A quantitative statistics of the microstructure of loess soil modified by bentonite in various contents were conducted to study the responsibility of the permeability on pore structures. The flexible-wall permeameter test illustrated that hydraulic conductivity (k) of loess soil was lowered by an increasing addition of bentonite, corresponding to an elevated smaller pores. It was found that a linear relationship existed between lgk and the big and intermediate pores which are effective to permeation. A regression model was established governing the hydraulic coefficient and the effective void ratio, which is more reliable than the traditional one.