehole space and depth increasing 0.5~1.0 m than the location where distressing is needed, it can also reach an ideal effect making sure the abutment pressure transferred to the deep or is partly released, and the tunnel wall cracking or spalling at the stress concentration are avoided by the similar borehole bottom explosion applied in burst-prone zone.
Rockburst, large deformation and zonal fracturing are becoming technical problems for deep mining in China. High ground pressure is the root cause of rockburst, large deformation and zonal fracturing. Moreover drilling and blasting pressure relief is an effective measure for transferring the abutment pressure peak to deep rock masses and release part concentrated stress. Taking Changba lead-zinc mine limestone as a sample, the drilling space and depth for drilling pressure relief in tunnel wall, and the effects of stress relief with and without bottom-blasting are numerically simulated by FLAC3 D. Research shows that the deeper overburden, the greater abutment pressure, and the borehole space should be larger. The drilling depth for blasting pressure relief lies between the position of abutment pressure peak and the maximum width of abutment pressure zone. In addition, the pressure relief effect is insignificant as compared with drilling without borehole bottom blasting. The control measures following the above mentioned research rules are applied at limestone and marble tunnels in Wenyu gold mine, a myriameter adit in Yuling town and Dongtongyu gold mine. Though rock burst does not occur when tunnelling in no burst-prone rock masses, such as lamprophyre, due to their borehole space and depth increasing 0.5~1.0 m than the location where distressing is needed, it can also reach an ideal effect making sure the abutment pressure transferred to the deep or is partly released, and the tunnel wall cracking or spalling at the stress concentration are avoided by the similar borehole bottom explosion applied in burst-prone zone.
引文
[1]李俊平,连民杰.矿山岩石力学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2013:226-230,249.LI Junping,LIAN Minjie.Mine Rock Mechanics[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2013:226-230,249.
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[3]唐礼忠.深井矿山地震活动与岩爆监测及预测研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2008.TANG Lizhong.Study on Monitoring and Prediction of Seismicity and Rock-burst in a Deep Mine[D].Changsha:Central South University,2008.
[4]章梦涛.冲击地压失稳理论与数值模拟计算[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1987,6(3):197-204.ZHANG Mengtao.Instability Theory and Mathematical Model for Coal/Rock Bursts[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1987,6(3):197-204.
[5]谢和平,PARISEAU W G.岩爆的分形特征和机理[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1993,12(1):28-37.XIE Heping,PARISEAU W G.Fractal Character and Mechanism of Rock Bursts[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,1993,12(1):28-37.
[6]李新平,朱瑞赓,朱维申.裂隙岩体的损伤断裂理论与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(3):236-245.LI Xinping,ZHU Ruigeng,ZHU Weishen.The Damage Fracture Theory and its Application in Jointed Rock Mass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1995,14(3):236-245.
[7]潘一山,章梦涛.用突变理论分析冲击地压发生的物理过程[J].阜新矿业学院学报:自然科学版,1992,11(1):12-18.PAN Yishan,ZHANG Mengtao.The Study of Coal-burst by Catastrophic Theory[J].Journal of Fuxin Mining Institute,1992,11(1):12-18.
[8]TANG B.Rock-burst Control Using Destress Blasting[D].Mc Gill University,2000.
[9]KONICEK P,SAHARAN M R.,MITRI H.Destress Blasting in Coal Mining–state-of-the-art Review[J].Procedia Engineering,2011,26:179-194.
[10]李俊平,王红星,王晓光,等.卸压开采研究进展[J].岩土力学,2014,35(S2):350-358,363.LI Junping,WANG Hongxing,WANG Xiaoguang,et al.Research Progress in Pressure-relief Mining[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(S2):350-358,363.
[11]窦林名,何学秋.冲击矿压防治理论与技术[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001:1-17.DOU Linming,HE Xueqiu.Theory and Technology of Rock burst Prevention[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology press,2001:1-17.
[12]CARL Heising.Experiences with Explosions for Pressure Relief in Mines[J].Gluckauf:Die Fachzeitschrift fur Rohstoff,Bergbau und Energie,1978,114(17):754-757.
[13]ШЕМЯКИНЕИ.Эффектзональнойдезентеграциигорныхпородвокругподземныхвыработок[J].ДокладыАНСССР,1986,289(5):1088-1094.
[14]蒋斌松,张强,贺永年,等.深部圆形巷道破裂围岩的弹塑性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):982-986.JIANG Binsong,ZHANG Qiang,HE Yongnian,et al.Elastoplastic Analysis of Cracked Surrounding Rocks in Deep Circular Openings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):982-986.
[15]陈寿峰,刘殿书,王树仁.爆破卸压法维护巷道静光弹实验研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(6):873-875.CHEN Shoufeng,LIU Dianshu,WANG Shuren.Static Photo-elastic Experiment Study on Maintenance of Roadway with Relieving Blasting[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2006,25(6):873-875.
