Based on the brief analyses of the history, status and developmental prospects, the opportunity and challenge faced by coal geology in China are given, and the corresponding counter-measure is proposed. It is pointed out that the major research domains in the next 5~20 years are as follows: 1) the deep coal deposits and resource potential in the large and old coal-mining areas in eastern China; 2) the regional units and comprehensive evaluation of coal resources in Xinjiang; 3) coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir-dynamics, selection of the best sweet points for CBM-recovering, and the CBM-drainage in coordination with coal-mining merged into an organic whole in coal-mining areas; and 4) geological study of the clean and liquefied coals, and the environment and health effects during coal mining and utilization.