[16]WEN Yanliang,ZHANG Guojian,ZHANG Zhiqiang.Numerical Experiments of Drilling Pressure Relief Preventing Roadway Rock Burst[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,353-354(2013):1 583-1 587.
[17]张兆民.大直径钻孔卸压机理及其合理参数研究[D].山东科技大学,2011.ZHANG Zhaomin.Research of Reasonable Parameters and Large Diameter Borehole Pressure Relief Mechanism[D].Shandong University of Science and Technology,2011.
[18]熊祖强,贺怀建.冲击地压应力状态及卸压治理数值模拟[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2006,23(4):489-493.XIONG Zuqiang,HE Huaijian.Numerical Simulation of Rock Burst Stress and its Control by Stress-relief[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2006,23(4):489-493.
[19]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.厂坝铅锌矿岩石物理力学性质测试研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(5):12-13.YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.The Tests and Studies of the Physical Mechanical Properties of the Rocks from Changba Lead-Zinc Mine[J].Mining Research and Development,2003,23(5):12-13.
[20]吴永波,高谦,杨志强,等.厂坝露天矿边坡工程地质研究与岩体力学参数预测[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(S1):304-311.WU Yongbo,GAO Qian,YANG Zhiqiang,et al.Engineering Geologic Research and Prediction of Mechanical Parameters of Rock-masses for Changba Open Mine[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(S1):304-311.
[21]闫长斌,徐国元.对Hoek-Brown公式的改进及其工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(22):4030-4035.YAN Changbin,XU Guoyuan.Modification of Hoek-Brown Expressions and its Application to Engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(22):4 030-4 035.
[22]郭志强.秦岭终南山特长公路隧道岩爆特征与施工对策[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(6):58-62.GUO Zhiqiang.Rock Bursts and Countermeasures in Zhongnanshan Highway Tunnel[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2003,40(6):58-62.
[23]张可诚,曾金富,张杰,等.秦岭隧道掘进机通过岩爆地段的对策[J].世界隧道,2000,37(4):34-38.ZHANG Kecheng,ZENG Jinfu,ZHANG Jie,et al.Countermeasures for TBM Passing through Rock Blasting Section in Qinling Tunnel[J].The Word Tunnel,2000,37(4):34-38.
[24]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的破坏区分布特征[J].煤炭学报,2004,29(6):650-653.SUO Yonglu.Distribution Characteristic of Breaking Extending Area of Weakening-blast in Hard Top coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2004,29(6):650-653.
[25]李俊平,王石,柳才旺.小秦岭井巷工程岩爆控制试验[J].科技导报,2013,31(1):48-51.LI Junping,WANG Shi,LIU Caiwang,et al.Field Tests on Rock Burst Control of Shafts and Tunneling Engineering in Xiaoqinling Mountain[J].Science and Technology Review,2013,31(1):48-51.
[26]李俊平,陈慧明.灵宝县豫灵镇万米平洞岩爆控制试验[J].科技导报,2010,28(18):57-59.LI Junping,CHEN Huiming.Field Tests Research on Rock Burst Control in a Horizontal Tunnel of 10000 m Long in Yuling Town,Lingbao County[J].Science and Technology Review,2010,28(18):57-59.
[2]OBERT L,DUVALL W I.Rock Mechanics and the Design of Structures in Rock[M].New York:Wiley&Sons,1967:260.
[3]唐礼忠.深井矿山地震活动与岩爆监测及预测研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2008.TANG Lizhong.Study on Monitoring and Prediction of Seismicity and Rock-burst in a Deep Mine[D].Changsha:Central South University,2008.
[4]章梦涛.冲击地压失稳理论与数值模拟计算[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1987,6(3):197-204.ZHANG Mengtao.Instability Theory and Mathematical Model for Coal/Rock Bursts[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1987,6(3):197-204.
[5]谢和平,PARISEAU W G.岩爆的分形特征和机理[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1993,12(1):28-37.XIE Heping,PARISEAU W G.Fractal Character and Mechanism of Rock Bursts[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,1993,12(1):28-37.
[6]李新平,朱瑞赓,朱维申.裂隙岩体的损伤断裂理论与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(3):236-245.LI Xinping,ZHU Ruigeng,ZHU Weishen.The Damage Fracture Theory and its Application in Jointed Rock Mass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1995,14(3):236-245.
[7]潘一山,章梦涛.用突变理论分析冲击地压发生的物理过程[J].阜新矿业学院学报:自然科学版,1992,11(1):12-18.PAN Yishan,ZHANG Mengtao.The Study of Coal-burst by Catastrophic Theory[J].Journal of Fuxin Mining Institute,1992,11(1):12-18.
[8]TANG B.Rock-burst Control Using Destress Blasting[D].Mc Gill University,2000.
[9]KONICEK P,SAHARAN M R.,MITRI H.Destress Blasting in Coal Mining–state-of-the-art Review[J].Procedia Engineering,2011,26:179-194.
[10]李俊平,王红星,王晓光,等.卸压开采研究进展[J].岩土力学,2014,35(S2):350-358,363.LI Junping,WANG Hongxing,WANG Xiaoguang,et al.Research Progress in Pressure-relief Mining[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(S2):350-358,363.
[11]窦林名,何学秋.冲击矿压防治理论与技术[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001:1-17.DOU Linming,HE Xueqiu.Theory and Technology of Rock burst Prevention[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology press,2001:1-17.
[12]CARL Heising.Experiences with Explosions for Pressure Relief in Mines[J].Gluckauf:Die Fachzeitschrift fur Rohstoff,Bergbau und Energie,1978,114(17):754-757.
[13]ШЕМЯКИНЕИ.Эффектзональнойдезентеграциигорныхпородвокругподземныхвыработок[J].ДокладыАНСССР,1986,289(5):1088-1094.
[14]蒋斌松,张强,贺永年,等.深部圆形巷道破裂围岩的弹塑性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):982-986.JIANG Binsong,ZHANG Qiang,HE Yongnian,et al.Elastoplastic Analysis of Cracked Surrounding Rocks in Deep Circular Openings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):982-986.
[15]陈寿峰,刘殿书,王树仁.爆破卸压法维护巷道静光弹实验研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(6):873-875.CHEN Shoufeng,LIU Dianshu,WANG Shuren.Static Photo-elastic Experiment Study on Maintenance of Roadway with Relieving Blasting[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2006,25(6):873-875.
[16]WEN Yanliang,ZHANG Guojian,ZHANG Zhiqiang.Numerical Experiments of Drilling Pressure Relief Preventing Roadway Rock Burst[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,353-354(2013):1 583-1 587.
[17]张兆民.大直径钻孔卸压机理及其合理参数研究[D].山东科技大学,2011.ZHANG Zhaomin.Research of Reasonable Parameters and Large Diameter Borehole Pressure Relief Mechanism[D].Shandong University of Science and Technology,2011.
[18]熊祖强,贺怀建.冲击地压应力状态及卸压治理数值模拟[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2006,23(4):489-493.XIONG Zuqiang,HE Huaijian.Numerical Simulation of Rock Burst Stress and its Control by Stress-relief[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2006,23(4):489-493.
[19]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕,等.厂坝铅锌矿岩石物理力学性质测试研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(5):12-13.YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan,et al.The Tests and Studies of the Physical Mechanical Properties of the Rocks from Changba Lead-Zinc Mine[J].Mining Research and Development,2003,23(5):12-13.
[20]吴永波,高谦,杨志强,等.厂坝露天矿边坡工程地质研究与岩体力学参数预测[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(S1):304-311.WU Yongbo,GAO Qian,YANG Zhiqiang,et al.Engineering Geologic Research and Prediction of Mechanical Parameters of Rock-masses for Changba Open Mine[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(S1):304-311.
[21]闫长斌,徐国元.对Hoek-Brown公式的改进及其工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(22):4030-4035.YAN Changbin,XU Guoyuan.Modification of Hoek-Brown Expressions and its Application to Engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(22):4 030-4 035.
[22]郭志强.秦岭终南山特长公路隧道岩爆特征与施工对策[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(6):58-62.GUO Zhiqiang.Rock Bursts and Countermeasures in Zhongnanshan Highway Tunnel[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2003,40(6):58-62.
[23]张可诚,曾金富,张杰,等.秦岭隧道掘进机通过岩爆地段的对策[J].世界隧道,2000,37(4):34-38.ZHANG Kecheng,ZENG Jinfu,ZHANG Jie,et al.Countermeasures for TBM Passing through Rock Blasting Section in Qinling Tunnel[J].The Word Tunnel,2000,37(4):34-38.
[24]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的破坏区分布特征[J].煤炭学报,2004,29(6):650-653.SUO Yonglu.Distribution Characteristic of Breaking Extending Area of Weakening-blast in Hard Top coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2004,29(6):650-653.
[25]李俊平,王石,柳才旺.小秦岭井巷工程岩爆控制试验[J].科技导报,2013,31(1):48-51.LI Junping,WANG Shi,LIU Caiwang,et al.Field Tests on Rock Burst Control of Shafts and Tunneling Engineering in Xiaoqinling Mountain[J].Science and Technology Review,2013,31(1):48-51.
[26]李俊平,陈慧明.灵宝县豫灵镇万米平洞岩爆控制试验[J].科技导报,2010,28(18):57-59.LI Junping,CHEN Huiming.Field Tests Research on Rock Burst Control in a Horizontal Tunnel of 10000 m Long in Yuling Town,Lingbao County[J].Science and Technology Review,2010,28(18):57-59.
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